يقر المؤلفون بالدعم والتمويل من مركز GW للكيميائيات الحيوية والهندسة الحيوية. نشكر البروفيسورة ل. باتريشيا هيرنانديز من قسم العلوم البيولوجية في جامعة جورج واشنطن لإلهامها التحقيق والتعاون المستمر، وتوفير الخبرة البيولوجية في فسيولوجيا الشبوط الفضي وتوفير عينات المخاط. ونشكر الطلاب، السيد ديفيد بالومبو، والسيدة كارلي كوهين، والسيد إسحاق فينبرغ، والسيد دومينيك بتروسينو، والسيد ألكسيس ريندوس، والسيدة بريسيلا فارغيز، والسيد كارتر تيغن، والسيد راغاف باجور على المساعدة في المختبر، والسيد توماس إيفانز والسيد جيمس توماس من شركة TA Instruments، نيو كاسل، دي على دعمهم في تدريب وصيانة مقياس الريمتر. تم التقاط صور للأرقام 5A،C خلال تشريح قام به البروفيسور ل. باتريشيا هيرنانديز من قسم العلوم البيولوجية في جامعة جورج واشنطن.

<ol>
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لم يتم الإعلان عن أي تضارب في المصالح.

أحد الأهداف الرئيسية لتطوير هذا البروتوكول هو إثبات أنه مناسب تماما لتوصيف الريولوجي لمخاط GR عندما تتوفر أحجام عينات صغيرة جدا. نحن نعترف بأن هناك حاجة إلى مزيد من العينات من مدرسة من الكارب الفضي لتوصيف الخصائص الريولوجية لمخاط GR بشكل كامل والبيانات المعروضة هنا ليست تعميما عبر جميع سكا...

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:888px;" width="887">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:191px;">Materials</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:261px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Kim Wipes</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">470224-038</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">To clean Sample from plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Gloves</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">89428-750</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">To prevent contamination of sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:191px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">89079-974</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">To transport sample from vial to rheometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:191px;">Pipette Tips</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">72830-042</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">To transport sample from vial to rheometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:191px;">Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">89032-094</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">To homogenously mix sample of mucus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Vials</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">66008-710</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Contains measured sample volumes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Weigh Scale</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Ohaus</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Scout &#8211;SPX Balances</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">To weigh mass of mucus samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:191px;">Chemical Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:191px;">De-Ionized Water (H20)</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:191px;">Sterile 70% Isopropanol (C3H8O)</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">89108-162</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GR Mucus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:191px;">100 mg/mL concentration, 2mL</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Viscoelastic Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:191px;">400 mg/mL concentration, 1mL</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Viscoelastic Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:191px;">200 mg/mL concentration, 1mL</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Viscoelastic Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:191px;">Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:191px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">R2017a</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Data analysis, post-processing and graphical representation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:191px;">Trios</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">v4.5.042498</td>
			<td style="width:261px;">Rheometer instrument control and analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

macro-rheology characterization of gill raker mucus in the silver carp, hypophthalmichthys molitrix

الكارب الفضي، Hypophthalmichthys molitrix،هو الأسماك المغذية مرشح العوالق الغازية التي تنتشر في الممرات المائية الطبيعية في حوض نهر المسيسيبي العلوي بسبب آلية تغذية مرشح عالية الكفاءة. الأجهزة المميزة تسمى الراكرات الخيشومية (GRs)، الموجودة في العديد من مغذيات المرشحات هذه، تسهل الترشيح الفعال لجسيمات الطعام مثل العوالق النباتية التي هي من بضعة ميكرونات في الحجم.
الدافع للتحقيق في الريولوجيا من المخاط GR ينبع من رغبتنا في فهم دورها في مساعدة عملية تغذية مرشح في الكارب الفضة. السائل الغني بالمخاط ، في حالة "سميكة ولزجة" قد يسهل التصاق جسيمات الطعام. يتم تسهيل النفاذ والنقل من خلال غشاء GR من خلال عمل قوى القص الخارجية التي تحفز معدلات سلالة القص المختلفة. لذلك، يمكن أن توفر الريولوجيا المخاطية دليلا حيويا على الطبيعة الهائلة للمنافسة من الشبوط الفضي داخل بركة من الأسماك تغذية مرشح. وبناء على ذلك كان من المفترض أن مخاط GR قد توفر وظيفة لاصقة للجسيمات الغذائية وتعمل كوسيلة نقل للمساعدة في عملية تغذية مرشح.
الهدف الرئيسي من البروتوكول هو تحديد إجهاد الغلة للمخاط ، الذي يعزى إلى الحد الأدنى من إجهاد القص المطلوب لبدء التدفق الذي لوحظ فيه تشوه بلاستيكي لا رجعة فيه لأول مرة عبر مادة لزجة منظمة. وبناء على ذلك، تم التحقيق في الخصائص الريولوجية لمخاط GR، أي اللزوجة والتخزين ومعامل الخسارة، لطبيعته غير النيوتونية المخففة للقص باستخدام مقياس الريمتر الدوراني.
يتم استخدام بروتوكول معروض هنا لتحليل الخصائص الريولوجية للمخاط المستخرج من الراكرات الخيشومية لسمك الشبوط الفضي ، الذي يتم صيده في موقع هارت كريك لنهر ميسوري. ويهدف البروتوكول إلى وضع استراتيجية فعالة للاختبار الريولوجي وتوصيف المواد للمخاط الذي يفترض أنه مادة لزجة منظمة.

في هذا القسم، نقدم نتائج التجارب على مخاط GR باستخدام مقياس الريمتر الدوراني مع هندسة مخروطية (قطر 40 مم، 1° 0 '11') ولوحة بلتيير. ساعدت التجارب في توصيف السلوك غير النيوتوني ، ترقق القص من مخاط GR والإجهاد العائد الواضح الذي يصور انتقال المخاط من مادة تشبه الجل إلى مادة تشبه السوائل. وتنطوي النت?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix at JoVE.com

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

يقدم هذا البروتوكول طريقة لإجراء توصيف الريولوجيا للمخاط الموجود على الراكرات الخيشومية (GRs) من الكارب الفضي. يتم تقييم الخصائص اللزوجية للمخاط GR، التي تم الحصول عليها عن طريق قياس اللزوجة والتخزين ومعامل الخسارة، لإجهاد الغلة الظاهر لفهم آلية تغذية الفلتر في الموارد الوراثية.

وصف الريولوجيا الكلية لمخاط جيل راكر في الكارب الفضي ، Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, is an invasive planktivorous filter feeder fish that infested the natural waterways of the upper Mississippi ...

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Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

3.0K Views.  The George Washington University. يقدم هذا البروتوكول طريقة لإجراء توصيف الريولوجيا للمخاط الموجود على الراكرات الخيشومية (GRs) من الكارب الفضي. يتم تقييم الخصائص اللزوجية للمخاط GR، التي تم الحصول عليها عن طريق قياس اللزوجة والتخزين ومعامل الخسارة، لإجهاد الغلة الظاهر لفهم آلية تغذية الفلتر في ?...

Video: Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

A Method to Fabricate Disconnected Silver Nanostructures in 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating metal patterns on a submicron scale requires a combination of nanofabrication tools and several material processing steps. For example, steps to create planar metal structures using ultraviolet photolithography and electron-beam lithography can include sample exposure, sample development, metal deposition, and metal liftoff. To create 3D metal structures, the sequence is repeated multiple times. The complexity and difficulty of stacking and aligning multiple layers limits practical implementations of 3D metal structuring using standard nanofabrication tools. Femtosecond-laser direct-writing has emerged as a pre-eminent technique for 3D nanofabrication.1,2 Femtosecond lasers are frequently used to create 3D patterns in polymers and glasses.3-7 However, 3D metal direct-writing remains a challenge. Here, we describe a method to fabricate silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm. The method enables the fabrication of patterns not feasible using other techniques, such as 3D arrays of disconnected silver voxels.8 Disconnected 3D metal patterns are useful for metamaterials where unit cells are not in contact with each other,9 such as coupled metal dot10,11or coupled metal rod12,13 resonators. Potential applications include negative index metamaterials, invisibility cloaks, and perfect lenses.
In femtosecond-laser direct-writing, the laser wavelength is chosen such that photons are not linearly absorbed in the target medium. When the laser pulse duration is compressed to the femtosecond time scale and the radiation is tightly focused inside the target, the extremely high intensity induces nonlinear absorption. Multiple photons are absorbed simultaneously to cause electronic transitions that lead to material modification within the focused region. Using this approach, one can form structures in the bulk of a material rather than on its surface.
Most work on 3D direct metal writing has focused on creating self-supported metal structures.14-16 The method described here yields sub-micrometer silver structures that do not need to be self-supported because they are embedded inside a matrix. A doped polymer matrix is prepared using a mixture of silver nitrate (AgNO3), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and water (H2O). Samples are then patterned by irradiation with an 11-MHz femtosecond laser producing 50-fs pulses. During irradiation, photoreduction of silver ions is induced through nonlinear absorption, creating an aggregate of silver nanoparticles in the focal region. Using this approach we create silver patterns embedded in a doped PVP matrix. Adding 3D translation of the sample extends the patterning to three dimensions.

Femtosecond-laser direct-writing is frequently used to create three-dimensional (3D) patterns in polymers and glasses. However, patterning metals in 3D remains a challenge. We describe a method for fabricating silver nanostructures embedded inside a polymer matrix using a femtosecond laser centered at 800 nm.

A طريقة لصنع النانو سيلفر قطع في 3D

The standard nanofabrication toolkit includes  techniques primarily aimed at creating 2D patterns in dielectric media. Creating  metal patterns on a ...

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support1,2,3. In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks4. A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization8,9. Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity5,9. For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate9,10. This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy9,11. The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry.

Silver nanowires can simultaneously transport electrons and optical information in the form of surface plasmons. A procedure is described here to realize such a shared circuitry and the limitations at propagating both information carriers are evaluated.

تقييم النقل Plasmonic في سيلفر الحالية الحاملة الأسلاك المتناهية الصغر

Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information ...

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials, including conductive, semi-conductive or nonconductive one-dimensional structures. This technique broadens the measurement scope of materials (conductive and nonconductive) and improves the accuracy and stability. If the sample (especially biomaterials, such as human head hair, spider silk, and silkworm silk) is not conductive, it will be coated with a gold layer to make it electronically conductive. The effect of parasitic conduction and radiative losses on the thermal diffusivity can be subtracted during data processing. Then the real thermal conductivity can be calculated with the given value of volume-based specific heat (&#961;cp), which can be obtained from calibration, noncontact photo-thermal technique or measuring the density and specific heat separately. In this work, human head hair samples are used to show how to set up the experiment, process the experimental data, and subtract the effect of parasitic conduction and radiative losses.

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials.

توصيف النقل الحراري في المواد الصلبة ذات بعد واحد

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials, including ...

Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and Titanium Sapphire lasers as the workhorse laser of atomic physics labs1,2. Their versatility and prolific use throughout atomic physics in applications such as absorption spectroscopy and laser cooling1,2 makes it imperative for incoming students to gain a firm practical understanding of these lasers. This publication builds upon the seminal work by Wieman3, updating components, and providing a video tutorial. The setup, frequency locking and performance characterization of an ECDL will be described. Discussion of component selection and proper mounting of both diodes and gratings, the factors affecting mode selection within the cavity, proper alignment for optimal external feedback, optics setup for coarse and fine frequency sensitive measurements, a brief overview of laser locking techniques, and laser linewidth measurements are included.

This is an instructional paper to guide the construction and diagnostics of external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs), including component selection and optical alignment, as well as the basics of frequency reference spectroscopy and laser linewidth measurements for applications in the field of atomic physics.

البناء وتوصيف الخارجية تجويف ديود ليزر للفيزياء الذرية

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and ...

Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via stereotactic radiotherapy where positioning accuracy allows delivering very high doses per fraction in a small volume of the patient. Dosimetric measurements on medical accelerators are conventionally realized using air-filled ionization chambers. However, in small beams these are subject to nonnegligible perturbation effects. This study focuses on liquid ionization chambers, which offer advantages in terms of spatial resolution and low fluence perturbation. Ion recombination effects are investigated for the microLion detector (PTW) used with the Cyberknife system (Accuray). The method consists of performing a series of water tank measurements at different source-surface distances, and applying corrections to the liquid detector readings based on simultaneous gaseous detector measurements. This approach facilitates isolating the recombination effects arising from the high density of the liquid sensitive medium and obtaining correction factors to apply to the detector readings. The main difficulty resides in achieving a sufficient level of accuracy in the setup to be able to detect small changes in the chamber response.

A growing number of radiation therapy devices offer the advantage of delivering the dose through very small beams to the tumor, allowing for increased conformity and higher doses per fraction. Many different detectors can be used for the dosimetry of these small fields. In the present study, the effect of ion recombination is investigated for a liquid ionization chamber using a stereotactic radiation therapy system.

توصيف التوحد آثار في غرفة التأين السائل المستخدمة لقياس الجرعات الإشعاعية من مسرع مبضع

Most modern radiation therapy devices allow the use of very small fields, either through beamlets in Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) or via ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST). In this technique the chemical properties of organic photochromic molecules that undergo single-photon reactions are exploited, enabling rapid top-down nanopatterning over large areas at low light intensities, thereby, allowing for the circumvention of the far-field diffraction barrier.4 Simple, cost-effective, high throughput and resolution alternatives to nanopatterning are being explored, such as, two-photon polymerization5,6, beam pen lithography (BPL)7, scanning electron beam lithography (SEBL), and focused ion beam (FIB) patterning. However, multi-photon approaches require high light intensities, which limit their potential for high throughput and offer low image contrast. Although, electron and ion beam lithographic processes offer increased resolution, the serial nature of the process is limited to slow writing speeds, which also prevents patterning of features over large areas. Beam-pen lithography is an approach towards parallel near-field optical lithography. However, the gap between the source of the beam and the surface of the photoresist needs to be controlled extremely precisely for good pattern uniformity and this is very challenging to accomplish for large arrays of beams. Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions (POST) is an alternative optical nanopatterning technique for patterning sub-wavelength features1-3. Since this technique uses single photons instead of electrons, it is extremely fast and does not require high light intensities1-3, opening the door to massive parallelization.

We report that the diffraction limit of conventional optical lithography can be overcome by exploiting the transitions of organic photochromic derivatives induced by their photoisomerization at low light intensities.1-3 This paper outlines our fabrication technique and two locking mechanisms, namely: dissolution of one photoisomer and electrochemical oxidation.

الزخرفة عبر البصرية تشبع انتقالات - تصنيع وتوصيف

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging for Rapid III-V Heteroepitaxial Characterization

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ECCI allows for imaging of defects and crystallographic features under specific diffraction conditions, similar to that possible via plan-view transmission electron microscopy (PV-TEM). A particular advantage of the ECCI technique is that it requires little to no sample preparation, and indeed can use large area, as-produced samples, making it a considerably higher throughput characterization method than TEM. Similar to TEM, different diffraction conditions can be obtained with ECCI by tilting and rotating the sample in the SEM. This capability enables the selective imaging of specific defects, such as misfit dislocations at the GaP/Si interface, with high contrast levels, which are determined by the standard invisibility criteria. An example application of this technique is described wherein ECCI imaging is used to determine the critical thickness for dislocation nucleation for GaP-on-Si by imaging a range of samples with various GaP epilayer thicknesses. Examples of ECCI micrographs of additional defect types, including threading dislocations and a stacking fault, are provided as demonstration of its broad, TEM-like applicability. Ultimately, the combination of TEM-like capabilities &#8211; high spatial resolution and richness of microstructural data &#8211; with the convenience and speed of SEM, position ECCI as a powerful tool for the rapid characterization of crystalline materials.

The use of electron channeling contrast imaging in a scanning electron microscope to characterize defects in III-V/Si heteroexpitaxial thin films is described. This method yields similar results to plan-view transmission electron microscopy, but in significantly less time due to lack of required sample preparation.

الإلكترون توجيه التباين التصوير لرابيد III-V Heteroepitaxial توصيف

Misfit dislocations in heteroepitaxial layers of GaP grown on Si(001) substrates are characterized through use of electron channeling contrast imaging ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

دمج ضوء الاصطياد الفضة النانوية في مهدرج الجريزوفولفين سيليكون الخلايا الشمسية عن طريق التحويل الطباعة

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Production of Synthetic Nuclear Melt Glass

Realistic surrogate nuclear debris is needed within the nuclear forensics community to test and validate post-detonation analysis techniques. Here we outline a novel process for producing bulk surface debris using a high temperature furnace. The material developed in this study is physically and chemically similar to trinitite (the melt glass produced by the first nuclear test). This synthetic nuclear melt glass is assumed to be similar to the vitrified material produced near the epicenter (ground zero) of any surface nuclear detonation in a desert environment. The process outlined here can be applied to produce other types of nuclear melt glass including that likely to be formed in an urban environment. This can be accomplished by simply modifying the precursor matrix to which this production process is applied. The melt glass produced in this study has been analyzed and compared to trinitite, revealing a comparable crystalline morphology, physical structure, void fraction, and chemical composition.

A protocol for the production of synthetic nuclear melt glass, similar to trinitite, is presented.

إنتاج الاصطناعية النووية نذوب زجاج

Realistic surrogate nuclear debris is needed within the nuclear forensics community to test and validate post-detonation analysis techniques. Here we ...

A Fabrication Method for Highly Stretchable Conductors with Silver Nanowires

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of stretchable electronic devices is the preparation of stretchable conductors with great mechanical stability. In this study, we developed a simple fabrication method to chemically solder the contact points between silver nanowire (AgNW) networks. AgNW nanomesh was first deposited on a glass slide via spray coating method. A reactive ink composed of silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) precursors was applied over the spray coated AgNW thin films. After heating for 40 min, AgNPs were preferentially generated over the nanowire junctions to solder the AgNW nanomesh, and reinforced the conducting network. The chemically modified AgNW thin film was then transferred to polyurethane (PU) substrates by casting method. The soldered AgNW thin films on PU exhibited no obvious change in electrical conductivity under stretching or rolling process with elongation strains up to 120%.

A simple synthesis method is used to chemically solder silver nanowire thin film to fabricate highly stretchable and conductive metal conductors.

A طريقة تصنيع الموصلات للمط عالية مع الأسلاك المتناهية الصغر فضة

Stretchable electronics are identified as a key technology for electronic applications in the next generation. One of the challenges in fabrication of ...