Chapter 12
溶液和胶体
溶液生成
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a ...
溶液中的分子间力
The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some external ...
溶解焓
There are two criteria that favor, but do not guarantee, the spontaneous formation of a solution:
A decrease in the internal energy of the system (an ...
水溶液与水合热
Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole ...
溶液平衡与饱和
Imagine adding a small amount of sugar to a glass of water, stirring until all the sugar has dissolved, and then adding a bit more. You can repeat this ...
影响溶解度的物理性质
Solutions of Gases in Liquids
As for any solution, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is affected by the attractive intermolecular forces between solute ...
表达溶液浓度
A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described ...
蒸汽压降低
The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
...
理想溶液
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent ...
凝固点降低和沸点升高
Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the ...
溶液的渗透和渗透压
A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, ...
电解质: 范特霍夫因子（van't Hoff Factor）
Colligative Properties of Electrolytes
The colligative properties of a solution depend only on the number, not on the identity, of solute species ...
胶体
Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera ...
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