K.黄，黄STC是从功能和分子影像中心，Brigham和妇女医院的经费支持 K.黄，黄STC支持生物技术和信息中心，循道卫理医院研究所，康奈尔大学威尔医学院。 KK广，JQ任一陈Athinoula答：Martinos，马萨诸塞州总医院的生物医学成像中心的资金支持。 Lenuta Kloetzer，布雷登郭从Neuroenteric研究中心，美国马萨诸塞州总医院的资金支持 作者感谢博士。问：曾和X旭光学成像实验室，布里格姆妇女医院的技术帮助。

<ol><li>女HO - 1的荧光素酶的转基因小鼠（年龄4-6周）可从Taconic的农场，公司购买的，到达目的地后，小鼠被放置至少4天，让住宿在畜舍设施。 </li><li>生物发光成像的准备工作： <ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;"><li>称量每个HO - 1的鼠标。动物的体重是需要计算的荧光素的用量。 </li><li> 脱毛：用棉花交换申请超过头发卸妆奈尔®腹部和/或背面的动物。等待5到10秒。使用干净的棉布擦去头发的交换。浸在蒸馏水中的组织片擦拭干净剩余的头发。 </li><li>将非荧光IVIS 100站，以减少背景噪音的成像平台上的黑纸（斯特拉斯莫尔Artagain ®黑纸）。 </li><li>准备荧光素（精诺真公司）在浓度为7.5毫克/毫升（溶于无菌H 2 O）的解决方案。荧光素的剂量是65.5毫克/公斤体重。因此，20克的鼠标需要0.175毫升荧光素溶液腹腔注射。要做到这一点，单次注射量的荧光素溶液（0.175毫升）预装，以26号针头注射器</li></ol></li><li> 刮痧过程：刮痧只适用于一次运行前的生物发光成像协议。由于刮痧是不痛，鼠标只需要简要麻醉异氟醚，以保持冷静。刮痧的过程包括以下步骤： <ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;"><li>应用食油或蒸馏水润滑几次有针对性的刮痧在刮痧过程中的皮肤区域。 </li><li>反复刮在温柔但坚定的力量，使用陶瓷汤匙或塑料勺鼠标背面的头发自由的地区。 </li><li>刮继续，直到背部皮肤变红，这是一种皮下血液外渗的符号，通常在2至3分钟内取得。 </li></ol></li><li> 生物发光成像可能会刮痧后立即或几个小时，HO - 1表达上调是建立了几个小时，慢慢开始。生物发光成像的过程是： <ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha;"><li>麻醉在麻醉诱导室充满了异氟醚（1.5％），医疗级空气的混合物鼠标。 </li><li>一旦鼠标被麻醉，将鼠标移动到成像室IVIS 100光学成像站。在仰卧姿势（腹部）鼠标的位置。成像室不断注入与异氟醚1.5％。成像平台加热至37 ° C至按住鼠标温暖。 </li><li>设置在“中等分级”的影像采集和设置曝光时间是30秒。开始采集图像。机器设置重复成像收购每三分钟，手动或自动。收购后的第一个图像，利息率（ROI）的地区绘制覆盖腹部，胸部和头部区域。这个投资回报率，然后复制并粘贴到下面的图像，使用“生活图像®”，软件附带的IVIS 100站。 </li><li>信号强度测量光子每秒。马克的时间，信号强度达到其峰值，并保持约5至10分钟后，高峰时间成像鼠标。 </li><li>当在仰卧位成像收购完成后，翻转鼠标，并奠定在俯卧位（备份）。继续成像的投资回报率5至10分钟，现在提请盖在使用该软件的“生活图像®”的背部和头部区域的动物。仰卧位后俯卧位成像的选择是任意的。你可以选择开始与俯卧位，取决于感兴趣的主要机关。另一种选择是在不同的实验仰卧和俯卧位的图像。 </li><li>当俯卧位成像收购完成后，关闭异氟醚和移动鼠标到感应室从成像室恢复。感应室是现在注入医用空气和鼠标通常在不到一分钟被唤醒。 </li><li>保存处理后的成像数据。 </li><li>最初的成像研究后，额外的影像收购进行了好几天后，刮痧。一个样品的时间表是重复在12个小时，24个小时，36个小时，48个小时，第72届小时和120个小时的成像，但成像时间表的确切时间是灵活的。如果需要一个较长的后续会议可能会增加额外的影像。在成像之前，重复的头发，如果头发已经成长回删除程序。 </li></ol></li><li>为对照组，重复所有程序，但跳过刮痧（步骤3）。如果同组的小鼠是用于控制和刮痧，控制EXPeriment应最好在刮痧过程或至少一个月之后。 </li></ol>代表性的成果： 图生物发光图像显示在体内上调HO - 1的回应刮痧。在图2中的图表显示了定量全身刮痧相同的鼠标光学通量（光子/秒）的时间超过120小时的变化... ... <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1385/figure1tmb.jpg" alt="图1" border="0" /> 图1左起正确的，有代表性的图像刮痧之前相同的鼠标前视图（平卧），在18个小时，36小时和120小时后刮痧，分别为。刮痧后，观察到显着的信号强度的增加在多个器官，其中包括胃肠道，生殖道，肝脏，肾脏（从后面查看，不显示），以及其他地区的进展。请<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1385/figure1.jpg">点击这里</a>为图1的放大版本。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1385/figure2tmb.jpg" alt="图2" border="0" /> 图2。量变超过120个小时的跟踪的全身通量（光子/秒），在图1的相同的鼠标刮痧。请<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1385/figure2.jpg">点击这里</a>看大图图2。

<ol>
	<li>Zhang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+potential+therapeutics+based+on+in+vivo+spatiotemporal+transcription+patterns+of+heme+oxygenase-1.">Selection of potential therapeutics based on in vivo spatiotemporal transcription patterns of heme oxygenase-1.</a> J Mol Med. 80, 655-6564 (2002).</li><li>Zhang, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+in+vivo+functional+analysis+of+transgenes+in+mice+using+whole+body+imaging+of+luciferase+expression.">Rapid in vivo functional analysis of transgenes in mice using whole body imaging of luciferase expression.</a> Transgenic Res. 10, 423-434 (2001).</li><li>Contag, C. H., Stevenson, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+patterns+of+heme+oxygenase-1+transcription.">In vivo patterns of heme oxygenase-1 transcription.</a> J Perinatol. 21, 119-1124 (2001).</li><li>Nielsen, A., Knoblauch, N. T., Dobos, G. J., Michalsen, A., Kaptchuk, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+Gua+Sha+treatment+on+the+microcirculation+of+surface+tissue:+a+pilot+study+in+healthy+subjects.">The effect of Gua Sha treatment on the microcirculation of surface tissue: a pilot study in healthy subjects.</a> Explore (NY). 3, 456-466 (2007).</li><li>Schwickert, M. E., Saha, F. J., Braun, M., Dobos, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gua+Sha+for+migraine+in+inpatient+withdrawal+therapy+of+headache+due+to+medication+overuse.">Gua Sha for migraine in inpatient withdrawal therapy of headache due to medication overuse.</a> Forsch Komplementmed. 14, 297-300 (2007).</li><li>Tsai, P. S., Lee, P. H., Wang, M. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Demographics,+training,+and+practice+patterns+of+practitioners+of+folk+medicine+in+Taiwan:+a+survey+of+the+Taipei+metropolitan+area.">Demographics, training, and practice patterns of practitioners of folk medicine in Taiwan: a survey of the Taipei metropolitan area.</a> J Altern Complement Med. 14, 1243-1248 (2008).</li><li>Nielsen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gua+sha+research+and+the+language+of+integrative+medicine.">Gua sha research and the language of integrative medicine.</a> J Bodyw Mov Ther. 13, 63-72 (2009).</li><li>Contag, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+gene+expression+in+living+mammals+using+a+bioluminescent+reporter.">Visualizing gene expression in living mammals using a bioluminescent reporter.</a> Photochem Photobiol. 66, 523-531 (1997).</li><li>Cui, K., Xu, X., Zhao, H., Wong, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+quantitative+study+of+factors+affecting+in+vivo+bioluminescence+imaging.">A quantitative study of factors affecting in vivo bioluminescence imaging.</a> Luminescence. 23, 292-295 (2008).</li><li>Shibahara, S., Yoshida, T., Kikuchi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+increase+of+heme+oxygenase+activity+induced+by+hemin+in+cultured+pig+alveolar+macrophages.">Mechanism of increase of heme oxygenase activity induced by hemin in cultured pig alveolar macrophages.</a> Arch Biochem Biophys. 197, 607-617 (1979).</li><li>Lee, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypoxia-inducible+factor-1+mediates+transcriptional+activation+of+the+heme+oxygenase-1+gene+in+response+to+hypoxia.">Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 mediates transcriptional activation of the heme oxygenase-1 gene in response to hypoxia.</a> J Biol Chem. 272, 5375-5381 (1997).</li><li>Maines, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heme+oxygenase+system:+a+regulator+of+second+messenger+gases.">The heme oxygenase system: a regulator of second messenger gases.</a> Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 37, 517-554 (1997).</li><li>Wunder, C., Potter, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+heme+oxygenase+system:+its+role+in+liver+inflammation.">The heme oxygenase system: its role in liver inflammation.</a> Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord. 3, 199-208 (2003).</li><li>Hoekstra, K. A., Godin, D. V., Cheng, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+role+of+heme+oxygenase+in+the+blood+vessel+wall+during+atherogenesis.">Protective role of heme oxygenase in the blood vessel wall during atherogenesis.</a> Biochem Cell Biol. 82, 351-359 (2004).</li><li>Yang, N. C., Lu, L. H., Kao, Y. H., Chau, L. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heme+oxygenase-1+attenuates+interleukin-1beta-induced+nitric+oxide+synthase+expression+in+vascular+smooth+muscle+cells.">Heme oxygenase-1 attenuates interleukin-1beta-induced nitric oxide synthase expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.</a> J Biomed Sci. 11, 799-809 (2004).</li><li>Morse, D., Choi, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heme+oxygenase-1:+from+bench+to+bedside.">Heme oxygenase-1: from bench to bedside.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 172, 660-670 (2005).</li><li>Ryter, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+functions+of+heme+oxygenase-1+and+carbon+monoxide+in+the+respiratory+system.">Protective functions of heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in the respiratory system.</a> Antioxid Redox Signal. 9, 2157-2173 (2007).</li><li>Wilson, K., Yu, J., Lee, A., Wu, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+bioluminescence+reporter+gene+imaging+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">In vitro and in vivo bioluminescence reporter gene imaging of human embryonic stem cells.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2008).</li><li>Calabrese, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vitagenes,+dietary+antioxidants+and+neuroprotection+in+neurodegenerative+diseases.">Vitagenes, dietary antioxidants and neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Front Biosci. 14, 376-397 (2009).</li><li>Contag, P. R., Olomu, I. N., Stevenson, D. K., Contag, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bioluminescent+indicators+in+living+mammals.">Bioluminescent indicators in living mammals.</a> Nat Med. 4, 245-247 (1998).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

，血红素加氧酶的诱导形成，HO - 1的转录上调的因素很多，包括血红素，过氧化氢，紫外线照射，缺氧，和物理应力。如全身显像报道，HO - 1生物发光协议提供了一个全身多个器官中的表达，HO - 1的快照。在小动物，生物发光成像允许高灵敏度体内实时定量全身基因表达的改变纵向光学评估，如图所示。生物荧光分子成像，降低了成本，增加了小动物的基因表达分析的吞吐量，使得实际，迅速实...

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">	
		
		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Luciferin</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Caliper</td>
<td>P/N 122796</td>
<td>Previously Xenogen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IVIS 100</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Caliper </td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Previously Xenogen</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

bioluminescence imaging of heme oxygenase-1 upregulation in the gua sha procedure

刮痧是一种传统的中国民间疗法，采用皮肤刮引起皮下微血管的血液外渗和瘀伤。发光的光学成像协议HO - 1 -<em&gt;荧光素酶</em报告&gt;在这个手稿的转基因小鼠提供了一个快速<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;检测的上调血红素氧合酶-1（HO - 1）在刮痧过程中的基因表达。 HO - 1一直提供抗氧化应激的细胞保护作用。上调HO - 1，生物发光输出评估，被认为是代表循环血红蛋白刮痧发布的产品具有抗氧化反应。刮痧是管理比润滑皮肤瘀斑（分裂出血）或瘀斑（跌打损伤）观察表明从皮下毛细血管的血液外渗，直到背面或其他有针对性的转基因小鼠的身体的一部分的顺利勺边重复笔画。刮痧后，进行了生物发光成像会几天每天跟随多个内脏器官的HO - 1表达的动态。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence Imaging of Heme Oxygenase-1 Upregulation in the Gua Sha Procedure at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence Imaging of Heme Oxygenase-1 Upregulation in the Gua Sha Procedure

中国传统的治疗皮肤刮，刮痧，导致皮下微血管的血液外渗。我们报告一个HO - 1的生物发光成像的协议<em&gt;荧光素酶</em转基因小鼠证明，刮痧上调血红素氧合- 1（HO - 1）在多器官。

血红素加氧酶1表达上调在刮痧过程中的生物发光成像

Gua Sha is a traditional Chinese folk therapy that employs skin scraping to cause subcutaneous microvascular blood extravasation and bruises. The protocol ...

bioluminescence-imaging-heme-oxygenase-1-upregulation-gua-sha

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.0K 次观看.  Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School. 中国传统的治疗皮肤刮，刮痧，导致皮下微血管的血液外渗。我们报告一个HO - 1的生物发光成像的协议荧光素酶

视频: Bioluminescence Imaging of Heme Oxygenase-1 Upregulation in the Gua Sha Procedure

A Craniotomy Surgery Procedure for Chronic Brain Imaging

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an extremely useful method, because it allows the study of the live intact brain. With appropriate preparations, this technique allows the observation of the same cortical area chronically, from minutes to months. In this video, we show a preparation for chronic in vivo imaging of the brain using two-photon microscopy. This technique was initially pioneered by Dr. Karel Svoboda, who is now a Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator at Janelia Farm. Preparations like the one shown here can be used for imaging of neocortical structure (e.g., dendritic and axonal dynamics),  to record neuronal activity using calcium-sensitive dyes, to image cortical blood flow dynamics, or for intrinsic optical imaging studies. Deep imaging of the neocortex is possible with optimal cranial window surgeries. Operating under the most sterile conditions possible to avoid infections, together with using extreme care to do not damage the dura mater during the surgery, will result in successful and long-lasting glass-covered cranial windows.


This video and protocol demonstrate how to implant a glass-covered cranial window in rodents. These preparations can be used for chronic in vivo two-photon imaging of the neocortex over time scales of months. It may also be used for other types of imaging, including optical intrinsic signal imaging.

一种慢性脑功能成像开颅手术过程

Imaging techniques are becoming increasingly important in the study brain function. Among them, two-photon laser scanning microscopy has emerged as an ...

科研

生物学

In vitro and in vivo Bioluminescence Reporter Gene Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative medicine. However, direct injection of hESCs, and cells differentiated from hESCs, into living organisms has thus far been hampered by significant cell death, teratoma formation, and host immune rejection. Understanding the in vivo hESC behavior after transplantation requires novel imaging techniques to longitudinally monitor hESC localization, proliferation, and viability. Molecular imaging has given investigators a high-throughput, inexpensive, and sensitive means for tracking in vivo cell proliferation over days, weeks, and even months. This advancement has significantly increased the understanding of the spatio-temporal kinetics of hESC engraftment, proliferation, and teratoma-formation in living subjects.

A major advance in molecular imaging has been the extension of noninvasive reporter gene assays from molecular and cellular biology into in vivo multi-modality imaging platforms. These reporter genes, under control of engineered promoters and enhancers that take advantage of the host cell s transcriptional machinery, are introduced into cells using a variety of vector and non-vector methods. Once in the cell, reporter genes can be transcribed either constitutively or only under specific biological or cellular conditions, depending on the type of promoter used. Transcription and translation of reporter genes into bioactive proteins is then detected with sensitive, noninvasive instrumentation (e.g., CCD cameras) using signal-generating probes such as D-luciferin.

To avoid the need for excitatory light to track stem cells in vivo as is required for fluorescence imaging, bioluminescence reporter gene imaging systems require only an exogenously administered probe to induce light emission. Firefly luciferase, derived from the firefly Photinus pyralis, encodes an enzyme that catalyzes D-luciferin to the optically active metabolite, oxyluciferin. Optical activity can then be monitored with an external CCD camera. Stably transduced cells that carry the reporter construct within their chromosomal DNA will pass the reporter construct DNA to daughter cells, allowing for longitudinal monitoring of hESC survival and proliferation in vivo. Furthermore, because expression of the reporter gene product is required for signal generation, only viable parent and daughter cells will create bioluminescence signal; apoptotic or dead cells will not. 

In this video, the specific materials and methods needed for tracking stem cell proliferation and teratoma formation with bioluminescence imaging will be described.

With the growing interest in stem cell therapies, molecular imaging techniques are ideal for monitoring stem cell behavior after transplantation. Luciferase reporter genes have enabled non-invasive, repetitive assessment of cell survival, location, and proliferation in vivo. This video will demonstrate how to track hESC proliferation in a living mouse.

在体外和体内生物发光记者人类胚胎干细胞的基因显像

The discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has dramatically increased the tools available to medical scientists interested in regenerative ...

Murine Renal Transplantation Procedure

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell et al over 30 years ago (1) and refined by Zhang et al years later (2), few people in the world have mastered this procedure. In our laboratory we have successfully performed 1200 orthotopic kidney transplantations with &gt; 90% survival rate. The key points for success include stringent control of reperfusion injury, bleeding and thrombosis, both during the procedure and post-transplantation, and use of 10-0 instead of 11-0 suture for anastomoses.
Post-operative care and treatment of the recipient is extremely important to transplant success and evaluation. All renal graft recipients receive antibiotics in the form of an injection of penicillin immediately post-transplant and sulfatrim in the drinking water continually. Overall animal health is evaluated daily and whole blood creatinine analyses are performed routinely with a portable I-STAT machine to assess graft function.

Renal transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure that requires careful post-operative care and treatment for success.

小鼠肾移植程序

Renal orthotopic transplantation in mice is a technically challenging procedure. Although the first kidney transplants in mice were performed by Russell ...

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich vascularization and high density of mitochondria. BAT plays a major role in energy expenditure and non-shivering thermogenesis in newborn mammals as well as the adults 1. BAT-mediated thermogenesis is highly regulated by the sympathetic nervous system, predominantly via &beta; adrenergic receptor 2, 3. Recent studies have shown that BAT activities in human adults are negatively correlated with body mass index (BMI) and other diabetic parameters 4-6. BAT has thus been proposed as a potential target for anti-obesity/anti-diabetes therapy focusing on modulation of energy balance 6-8. While several cold challenge-based positron emission tomography (PET) methods are established for detecting human BAT 9-13, there is essentially no standardized protocol for imaging and quantification of BAT in small animal models such as mice. Here we describe a robust PET/CT imaging method for functional assessment of BAT in mice. Briefly, adult C57BL/6J mice were cold treated under fasting conditions for a duration of 4 hours before they received one dose of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). The mice were remained in the cold for one additional hour post FDG injection, and then scanned with a small animal-dedicated micro-PET/CT system. The acquired PET images were co-registered with the CT images for anatomical references and analyzed for FDG uptake in the interscapular BAT area to present BAT activity. This standardized cold-treatment and imaging protocol has been validated through testing BAT activities during pharmacological interventions, for example, the suppressed BAT activation by the treatment of &beta;-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol 14, 15, or the enhanced BAT activation by &beta;3 agonist BRL37344 16. The method described here can be applied to screen for drugs/compounds that modulate BAT activity, or to identify genes/pathways that are involved in BAT development and regulation in various preclinical and basic studies.

Functional Imaging of Brown Fat in Mice with 18F-FDG micro-PET/CT

A method of functional imaging of mouse brown adipose tissue (BAT) is described in which cold-stimulated uptake of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in BAT is non-invasively assessed with a standardized micro-PET/CT protocol. This method is robust and sensitive to detect differences in BAT activities in mouse models.

功能成像在小鼠体内的棕色脂肪与FDG micro-PET/CT

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) differs from white adipose  tissue (WAT) by its discrete location and a brown-red color due to rich  vascularization and high ...

Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks (reviewed1,2). The circadian time-keeping system is a hierarchical multi-oscillator network, with the central clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizing and coordinating extra-SCN and peripheral clocks elsewhere1,2. Individual cells are the functional units for generation and maintenance of circadian rhythms3,4, and these oscillators of different tissue types in the organism share a remarkably similar biochemical negative feedback mechanism. However, due to interactions at the neuronal network level in the SCN and through rhythmic, systemic cues at the organismal level, circadian rhythms at the organismal level are not necessarily cell-autonomous5-7. Compared to traditional studies of locomotor activity in vivo and SCN explants ex vivo, cell-based in vitro assays allow for discovery of cell-autonomous circadian defects5,8. Strategically, cell-based models are more experimentally tractable for phenotypic characterization and rapid discovery of basic clock mechanisms5,8-13.
Because circadian rhythms are dynamic, longitudinal measurements with high temporal resolution are needed to assess clock function. In recent years, real-time bioluminescence recording using firefly luciferase as a reporter has become a common technique for studying circadian rhythms in mammals14,15, as it allows for examination of the persistence and dynamics of molecular rhythms. To monitor cell-autonomous circadian rhythms of gene expression, luciferase reporters can be introduced into cells via transient transfection13,16,17 or stable transduction5,10,18,19. Here we describe a stable transduction protocol using lentivirus-mediated gene delivery. The lentiviral vector system is superior to traditional methods such as transient transfection and germline transmission because of its efficiency and versatility: it permits efficient delivery and stable integration into the host genome of both dividing and non-dividing cells20. Once a reporter cell line is established, the dynamics of clock function can be examined through bioluminescence recording. We first describe the generation of P(Per2)-dLuc reporter lines, and then present data from this and other circadian reporters. In these assays, 3T3 mouse fibroblasts and U2OS human osteosarcoma cells are used as cellular models. We also discuss various ways of using these clock models in circadian studies. Methods described here can be applied to a great variety of cell types to study the cellular and molecular basis of circadian clocks, and may prove useful in tackling problems in other biological systems.

Circadian clocks function within individual cells, i.e., they are cell-autonomous. Here, we describe methods for generating cell-autonomous clock models using non-invasive, luciferase-based real-time bioluminescence technology. Reporter cells provide tractable, functional model systems for studying circadian biology.

监测细胞自主的生物钟节律基因表达，利用荧光素酶生物发光记者

In mammals, many aspects of behavior and physiology such as sleep-wake cycles and liver metabolism are regulated by endogenous circadian clocks ...

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

The proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal development in all metazoan organisms. Apoptotic cell clearance is a highly dynamic process intimately associated with cell death; unengulfed apoptotic cells are barely seen in vivo under normal conditions. In order to understand the different steps of apoptotic cell clearance and to compare 'professional' phagocytes - macrophages and dendritic cells to 'non-professional' - tissue-resident neighboring cells, in vivo live imaging of the process is extremely valuable. Here we describe a protocol for studying apoptotic cell clearance in live Drosophila embryos. To follow the dynamics of different steps in phagocytosis we use specific markers for apoptotic cells and phagocytes. In addition, we can monitor two phagocyte systems in parallel: 'professional' macrophages and 'semi-professional' glia in the developing central nervous system (CNS). The method described here employs the Drosophila embryo as an excellent model for real time studies of apoptotic cell clearance.

Live Imaging of Apoptotic Cell Clearance during Drosophila Embryogenesis

Here we describe an effective method for studying dynamics of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo. This method employs live Drosophila embryos as a powerful model for monitoring phagocytosis of apoptotic cells using specific labeling of apoptotic cells and phagocytes.

凋亡细胞清除过程中实时成像<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;胚胎发育

The  proper elimination of unwanted or aberrant cells through apoptosis and  subsequent phagocytosis (apoptotic cell clearance) is crucial for normal  ...

Investigating Protein-protein Interactions in Live Cells Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live cells. BRET is the non-radiative transfer of energy from a 'donor' luciferase enzyme to an 'acceptor' fluorescent protein. In the most common configuration of this assay, the donor is Renilla reniformis luciferase and the acceptor is Yellow Fluorescent Protein (YFP). Because the efficiency of energy transfer is strongly distance-dependent, observation of the BRET phenomenon requires that the donor and acceptor be in close proximity. To test for an interaction between two proteins of interest in cultured mammalian cells, one protein is expressed as a fusion with luciferase and the second as a fusion with YFP. An interaction between the two proteins of interest may bring the donor and acceptor sufficiently close for energy transfer to occur. Compared to other techniques for investigating protein-protein interactions, the BRET assay is sensitive, requires little hands-on time and few reagents, and is able to detect interactions which are weak, transient, or dependent on the biochemical environment found within a live cell. It is therefore an ideal approach for confirming putative interactions suggested by yeast two-hybrid or mass spectrometry proteomics studies, and in addition it is well-suited for mapping interacting regions, assessing the effect of post-translational modifications on protein-protein interactions, and evaluating the impact of mutations identified in patient DNA.

Interactions between proteins are fundamental to all cellular processes. Using Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer, the interaction between a pair of proteins can be monitored in live cells and in real time. Furthermore, the effects of potentially pathogenic mutations can be assessed.

研究蛋白质 - 蛋白质相互作用活细胞使用生物发光共振能量转移

Assays based on Bioluminescence Resonance Energy Transfer (BRET) provide a sensitive and reliable means to monitor protein-protein interactions in live ...

Measurement of Heme Synthesis Levels in Mammalian Cells

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in various molecular and cellular processes such as gene transcription, translation, cell differentiation and cell proliferation. The biosynthesis levels of heme vary across different tissues and cell types and is altered in diseased conditions such as anemia, neuropathy and cancer. This technique uses [4-14C] 5-aminolevulinic acid ([14C] 5-ALA), one of the early precursors in the heme biosynthesis pathway to measure the levels of heme synthesis in mammalian cells. This assay involves incubation of cells with [14C] 5-ALA followed by extraction of heme and measurement of the radioactivity incorporated into heme. This procedure is accurate and quick. This method measures the relative levels of heme biosynthesis rather than the total heme content. To demonstrate the use of this technique the levels of heme biosynthesis were measured in several mammalian cell lines.

Altered intracellular heme levels are associated with common diseases such as cancer. Thus, there is a need to measure heme biosynthesis levels in diverse cells. The goal of this protocol is to provide a fast and sensitive method to measure and compare the levels of heme synthesis in different cells.

中血红素的合成水平在哺乳动物细胞中测量

Heme serves as the prosthetic group for a wide variety of proteins known as hemoproteins, such as hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochromes. It is involved in ...

High-resolution Time-lapse Imaging and Automated Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics in Living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes within individual endothelial cells (ECs). These processes are critical for homeostatic maintenance such as wound healing, and are also crucial in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. EC morphology is defined by the organization of the cytoskeleton, a tightly regulated system of actin and microtubule (MT) dynamics that is known to control EC branching, polarity and directional migration, essential components of angiogenesis. To study MT dynamics, we used high-resolution fluorescence microscopy coupled with computational image analysis of fluorescently-labeled MT plus-ends to investigate MT growth dynamics and the regulation of EC branching morphology and directional migration. Time-lapse imaging of living Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) was performed following transfection with fluorescently-labeled MT End Binding protein 3 (EB3) and Mitotic Centromere Associated Kinesin (MCAK)-specific cDNA constructs to evaluate effects on MT dynamics. PlusTipTracker software was used to track EB3-labeled MT plus ends in order to measure MT growth speeds and MT growth lifetimes in time-lapse images. This methodology allows for the study of MT dynamics and the identification of how localized regulation of MT dynamics within sub-cellular regions contributes to the angiogenic processes of EC branching and migration.

Protocols for Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cell (HUVEC) culture, transient transfection of fluorescently-labeled markers of microtubule growth, live-cell imaging and automated analysis of interphase microtubule growth dynamics are detailed.

高分辨率成像定时，并在活体人脐静脉内皮细胞微管动力学自动分析

The physiological process by which new vasculature forms from existing vasculature requires specific signaling events that trigger morphological changes ...

使用 mtHyper7 对活酵母细胞中的线粒体过氧化物进行成像

Imaging of mtHyPer7, a Ratiometric Biosensor for Mitochondrial Peroxide, in Living Yeast Cells

Mitochondrial dysfunction, or functional alteration, is found in many diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders, cancer, and normal aging. Here, an approach is described to assess mitochondrial function in living yeast cells at cellular and subcellular resolutions using a genetically encoded, minimally invasive, ratiometric biosensor. The biosensor, mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 (mtHyPer7), detects hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in mitochondria. It consists of a mitochondrial signal sequence fused to a circularly permuted fluorescent protein and the H2O2-responsive domain of a bacterial OxyR protein. The biosensor is generated and integrated into the yeast genome using a CRISPR-Cas9 marker-free system, for&#160;more consistent expression compared to plasmid-borne constructs.
mtHyPer7 is quantitatively targeted to mitochondria, has no detectable effect on yeast growth rate or mitochondrial morphology, and provides a quantitative readout for mitochondrial H2O2 under normal growth conditions and upon exposure to oxidative stress. This protocol explains how to optimize imaging conditions using a spinning-disk confocal microscope system and perform quantitative analysis using freely available software. These tools make it possible to collect rich spatiotemporal information on mitochondria both within cells and among cells in a population. Moreover, the workflow described here can be used to validate other biosensors.

作者聚焦：推进线粒体研究 - 用于亚细胞分析的 mtHyper7 生物传感器 

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is both a source of oxidative damage and a signaling molecule. This protocol describes how to measure mitochondrial H2O2 using mitochondria-targeted HyPer7 (mtHyPer7), a genetically encoded ratiometric biosensor, in living yeast. It details how to optimize imaging conditions and perform quantitative cellular and subcellular analysis using freely available software.

mtHyPer7（一种用于线粒体过氧化物的比例生物传感器）在活酵母细胞中的成像

Mitochondrial dysfunction, or functional alteration, is found in many diseases and conditions, including neurodegenerative and musculoskeletal disorders, ...