كيم ص دقيقة تلقي الدعم منحة من "جون الثاني جورج منحة البحث كيركلين"، الرابطة الأمريكية لمنح الصدر جراحة، غراهام مؤسسة، هيوستن الميثودية تخصص الطبيب فريق الأبحاث، ومايكل م. وجوان H. مخروط جائزة البحث. ونحن نشكر سيكين Ann لتحرير اللغة من المخطوطة.

<ol>
	<li>Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Jemal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+Statistics,+2017.">Cancer Statistics, 2017.</a> CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 67 (1), 7-30 (2017).</li><li>Torre, L. A., Siegel, R. L., Jemal, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+Cancer+Statistics.">Lung Cancer Statistics.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 893, 1-19 (2016).</li><li>Lallo, A., Schenk, M. W., Frese, K. K., Blackhall, F., Dive, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+tumor+cells+and+CDX+models+as+a+tool+for+preclinical+drug+development.">Circulating tumor cells and CDX models as a tool for preclinical drug development.</a> Translational Lung Cancer Research. 6 (4), 397-408 (2017).</li><li>Yang, S., Zhang, J. J., Huang, X. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+for+tumor+metastasis.">Mouse models for tumor metastasis.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 928, 221-228 (2012).</li><li>Bissell, M. J., Hines, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+don't+we+get+more+cancer?+A+proposed+role+of+the+microenvironment+in+restraining+cancer+progression.">Why don't we get more cancer? A proposed role of the microenvironment in restraining cancer progression.</a> Nature Medicine. 17 (3), 320-329 (2011).</li><li>Francia, G., Cruz-Munoz, W., Man, S., Xu, P., Kerbel, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+advanced+spontaneous+metastasis+for+experimental+therapeutics.">Mouse models of advanced spontaneous metastasis for experimental therapeutics.</a> Nature Reviews Cancer. 11 (2), 135-141 (2011).</li><li>Mishra, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+lung+cancer+cells+grown+in+an+ex+vivo+3D+lung+model+produce+matrix+metalloproteinases+not+produced+in+2D+culture.">Human lung cancer cells grown in an ex vivo 3D lung model produce matrix metalloproteinases not produced in 2D culture.</a> PloS One. 7 (9), e45308 (2012).</li><li>Vishnoi, M., Mishra, D. K., Thrall, M. J., Kurie, J. M., Kim, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circulating+tumor+cells+from+a+4-dimensional+lung+cancer+model+are+resistant+to+cisplatin.">Circulating tumor cells from a 4-dimensional lung cancer model are resistant to cisplatin.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 148 (3), 1056-1063 (2014).</li><li>Mishra, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+profile+of+A549+cells+from+tissue+of+4D+model+predicts+poor+prognosis+in+lung+cancer+patients.">Gene expression profile of A549 cells from tissue of 4D model predicts poor prognosis in lung cancer patients.</a> International Journal of Cancer. Journal International du Cancer. , (2013).</li><li>Mishra, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+four-dimensional+lung+cancer+model+mimics+metastasis.">Ex vivo four-dimensional lung cancer model mimics metastasis.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 99 (4), 1149-1156 (2015).</li><li>Mishra, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+lung+cancer+cells+grown+on+acellular+rat+lung+matrix+create+perfusable+tumor+nodules.">Human lung cancer cells grown on acellular rat lung matrix create perfusable tumor nodules.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 93 (4), 1075-1081 (2012).</li><li>Pence, K. A., Mishra, D. K., Thrall, M., Dave, B., Kim, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breast+cancer+cells+form+primary+tumors+on+ex+vivo+four-dimensional+lung+model.">Breast cancer cells form primary tumors on ex vivo four-dimensional lung model.</a> Journal of Surgical Research. 210, 181-187 (2017).</li><li>Mishra, D. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+Lung+Fibroblasts+Inhibit+Non-Small+Cell+Lung+Cancer+Metastasis+in+Ex+Vivo+4D+Model.">Human Lung Fibroblasts Inhibit Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Metastasis in Ex Vivo 4D Model.</a> The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. 100 (4), 1167-1174 (2015).</li><li>Mishra, D. K., Miller, R. A., Pence, K. A., Kim, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+cell+and+non+small+cell+lung+cancer+form+metastasis+on+cellular+4D+lung+model.">Small cell and non small cell lung cancer form metastasis on cellular 4D lung model.</a> BMC Cancer. 18 (1), 441 (2018).</li></ol>

الكتاب ليس لها علاقة بالكشف عن.

الرئة 4-د السابقين فيفو يوفر فرصة لدراسة نمو الورم والانبثاث في إنشاء مختبر. مصفوفة الرئة أصلي هو نظام معقد التي تقدم الدعم لانسجة طبيعية ويحافظ على التفاعلات خلية خلية، والخلية-مصفوفة التفاعلات، والتمايز الخلوي وتنظيم الأنسجة. أنه يوفر فرصة لإضافة أي مكونات ورم المكروية لدراسة آثار...

سرطان خبيث هو السبب وراء معظم الوفيات الناجمة عن السرطان، ويشكل التحدي النهائي في الجهود المبذولة لمكافحة السرطان. والهدف العام لهذا الأسلوب هو تصميم بروتوكول لثقافة رباعية الأبعاد (4-د) خلية التي بعدا من التدفق، بالإضافة إلى نمو الخلية (ثلاثي الأبعاد) ثلاثية الأبعاد. وهي تمثل ثلاث مراحل متميزة لعملية ورم خبيث [أي، الورم الرئيسي، تعميم الخلايا السرطانية (ريادية)، وآفات المنتشر].
على مدى العقود الثلاثة الماضية، حقق العلماء في جميع أنحاء العالم ثروة لم يسبق لها مثيل من المعلومات فهم الآليات الكامنة وراء تطور المنتشر في مختلف أنواع السرطان التي تحسن إمكانية علاج أو البقاء خالية من التقدم. الإدارة السريرية لبعض أنواع السرطان، مثل سرطان الثدي، تحسنت بدرجة كبيرة1؛ ومع ذلك، لا تزال لديها بعض أنواع السرطان، مثل سرطان الرئة، وبقاء فقراء2. نماذج حيوانية في المختبر و في فيفو كان لها دور أساسي في توليد رؤى جديدة في الآليات التي تدعم تطوير المرض. في السنوات القليلة الماضية، خلية تكثيفها المستمدة من خط (CDX) وقد تم تكثيفها المستمدة من المريض (PDX) أكثر فائدة كما أنها تحافظ على العديد من الميزات ذات الصلة الورم البشري الرئيسي3، مثل حركية النمو، ميزات النسيجي، والسلوكية الخصائص، والاستجابة للعلاج. ومع ذلك، كل نموذج لها حدودها لفهم إليه تشكيل لجنة مكافحة الإرهاب وورم خبيث إلى جهاز بعيد4،،من56.
في الآونة الأخيرة، قمنا بتطوير نموذج سرطان الرئة 4-د السابقين فيفو باستخدام مفهوم إعادة هندسة الجهاز وثقافة الخلية على أساس التروية. فإنه يحاكي نمو سرطان الرئة البشرية عن طريق تشكيل الورم بيرفوسابل العقيدات التي تنمو على مر الزمن مع إنسان مماثلة السرطان يفرز البروتين إنتاج7. وهو يمثل التوقيع التعبير الجيني الذي تتوقع بقاء الفقراء في المرضى الذين يعانون من السرطان، وكما يبين استجابة علاجية بورم في الانحدار عند سيسبلاتين معاملة8،9. كذلك تعديل نموذج الرئة حيث أن أنها يمكن أن تشكل آفات المنتشر. تتطور من الورم الرئيسي وإينترافاساتي إلى المفرج ريادية واكسترافاساتي في الرئة كونترالاتيرال تشكل آفات المنتشر10. دراسات التعبير الجيني تشير إلى ملف تعريف تعبير متميزة من الورم الرئيسي وريادية، والآفات المنتشر، و upregulation من مجموعة فرعية الجينات المطلوبة ل النمط الظاهري10. تحدث هذه العملية المنتشر بسبب وجود الظروف البيولوجية ينظر في المرضى الذين يعانون من السرطان. وميزة هذا النموذج هو وجود مصفوفة طبيعية والهندسة المعمارية، ونضح المواد الغذائية الذي يؤدي إلى تشكيل الورم العقيدات. وباﻹضافة إلى ذلك، فإنه يوفر أيضا فرصة لدراسة آثار مختلف مكونات وورم المكروية أو المخدرات على تطور الورم على مر الزمن. يمكن استخدام هذا النموذج لنمو مجموعة من الخلايا السرطانية (سرطان الرئة، وسرطان الثدي، ساركومه إلخ) في إنشاء مختبر.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Sprague Dowley rat</td>
			<td>Harlan</td>
			<td>206M</td>
			<td>Male</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorhexidine swab</td>
			<td>Prevantics, NY, USA</td>
			<td>NDC 10819-1080-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>Sagent Pharmaceuticals, Schaumburg, IL, USA</td>
			<td>NDC 25021-400-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18-gauge needle</td>
			<td>McMaster Carr, USA</td>
			<td>75165A249</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-0 silk tie</td>
			<td>Ethicon, San Angelo, TX, USA</td>
			<td>A305H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masterflex L/S pump</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>EW-07554-80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masterflex L/S pump head</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>EW-07519-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masterflex L/S pump cartridge</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>EW-07519-70</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon Tube</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>14171211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MasterFlex Pump tube</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>06598-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Female luer lock connectors</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>45508-34</td>
			<td>75165A249</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male luer lock connectors</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>45513-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>black nylon ring</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>EW-45509-04</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intravenous set</td>
			<td>CareFusion</td>
			<td>41134E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>CAS151-21-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotics</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15240-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone oxygenator</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>ABW00011</td>
			<td>Saint-GoBain-</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire mesh</td>
			<td>1164610105</td>
			<td>Lowes</td>
			<td>New York Wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Female luer Lug Style TEE</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>45508-56</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Male luer integral lock ring to 200series Barb</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>45518-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Female luer thread style coupler</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>45508-22</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clave connector</td>
			<td>ICU Medical</td>
			<td>11956</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hi-Flo &#8482;4-way Stopcock w/swivel male luer lock</td>
			<td>smith Medical</td>
			<td>MX9341L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MasterFlex Pump tube</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer, Vernon Hills, IL, USA</td>
			<td>06598-13</td>
			<td>for cannula</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

acellular and cellular lung model to study tumor metastasis

من الصعب عزل الخلايا السرطانية في مراحل مختلفة من تطور الورم. قمنا بإنشاء نموذج الرئة السابقين فيفو يمكنه إظهار التفاعل بين الخلايا السرطانية مع مصفوفة الطبيعي والتدفق المستمر للمواد الغذائية، وكذلك نموذج يوضح التفاعل بين الخلايا السرطانية مع المكونات الخلوية العادية ومصفوفة طبيعية. يتم إنشاء نموذج الرئة اللاخلوي السابقين فيفو بعزل كتلة قلب والرئة في الفئران وإزالة كافة الخلايا باستخدام عملية ديسيلولاريزيشن. يتم ربط القصبات الرئيسية الحق قبالة وتوضع الخلايا السرطانية في القصبة الهوائية بحقنه. نقل الخلايا وملء الرئة اليسرى. ثم يتم وضع الرئة في مفاعل حيوي حيث يتلقى الشريان الرئوي إلى تدفق مستمر لوسائل الإعلام في دائرة مغلقة. الورم في الرئة اليسرى من الورم الرئيسي. ورم الخلايا التي يتم عزل في وسائط الإعلام يتناقل تنتشر الخلايا السرطانية والخلايا السرطانية في الرئة اليمنى آفات المنتشر. يتم إنشاء نموذج الرئة الخلوية السابقين فيفو بتخطي عملية ديسيلولاريزيشن. يمكن استخدام كل نموذج للإجابة على الأسئلة البحثية المختلفة.

وتحتفظ الرئة حصادها من الفئران سليمة المفرج والحويصلات الهوائية11 (الشكل 3 ألف و 3 باء). عند ديسيلولاريزيشن، يتم الاحتفاظ بعناصر المصفوفة خارج الخلية الرئة اللاخلوي، مثل الكولاجين، فيبرونيكتين، والايلاستين،11 (<strong class="xf...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis at JoVE.com

Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

نموذج الرئة اللاخلوي والخلوية لدراسة ورم خبيث

، نقدم هنا بروتوكولا السابقين فيفو الرئة سرطان نموذج يحاكي خطوات تطور الورم ويساعد على عزل ورم الابتدائي، تعميم خلايا الورم، وآفات المنتشر.

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor ...

acellular-and-cellular-lung-model-to-study-tumor-metastasis

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

7.5K Views.  Houston Methodist Hospital Research Institute. ، نقدم هنا بروتوكولا السابقين فيفو الرئة سرطان نموذج يحاكي خطوات تطور الورم ويساعد على عزل ورم الابتدائي، تعميم خلايا الورم، وآفات المنتشر.

Video: Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we demonstrate a simple assay to evaluate tumor cell extravasation or micrometastasis. In this assay, tumor cells were injected through the tail vein, and after a short period, the lungs were dissected and digested to count the accumulated labeled tumor cells. This assay skips the initial step of primary tumor invasion into the blood vessel and facilitates the study of events in the distant organ where tumor metastasis occurs. The number of cells injected into the blood vessel can be optimized to observe a limited number of metastases. It has been reported that stromal cells in the distant organ contribute to metastasis. Thus, this assay could be a useful tool to explore potential therapeutic drugs or devices for prevention of tumor metastasis.

This manuscript describes a method to quantify tumor cell accumulation in the lungs in an animal model of tumor metastasis.

الرئة ورم الخلية تجنيد الإنزيم

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we ...

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis

Hypoxia has been implicated in the metastasis of Ewing sarcoma (ES) by clinical observations and in vitro data, yet direct evidence for its pro-metastatic effect is lacking and the exact mechanisms of its action are unclear. Here, we report an animal model that allows for direct testing of the effects of tumor hypoxia on ES dissemination and investigation into the underlying pathways involved. This approach combines two well-established experimental strategies, orthotopic xenografting of ES cells and femoral artery ligation (FAL), which induces hindlimb ischemia. Human ES cells were injected into the gastrocnemius muscles of SCID/beige mice and the primary tumors were allowed to grow to a size of 250 mm3. At this stage either the tumors were excised (control group) or the animals were subjected to FAL to create tumor hypoxia, followed by tumor excision 3 days later. The efficiency of FAL was confirmed by a significant increase in binding of hypoxyprobe-1 in the tumor tissue, severe tumor necrosis and complete inhibition of primary tumor growth. Importantly, despite these direct effects of ischemia, an enhanced dissemination of tumor cells from the hypoxic tumors was observed. This experimental strategy enables comparative analysis of the metastatic properties of primary tumors of the same size, yet significantly different levels of hypoxia. It also provides a new platform to further assess the mechanistic basis for the hypoxia-induced alterations that occur during metastatic tumor progression in vivo. In addition, while this model was established using ES cells, we anticipate that this experimental strategy can be used to test the effect of hypoxia in other sarcomas, as well as tumors orthotopically implanted in sites with a well-defined blood supply route.

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis

This manuscript describes the development of an animal model that allows for the direct testing of the effects of tumor hypoxia on metastasis and the deciphering the mechanisms of its action. Although the experiments described here focus on Ewing sarcoma, a similar approach can be applied to other tumor types.

في فيفو نموذج لاختبار تأثير نقص الأكسجة على الانبثاث ورم

Hypoxia has been implicated in the metastasis of Ewing sarcoma (ES) by clinical observations and in vitro data, yet direct evidence for its pro-metastatic ...

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the context of a whole organism. Sophisticated techniques to generate genetic mosaics facilitate induction of visually marked, genetically defined clones surrounded by normal tissue. The clones can be analyzed through diverse molecular, cellular and omics approaches. This study describes how to generate fluorescently labeled clonal tumors of varying malignancy in the eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD) of Drosophila larvae using the Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker (MARCM) technique. It describes procedures how to recover the mosaic EAD and brain from the larvae and how to process them for simultaneous imaging of fluorescent transgenic reporters and antibody staining. To facilitate molecular characterization of the mosaic tissue, we describe a protocol for isolation of total RNA from the EAD. The dissection procedure is suitable to recover EAD and brains from any larval stage. The fixation and staining protocol for imaginal discs works with a number of transgenic reporters and antibodies that recognize Drosophila proteins. The protocol for RNA isolation can be applied to various larval organs, whole larvae, and adult flies. Total RNA can be used for profiling of gene expression changes using candidate or genome-wide approaches. Finally, we detail a method for quantifying invasiveness of the clonal tumors. Although this method has limited use, its underlying concept is broadly applicable to other quantitative studies where cognitive bias must be avoided.

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

This protocol demonstrates how to generate fluorescently marked, genetically defined clonal tumors in the Drosophila eye/antennal imaginal discs (EAD). It describes how to dissect the EAD and brain from the third instar larvae and how to process them to visualize and quantify gene expression changes and tumor invasiveness.

ال<em&gt; ذبابة الفاكهة</em&gt; تخيلي ورم القرص نموذج: التصور والكمي للالتعبير الجيني وغزو الورم عن طريق الفسيفساء الوراثية

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

Advanced Animal Model of Colorectal Metastasis in Liver: Imaging Techniques and Properties of Metastatic Clones

Patients with a limited number of hepatic metastases and slow rates of progression can be successfully treated with local treatment approaches1,2. However, little is known about the heterogeneity of liver metastases, and animal models capable of evaluating the development of individual metastatic colonies are needed. Here, we present an advanced model of hepatic metastases that provides the ability to quantitatively visualize the development of individual tumor clones in the liver and estimate their growth kinetics and colonization efficiency. We generated a panel of monoclonal derivatives of HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells stably labeled with luciferase and tdTomato and possessing different growth properties. With a splenic injection followed by a splenectomy, the majority of these clones are able to generate hepatic metastases, but with different frequencies of colonization and varying growth rates. Using the In Vivo&#160;Imaging System (IVIS), it is possible to visualize and quantify metastasis development with in vivo luminescent and ex vivo fluorescent imaging. In addition, Diffuse Luminescent Imaging Tomography (DLIT) provides a 3D distribution of liver metastases in vivo. Ex vivo fluorescent imaging of harvested livers provides quantitative measurements of individual hepatic metastatic colonies, allowing for the evaluation of the frequency of liver colonization and the growth kinetics of metastases. Since the model is similar to clinically observed liver metastases, it can serve as a modality for detecting genes associated with liver metastasis and for testing potential ablative or adjuvant treatments for liver metastatic disease.

The ability of metastatic clones to colonize distant sites depends on their proliferation capacity and/or their ability to survive in the host microenvironment without significant proliferation. Here, we present an animal model that allows quantitative visualization of both types of liver colonization by metastatic clones.

المتقدم نموذج حيواني من القولون والمستقيم ورم خبيث في الكبد: تقنيات التصوير وخصائص النقيلي النسخ

Patients with a limited number of hepatic metastases and slow rates of progression can be successfully treated with local treatment approaches1,2. ...

A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast cancer metastasis, and results in poor outcomes with median survival rates of only 4.8 - 15 months. Current rodent models of breast cancer metastasis, including primary tumor cell xenograft and spontaneous tumor models, rarely metastasize to the liver. Intracardiac and intrasplenic injection models do result in liver metastases, however these models can be confounded by concomitant secondary-site metastasis, or by compromised immunity due to removal of the spleen to avoid tumor growth at the injection site. To address the need for improved liver metastasis models, a murine portal vein injection method that delivers tumor cells firstly and directly to the liver was developed. This model delivers tumor cells to the liver without complications of concurrent metastases in other organs or removal of the spleen. The optimized portal vein protocol employs small injection volumes of 5 - 10 &#956;l, &#8805; 32 gauge needles, and hemostatic gauze at the injection site to control for blood loss. The portal vein injection approach in Balb/c female mice using three syngeneic mammary tumor lines of varying metastatic potential was tested; high-metastatic 4T1 cells, moderate-metastatic D2A1 cells, and low-metastatic D2.OR cells. Concentrations of &#8804; 10,000 cells/injection results in a latency of ~ 20 - 40 days for development of liver metastases with the higher metastatic 4T1 and D2A1 lines, and &#62; 55 days for the less aggressive D2.OR line. This model represents an important tool to study breast cancer metastasis to the liver, and may be applicable to other cancers that frequently metastasize to the liver including colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas.

A surgical procedure was developed to deliver mammary tumor cells to the murine liver via portal vein injection. This model permits investigation of late stages of liver metastasis in a fully immune competent host, including tumor cell extravasation, seeding, survival, and metastatic outgrowth in the liver.

والوريد البابي حقن نموذج لدراسة الكبد الانبثاث من سرطان الثدي

Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in women worldwide. Liver metastasis is involved in upwards of 30% of cases with breast ...

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis

Metastasis, the spread and growth of malignant cells at secondary sites within a patient&#39;s body, accounts for &#62; 90% of cancer-related mortality. Recently, impressive advances in novel therapies have dramatically prolonged survival and improved quality of life for many cancer patients. Sadly, incidence of brain metastatic recurrences is fast rising, and all current therapies are merely palliative. Hence, good experimental animal models are urgently needed to facilitate in-depth studies of the disease biology and to assess novel therapeutic regimens for preclinical evaluation. However, the standard in vivo metastasis assay via tail vein injection of cancer cells produces predominantly lung metastatic lesions; animals usually succumb to the lung tumor burden before any meaningful outgrowth of brain metastasis. Intracardiac injection of tumor cells produces metastatic lesions to multiple organ sites including the brain; however, the variability of tumor growth produced with this model is large, dampening its utility in evaluating therapeutic efficacy. To generate reliable and consistent animal models for brain metastasis study, here we describe a procedure for producing experimental brain metastasis in the house mouse (Mus musculus) via intracarotid injection of tumor cells. This approach allows one to produce large number of brain metastasis-bearing mice with similar growth and mortality characteristics, thus facilitating research efforts to study basic biological mechanisms and to assess novel therapeutic agents.

Brain metastasis has become an urgent unmet medical need as its incidence has increased while therapeutic options have remained palliative. Creating experimental animal models of brain metastasis via intracarotid arterial injection of cancer cells facilitates mechanistic studies of the disease biology and evaluation of novel intervention regimens.

Intracarotid حقن الخلية السرطانية لإنتاج نماذج الماوس من الدماغ الانبثاث

Metastasis, the spread and growth of malignant cells at secondary sites within a patient&#39;s body, accounts for &#62; 90% of cancer-related mortality. ...

Micromanipulation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Downstream Molecular Analysis and Metastatic Potential Assessment

Blood-borne metastasis accounts for&#160;most cancer-related deaths and involves circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are successful in establishing new tumors at distant sites. CTCs are found in the bloodstream of patients as single cells (single CTCs) or as multicellular aggregates (CTC clusters and CTC-white blood cell clusters), with the latter displaying a higher metastatic ability. Beyond enumeration, phenotypic and molecular analysis is extraordinarily important to dissect CTC biology and to identify actionable vulnerabilities. Here, we provide a detailed description of a workflow that includes CTC immunostaining and micromanipulation, ex vivo culture to assess&#160;proliferative and survival capabilities of individual cells, and in vivo metastasis-formation assays. Additionally, we provide a protocol to achieve the dissociation of CTC clusters into individual cells and the investigation of intra-cluster heterogeneity. With these approaches, for instance, we precisely quantify survival and proliferative potential of single CTCs and individual cells within CTC clusters, leading us to the observation that cells within clusters display better survival and proliferation in ex vivo cultures compared to single CTCs. Overall, our workflow offers a platform to dissect the characteristics of CTCs at the single cell level, aiming towards the identification of metastasis-relevant pathways and a better understanding of CTC biology.

Here, we present an integrated workflow to identify phenotypic and molecular features that characterize circulating tumor cells (CTCs). We combine live immunostaining and robotic micromanipulation of single and clustered CTCs with single cell-based techniques for downstream analysis and assessment of metastasis-seeding ability.

التحليل الجزئي للخلايا السرطانية المتداولة للتحليل الجزيئي المصب والتقييم المحتمل المنتشر

Blood-borne metastasis accounts for&#160;most cancer-related deaths and involves circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are successful in establishing new ...

Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells

Metastasis, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients, can be challenging to model preclinically in mice. Few spontaneous metastasis models are available. Thus, the experimental metastasis model involving tail-vein injection of suitable cell lines is a mainstay of metastasis research. When cancer cells are injected into the lateral tail-vein, the lung is their preferred site of colonization. A potential limitation of this technique is the accurate quantification of the metastatic lung tumor burden. While some investigators count macrometastases of a pre-defined size and/or include micrometastases following sectioning of tissue, others determine the area of metastatic lesions relative to normal tissue area. Both of these quantification methods can be exceedingly difficult when the metastatic burden is high. Herein, we demonstrate an intravenous injection model of lung metastasis followed by an advanced method for quantifying metastatic tumor burden using image analysis software. This process allows for investigation of multiple end-point parameters, including average metastasis size, total number of metastases, and total metastasis area, to provide a comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, this method has been reviewed by a veterinary pathologist board-certified by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists (SEK) to ensure accuracy.

Intravenous injection of cancer cells is often used in metastasis research, but the metastatic tumor burden can be difficult to analyze. Herein, we demonstrate a tail-vein injection model of metastasis and include a novel approach to analyze the resulting metastatic lung tumor burden.

التحليل المرضي لنقائل الرئة بعد الحقن الجانبي الوريد الذيل من الخلايا السرطانية

Metastasis, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients, can be challenging to model preclinically in mice. Few spontaneous ...

Using Computer-based Image Analysis to Improve Quantification of Lung Metastasis in the 4T1 Breast Cancer Model

Breast cancer is a devastating malignancy, accounting for 40,000 female deaths and 30% of new female cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2019 alone. The leading cause of breast cancer related deaths is the metastatic burden. Therefore, preclinical models for breast cancer need to analyze metastatic burden to be clinically relevant. The 4T1 breast cancer model provides a spontaneously-metastasizing, quantifiable mouse model for stage IV human breast cancer. However, most 4T1 protocols quantify the metastatic burden by manually counting stained colonies on tissue culture plates. While this is sufficient for tissues with lower metastatic burden, human error in manual counting causes inconsistent and variable results when plates are confluent and difficult to count. This method offers a computer-based solution to human counting error. Here, we evaluate the protocol using the lung, a highly metastatic tissue in the 4T1 model. Images of methylene blue-stained plates are acquired and uploaded for analysis in Fiji-ImageJ. Fiji-ImageJ then determines the percentage of the selected area of the image that is blue, representing the percentage of the plate with metastatic burden. This computer-based approach offers more consistent and expeditious results than manual counting or histopathological evaluation for highly metastatic tissues. The consistency of Fiji-ImageJ results depends on the quality of the image. Slight variations in results between images can occur, thus it is recommended that multiple images are taken and results averaged. Despite its minimal limitations, this method is an improvement to quantifying metastatic burden in the lung by offering consistent and rapid results.

We describe a more consistent and expeditious method to quantify lung metastasis in the 4T1 breast cancer model by using Fiji-ImageJ.

استخدام تحليل الصور القائم على الكمبيوتر لتحسين القياس الكمي لنقائل الرئة في نموذج سرطان الثدي 4T1

Breast cancer is a devastating malignancy, accounting for 40,000 female deaths and 30% of new female cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2019 alone. ...

Zebrafish Model of Neuroblastoma Metastasis

Zebrafish has emerged as an important animal model to study human diseases, especially cancer. Along with the robust transgenic and genome editing technologies applied in zebrafish modeling, the ease of maintenance, high-yield productivity, and powerful live imaging altogether make the zebrafish a valuable model system to study metastasis and cellular and molecular bases underlying this process in vivo. The first zebrafish neuroblastoma (NB) model of metastasis was developed by overexpressing two oncogenes, MYCN and LMO1, under control of the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (d&#946;h) promoter. Co-overexpressed MYCN and LMO1 led to the reduced latency and increased penetrance of neuroblastomagenesis, as well as accelerated distant metastasis of tumor cells. This new model reliably reiterates many key features of human metastatic NB, including involvement of clinically relevant and metastasis-associated genetic alterations; natural and spontaneous development of metastasis in vivo; and conserved sites of metastases. Therefore, the zebrafish model possesses unique advantages to dissect the complex process of tumor metastasis in vivo.

This paper introduces the method of developing, characterizing, and tracking in real-time the tumor metastasis in zebrafish model of neuroblastoma, specifically in the transgenic zebrafish line with overexpression of MYCN and LMO1, which develops metastasis spontaneously.

نموذج الرئة اللاخلوي والخلوية لدراسة ورم خبيث

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