这项工作是由RO1 DK064938（TH）的支持。

<ol>
	<li>Shapiro, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+in+seven+patients+with+type+1+diabetes+mellitus+using+a+glucocorticoid-free+immunosuppressive+regimen.">Islet transplantation in seven patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus using a glucocorticoid-free immunosuppressive regimen.</a> N Engl J Med. 343, 230-238 (2000).</li><li>Weir, G. C., Bonner-Weir, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+as+a+treatment+for+diabetes.">Islet transplantation as a treatment for diabetes.</a> J Am Optom Assoc. 69, 727-732 (1998).</li><li>Gangemi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Islet+transplantation+for+brittle+type+1+diabetes:+the+UIC+protocol.">Islet transplantation for brittle type 1 diabetes: the UIC protocol.</a> Am J Transplant. 8, 10-1111 (2008).</li><li>Zmuda, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deficiency+of+ATF3,+an+adaptive-response+gene,+protects+islets+and+ameliorates+inflammation+in+a+syngenic+transplantation+model.">Deficiency of ATF3, an adaptive-response gene, protects islets and ameliorates inflammation in a syngenic transplantation model.</a> Diabetologia. , (2010).</li><li>Bottino, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+of+Human+Islets+to+Isolation+Stress+and+the+Effect+of+Antioxidant+Treatment.">Response of Human Islets to Isolation Stress and the Effect of Antioxidant Treatment.</a> Diabetes. 53, 2559-2568 (2004).</li><li>Markmann, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+islet+cell+culture+in+vitro+at+24+degrees+C+on+graft+survival+and+MHC+antigen+expression.">The effect of islet cell culture in vitro at 24 degrees C on graft survival and MHC antigen expression.</a> Transplantation. 49, 272-277 (1990).</li><li>Terasaka, R., Lacy, P. E., Hauptfeld, V., Bucy, R. P., Davie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+cyclosporin-A,+low-temperature+culture,+and+anti-Ia+antibodies+on+prevention+of+rejection+of+rat+islet+allografts.">The effect of cyclosporin-A, low-temperature culture, and anti-Ia antibodies on prevention of rejection of rat islet allografts.</a> Diabetes. 35, 83-88 (1986).</li><li>Ricordi, C., Lacy, P. E., Sterbenz, K., Davie, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-temperature+culture+of+human+islets+or+in+vivo+treatment+with+L3T4+antibody+produces+a+marked+prolongation+of+islet+human-to-mouse+xenograft+survival.">Low-temperature culture of human islets or in vivo treatment with L3T4 antibody produces a marked prolongation of islet human-to-mouse xenograft survival.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 84, 8080-8084 (1987).</li><li>Schnedl, W. J., Ferber, S., Johnson, J. H., Newgard, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STZ+transport+and+cytotoxicity.+Specific+enhancement+in+GLUT2-expressing+cells.">STZ transport and cytotoxicity. Specific enhancement in GLUT2-expressing cells.</a> Diabetes. 43, 1326-1333 (1994).</li><li>Eckhard, M., Brandhorst, D., Brandhorst, H., Brendel, M. D., Bretzel, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+in+osmolality+and+range+of+density+of+a+continuous+ficoll-sodium-diatrizoate+gradient+for+isopycnic+purification+of+isolated+human+islets.">Optimization in osmolality and range of density of a continuous ficoll-sodium-diatrizoate gradient for isopycnic purification of isolated human islets.</a> Transplantation Proceedings. 36, 2849-2854 (2004).</li><li>Gores, P. F., Rabe, F., Sutherland, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+survival+of+intraportal+versus+subrenal+capsular+transplanted+islet+allografts.">Prolonged survival of intraportal versus subrenal capsular transplanted islet allografts.</a> Transplantation. 43, 747-749 (1987).</li><li>Nasr, I. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testicular+Immune+Privilege+Promotes+Transplantation+Tolerance+by+Altering+the+Balance+between+Memory+and+Regulatory+T+Cells.">Testicular Immune Privilege Promotes Transplantation Tolerance by Altering the Balance between Memory and Regulatory T Cells.</a> J Immunol. 174, 6161-6168 (2005).</li><li>Merani, S., Toso, C., Emamaullee, J., Shapiro, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+implantation+site+for+pancreatic+islet+transplantation.">Optimal implantation site for pancreatic islet transplantation.</a> British Journal of Surgery. 95, 1449-1461 (2008).</li><li>Inoue, M., Maeno, T., Hatchell, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+of+allografted+pancreatic+islets+in+the+subretinal+space+in+rats.">Survival of allografted pancreatic islets in the subretinal space in rats.</a> Ophthalmic Res. 35, 48-53 (2003).</li></ol>

在上面的章节中，我们描述了隔离和小鼠胰岛移植的详细步骤。在这里，我们简要地强调程序成功的关键步骤。 1。胰岛隔离关键的步骤是确定一个最佳的酶消化时间（1.4），定位在十二指肠，胆总管（2.2.3）开放的止血钳，后37 cannulating胆总管（2.3），胰腺剧烈摇晃° C精华（3.2），并拆除外分泌细胞污染（3.3.7和3.3.16）。这些步骤的质量，产量和纯度的胰岛的一个戏剧性的影响。也许是最具技术挑战的第一步是胆总管插管。在许多小鼠，胆总管可很难想象，由于周围的筋膜。因此，它是常见的，试图cannulate胆总管的筋膜组织的渗透管的结果。在这些情况下，Liberase开始，以填补周围结缔组织和不灌注胰腺。如果发生此种情况，停止的Liberase流动和重新定位针，使其渗透进入胆管管腔。通过实践，它是可以快速识别针放置的最佳位置，以不破坏易碎管的情况下完成插管。 2。胰岛移植关键步骤是STZ诱导的糖尿病（5.1）和胰岛的有效传递到包膜袋（5.3.14-5.3.16）。菌素是一种自然发生的葡萄糖类似物，是有选择性的胰岛素分泌细胞，胰岛9β-细胞毒性。然而，这种选择性的毒性发生在一个相对狭窄的浓度范围内。菌素高剂量可以导致高血糖的情况下迅速（2-3天）杀伤力的事实证明了这一点。因此，应采取应变和任何大规模实验开始前正在使用的小鼠的年龄，以确定最佳剂量链脲佐菌素。胰岛实物交割的包膜囊也是一个关键的一步。为了达成一致的结果，这是势在必行，以尽量减少损失胰岛期间及其运载工具。是否有缺陷或在肾囊囊的眼泪，或如果注入的体积过大，可能发生这种情况。温柔细心操作，避免使用光滑的玻璃探针准备包膜囊囊的损害，可以。此外，注射量可以减少小心去除上清液中的步骤5.3.6.3。如果上清液去除沉淀胰岛水平，通常有足够的空间，在包膜袋放在400至500胰岛多。但是，如果注射量太大，胰岛更容易泄漏出来的袋子，在移植过程中，影响实验的可重复性。 在这个协议中，它是可以修改的一些步骤，而且还能达到令人满意的成果。这些措施包括以下内容：（一），（b）为胰腺酶的不同方法，使用不同的酶消化胰腺（C）使用一个连续的聚蔗糖 - 钠泛影葡胺（FSD）梯度而不是单一密度Histopaque1077一步，和（D）胰岛移植肾subcapsule以外的地点。 <ol class="lalpha"><li>在这个协议中，Liberase是用来削弱内的胰腺细胞与细胞接触。 Liberase本质上是一种高度纯化的胰腺中的胰岛释放已被证明有用胶原酶的混合物。然而，少纯化的胶原酶能够完成了类似的结果。因此，它可以使用不同的商业用酶制剂，消化胰腺，只要消化条件进行了优化，实现高胰岛质量，产量和纯度。 </li><li>它也可能无导管灌注胰腺酶消化。 Liberase通过胆总管交付允许胰腺表面面积最大的酶接触。甚至更多的胰腺和更完整的胰岛释放的消化这个结果。然而，其他步骤增加胰腺酶的表面积，可以使用。例如，切碎之前在Liberase孵化或直接通过胰腺囊注射Liberase胰腺可用于孤立的小岛。然而，没有Liberase交付的另一种方法是通过胆总管灌注的有效。因此，切碎或直接注射应保留作为最后的手段，如果胆总管损坏，而不是perfusable。 </li><li>从外分泌细胞的分离胰岛的另一种方法涉及使用了消防处的梯度，而不是Histopaque1077 10。从本议定书的外分泌细胞胰岛的高效分离是由于两种类型的细胞之间的密度差的一部分。 Histopaque1077已为1.0771克/毫升的密度在25 ° C。在此温度下，Histopaque是较密集的小岛，但比外分泌细胞密集。因此，在离心，Histopaque1077颗粒的外分泌细胞的力量，同时解除胰岛表面。密度与任何其他物质，可以独立于外分泌细胞胰岛的原则，可以在此步骤中使用和消防处的梯度是一个这样的物质。 </li><li>关于胰岛移植的位置，在本议定书中所使用的肾囊是几个可能的地点之一。而肾subcapsule是最常报道的网站在小鼠体内移植，移植其他网站都被发现是有效的，它们包括肝门静脉，视网膜下腔，睾丸，附睾脂肪垫，脾，甚至胰腺 11-14 。这些地区的每个人都有自己的优势和挑战。因此，为胰岛移植部位的选择应解决的问题，并在实验的具体情况确定。 </li></ol>据认为，胰岛移植可以克服的局限性的战略，将极大地提高其治疗的潜力。因此，这个协议的一个小鼠模型的详细使用，提供一个有吸引力的方法，确定这种战略。

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		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>RPMI 1640</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>31800-022</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Liberase TL</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Roche</td>
<td>05401020001</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>10437-028</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Histopaque1077</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>10771</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Penicillin Streptomycin </td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Gibco</td>
<td>15140</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Sodium Citrate</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>S4641</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Streptozotocin</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
<td>S-0130</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>HCl</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>A144-212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane</td>
<td>Reagent</td>
<td>Vedco</td>
<td>ISOSOL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Glass Capillary Tubes</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>22362574</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Insulin Syringe</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>329461</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>27 Gauge Syringe Needle</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>305109</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hamilton Syringe #1702</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>14813133</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>10cm Petri Plates</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>0875712</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6cm Petri Plates</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>07770212</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>6-0 Suture</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Ethicon</td>
<td>8726H</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>PE 50 Flexible Tubing</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>NC9083963</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>5ml Disposable Syringe</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>309603</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>50ml Conical Tube</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>352098</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>15ml Conical Tube</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>BD Falcon</td>
<td>352097</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.1mm Nylon Mesh</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>22363549</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.419mm Wire Mesh</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Newark Wire Cloth Company</td>
<td>0300241</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Water Bath Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>15-462-5</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Microscope</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Zeiss</td>
<td>Stemi SV6</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Inverted Microscope</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Nikon</td>
<td>TMS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Tissue Culture Incubator</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Napco</td>
<td>6300</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Dissecting Scissors</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS14393</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>McPherson-Vannas Scissors</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS500260</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Curved Forceps</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS15915</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Hemostatic Forceps</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Kent Scientific</td>
<td>INS 500451</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Isoflurane Nebulizer</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Smiths Medical Surgivet</td>
<td>ISOTech 4 OHMEDA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Swing Bucket Centrifuge</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Dupont &#x2013; Sorvall</td>
<td>RT6000D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Swing Bucket Rotor</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Dupont &#x2013; Sorvall</td>
<td>H1000B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>pH Meter</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Mettler Toledo/ Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>09313509</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Gel Loading Tips</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>05408151</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>p200 Tips</td>
<td>Equipment</td>
<td>USA Scientific</td>
<td>111-0730</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

a method for murine islet isolation and subcapsular kidney transplantation

初以来的巴林杰和Reckard开创性的工作证明，胰岛细胞移植到糖尿病老鼠可以正常化，他们的血糖水平，胰岛移植已提议是一个潜在的治疗1型糖尿病1,2。最近，在人类胰岛移植的进步进一步加强了这种看法 1,3 。但是，两个主要的限制，防止胰岛移植被广泛的临床现实：（一）要求每名病人的胰岛细胞，这严重降低了潜在的接受者的数量大量，及（b）需要沉重的免疫抑制，从而显着影响小儿患者由于其脆弱性，长期免疫抑制人口。策略，可以克服这些限制有可能提高胰岛移植治疗效用。 小鼠肾囊下的胰岛移植是一种被广泛接受的模型，以探讨各种战略，以改善胰岛移植。这个实验需要高品质的小岛和隔离的胰岛细胞植入糖尿病收件人。这两个程序需要可以得到更好的视频演示手术步骤，不是由文字。在这里，我们通过视频和书面协议文件为这些程序的详细步骤。我们还简要地讨论一下不同的移植模型：，同源，同种，同源性自身免疫性，和异体自身免疫性。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation at JoVE.com

A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

分离出胰岛​​移植已被提出，是一个潜在的治疗1型糖尿病。在这里，我们描述的方法，从小鼠胰腺孤立的小岛和移植肾包膜下空间。

小鼠胰岛的分离和包膜下肾移植的方法

Since the early pioneering work of Ballinger and Reckard demonstrating that transplantation of islets of Langerhans into diabetic rodents could normalize ...

a-method-for-murine-islet-isolation-subcapsular-kidney

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JoVE Journal

Medicine

63.1K 次观看.  The Ohio State University. 分离出胰岛​​移植已被提出，是一个潜在的治疗1型糖尿病。在这里，我们描述的方法，从小鼠胰腺孤立的小岛和移植肾包膜下空间。

视频: A Method for Murine Islet Isolation and Subcapsular Kidney Transplantation

Development of Obliterative Bronchiolitis in a Murine Model of Orthotopic Lung Transplantation

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and standardized not only for the study of allo-rejection but also between syngeneic strains for examining mechanisms of ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Although the application of the rat and other large animal model 2 contributed significantly to the elucidation of these studies, the scope of those investigations is limited by the scarcity of knockout and transgenic rats. Due to no effective therapies for obliterative bronchiolitis, the leading cause of death in lung transplant patients, there has been an intensive search for pre-clinical models that replicate obliterative bronchiolitis. The tracheal allograft model is the most widely used and may reproduce some of the histopathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis 3. However, the lack of an intact vasculature with no connection to the recipient's conducting airways, and incomplete pathologic features of obliterative bronchiolitis limit the utility of this model 4. Unlike transplantation of other solid organs, vascularized mouse lung transplants have only recently been reported by Okazaki and colleagues for the first time in 2007 5. Applying the basic principles of the rat lung transplant, our lab initiated the obliterative bronchiolitis model using minor histoincompatible antigen murine orthotopic single-left lung transplants which allows the further study of obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis6.

Obliterative bronchiolitis is the key impediment to the long-term survival of lung transplant recipients and the lack of a robust preclinical model precludes examining obliterative bronchiolitis immunopathogenesis. Unlike other solid organ transplants, vascularized mouse lung transplantation has only recently been developed. Here we show our independently developed obliterative bronchiolitis model after murine orthotopic single-lung transplantation.

闭塞性细支气管炎在原位肺移植小鼠模型的发展

Orthotopic lung transplantation in rats was first reported by Asimacopoulos and colleagues in 1971 1. Currently, this method is well accepted and ...

科研

医学

Murine Heterotopic Heart Transplant Technique

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique was developed and reported in 2001 by Niimi. Described here are the techniques that have evolved over more than a decade in the hands of three surgeons (Plenter, Grazia, Pietra) in our center. These techniques are now being passed on to a younger generation of surgeons and researchers.
Based largely on the Niimi experience, the procedures used have evolved in the fine details - details which we will endeavor to relate here in such a way that others may be able to use this very useful model. Like Niimi, we have found that a video aid to learning is a priceless resource for the beginner.

The manuscript describes the steps required to perform the heterotopic heart transplant in the mouse.

小鼠异位心脏移植技术

It is now over forty years since this technique was first reported by Corry, Wynn and Russell. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely replicates both the technical and pathological processes that occur in human renal transplantation. Although mouse models of allogeneic rejection in organs other than the kidney exist, and are more technically feasible, there is evidence that different organs elicit disparate rejection modes and dynamics, for instance the time course of rejection in cardiac and renal allograft differs significantly in certain strain combinations. This model is an attractive tool for many reasons despite its technical challenges. As inbred mouse strain haplotypes are well characterized it is possible to choose donor and recipient combinations to model acute allograft rejection by transplanting across MHC class I and II loci. Conversely by transplanting between strains with similar haplotypes a chronic process can be elicited were the allograft kidney develops interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We have modified the surgical technique to reduce operating time and improve ease of surgery, however a learning curve still needs to be overcome in order to faithfully replicate the model. This study will provide key points in the surgical procedure and aid the process of establishing this technique.

Here, we present a protocol to study the immunology of rejection. The surgical model presented reports a short operating time and a concise technique. Depending on the donor-recipient strain combination, the transplanted kidney may develop acute cellular rejection or chronic allograft damage, defined by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.

鼠肾移植：移植排斥反应模型

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely ...

Murine Kidney Transplant Technique

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 19731 by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become proficient in and utilize this technique, it is now widely used by many laboratories around the world. A significant refinement to the original technique using the donor aorta to form the arterial anastomosis instead of the renal artery was developed and reported in 1993 by Kalina and Mottram 2 with a further advancement coming from the same laboratory in 1999 3. While one can become proficient in this model, a search of the literature reveals that many labs still experience a high proportion of graft loss due to arterial thrombosis. We describe here a technique that was devised in our laboratory that vastly reduces the arterial thrombus reported by others 4,5. This is achieved by forming a heel-and-toe cuff of the donor infra-renal aorta that facilitates a larger anastomosis and straighter blood flow into the kidney.

The goal of this manuscript is to describe the steps required to perform a kidney transplant in a mouse, paying particular attention to the details of the arterial anastomosis.

小鼠肾脏移植技术

The first mouse kidney transplant technique was published in 19731 by the Russell laboratory. Although it took some years for other labs to become ...

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

Kidney transplantation has become a well-established treatment option for patients with end-stage renal failure. The persisting organ shortage remains a serious problem. Therefore, the acceptance criteria for organ donors have been extended leading to the usage of marginal kidney grafts. These marginal organs tolerate cold storage poorly resulting in increased preservation injury and higher rates of delayed graft function. To overcome the limitations of cold storage, extensive research is focused on alternative normothermic preservation methods.
Ex vivo normothermic organ perfusion is an innovative preservation technique. The first experimental and clinical trials for ex vivo lung, liver, and kidney perfusions demonstrated favorable outcomes.
In addition to the reduction of cold ischemic injury, the method of normothermic kidney storage offers the opportunity for organ assessment and repair. This manuscript provides information about kidney retrieval, organ preservation techniques, and isolated ex vivo normothermic kidney perfusion (NEVKP) in a porcine model. Surgical techniques, set up for the perfusion solution and the circuit, potential assessment options, and representative results are demonstrated.

Normothermic Ex Vivo Kidney Perfusion for the Preservation of Kidney Grafts prior to Transplantation

The severe organ shortage has resulted in increased use of marginal kidney grafts for transplantation. This has triggered interest in alternative storage methods, since marginal grafts especially tolerate cold storage poorly. The technique of normothermic ex vivo kidney perfusion (NEVKP) represents a novel preservation method for kidney grafts prior to &#160;transplantation.

常温<em&gt;离体</em&gt;肾脏的灌注肾的移植保护移植前

Kidney transplantation has become a well-established treatment option for patients with end-stage renal failure. The persisting organ shortage remains a ...

A Novel Clinical Grade Isolation Method for Human Kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and transplantation. Perivascular Stromal Cells (PSCs) share characteristics with bone marrow MSCs (bmMSCs). However, they also possess, most likely due to local imprinting, tissue-specific properties and play a role in local tissue homeostasis. This tissue specificity may result in tissue specific repair, also within the human kidney. We previously showed that human kidney PSCs (kPSCs) have enhanced kidney epithelial wound healing whereas bmMSCs did not have this potential. Moreover, kPSCs can ameliorate kidney injury in vivo. Therefore, kPSCs constitute an interesting source for cell therapy, particularly for kidney diseases and renal transplantation. Here we show the detailed isolation and culture method for kPSCs from transplant-grade human kidneys based on whole-organ perfusion of digestive enzymes via the renal artery and enrichment for the perivascular marker NG2. In this way, large cell quantities can be obtained that are suitable for cellular therapy.

Here we present a novel clinical grade isolation and culture method for kidney Perivascular Stromal Cells (kPSCs) based on whole organ perfusion with digestive enzymes and NG2-cell enrichment. With this method, it is possible to acquire sufficient cell numbers for cellular therapy.

人类肾脏血管周围间质细胞新型临床分级分离方法

Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are tissue homeostatic and immune modulatory cells that have shown beneficial effects in kidney diseases and ...

Orthotopic Rat Kidney Transplantation: A Novel and Simplified Surgical Approach

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of renal replacement therapy. Over the past few decades, the rat kidney transplantation model has been used to study the immunological phenomena of rejection and tolerance. This model has become an indispensable tool to test new immunomodulatory pharmaceuticals and regimens prior to proceeding with expensive preclinical large animal studies.
This protocol provides a detailed overview of how to reliably perform orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This protocol includes three distinctive steps that increase the probability of success: perfusion of the donor kidney by flushing through the portal vein and the use of a cuff system to anastomose the renal veins and ureters, thereby decreasing cold and warm ischemia times. Using this technique, we have achieved survival rates beyond 6 months with normal serum creatinine in animals with syngeneic or tolerant kidney transplants. Depending on the aim of the study, this model can be modified by pre- or posttransplant treatments to study the acute, chronic, cellular, or antibody-mediated rejection. It is a reproducible, reliable, and cost-effective animal model to study different aspects of kidney transplantation.

The purpose of this manuscript and protocol is to explain and demonstrate in detail the surgical procedure of orthotopic kidney transplantation in rats. This method is simplified to achieve the correct perfusion of the donor kidney and shorten the reperfusion time by using the venous and ureteral cuff anastomosis technique.

大鼠原位肾移植: 一种新的简化的手术方法

Kidney transplantation offers increased survival rates and improved quality of life for patients with end-stage renal disease, as compared to any type of ...

Orthotopic Kidney Auto-Transplantation in a Porcine Model Using 24 Hours Organ Preservation And Continuous Telemetry

In the present era of organ transplantation with critical organ shortage, various strategies are employed to expand the pool of available allografts for kidney transplantation (KT). Even though, the use of allografts from extended criteria donors (ECD) could partially ease the shortage of organ donors, ECD organs carry a potentially higher risk for inferior outcomes and postoperative complications. Dynamic organ preservation techniques, modulation of ischemia-reperfusion and preservation injury, and allograft therapies are in the spotlight of scientific interest in an effort to improve allograft utilization and patient outcomes in KT.
Preclinical animal experiments are playing an essential role in translational research, especially in the medical device and drug development. The major advantage of the porcine orthotopic auto-transplantation model over ex vivo or small animal studies lies within the surgical-anatomical and physiological similarities to the clinical setting. This allows the investigation of new therapeutic methods and techniques and ensures a facilitated clinical translation of the findings. This protocol provides a comprehensive and problem-oriented description of the porcine orthotopic kidney auto-transplantation model, using a preservation time of 24 hours and telemetry monitoring. The combination of sophisticated surgical techniques with highly standardized and state-of-the-art methods of anesthesia, animal housing, perioperative follow up, and monitoring ensure the reproducibility and success of this model.

Large animal models play an essential role in preclinical transplantation research. Due to its similarities to the clinical setup, the porcine model of orthotopic kidney auto-transplantation described in this article provides an excellent in vivo setting for the testing of organ preservation techniques and therapeutic interventions.

使用24小时器官保存和连续遥测的猪模型中正交肾自动移植

In the present era of organ transplantation with critical organ shortage, various strategies are employed to expand the pool of available allografts for ...

Fat-Covered Islet Transplantation Using Epididymal White Adipose Tissue

Islet transplantation is a cellular replacement therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. The intraperitoneal cavity is typically the transplant site for this procedure. However, intraperitoneal islet transplantation has some limitations, including poor transplant efficacy, difficult graft detection ability, and a lack of graftectomy capability for post-transplant analysis. In this paper, "fat-covered islet transplantation", an intraperitoneal islet transplantation method that utilizes epididymal white adipose tissue, is used to assess the therapeutic effects of bioengineered islets. The simplicity of the method lies in the seeding of islets onto epididymal white adipose tissue and using the tissue to cover the islets. While this method can be categorized as an intraperitoneal islet transplantation technique, it shares characteristics with intra-adipose tissue islet transplantation. The fat-covered islet transplantation method demonstrates more robust therapeutic effects than intra-adipose tissue islet transplantation, however, including the improvement of blood glucose and plasma insulin levels and the potential for graft removal. We recommend the adoption of this method for assessing the mechanisms of islet engraftment into white adipose tissue and the therapeutic effects of bioengineered islets.

This fat-covered islet transplantation method is suitable for the detection of engrafted islets in the intraperitoneal cavity. Notably, it does not require the use of biobinding agents or suturing.

使用附睾白色脂肪组织进行脂肪覆盖的胰岛移植

Islet transplantation is a cellular replacement therapy for severe diabetes mellitus. The intraperitoneal cavity is typically the transplant site for this ...

Robot-Assisted Kidney Transplantation

This paper describes robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) from a living donor. The robot is docked between the parted legs of the patient, placed in the supine Trendelenburg position. Kidney allografts are provided by a living donor. Before vascular anastomosis, the kidney allograft is prepared by inserting a double-J stent in the ureter, and the temperature for the anastomosis is lowered by wrapping it in an ice-packed gauze. A 12 mm or 8 mm port for the robotic camera and three 8 mm ports for robotic arms are placed. A peritoneal pouch is created for the kidney allograft by raising the peritoneal flaps on both sides over the psoas muscle before dissecting the iliac vessels and bladder. A 6 cm Pfannenstiel incision is made to insert the kidney into the peritoneal pouch, lateral to the right iliac vessels. 
After clamping the external iliac vein with Bulldogs clamps, a venotomy is performed, and the graft renal vein is anastomosed to the external iliac vein in an end-to-side continuous manner with a 6/0 polytetrafluoroethylene suture. After clamping the graft renal vein, the iliac vein is declamped. This is followed by clamping of the external iliac artery, arteriotomy, arterial anastomosis with a 6/0 polytetrafluoroethylene suture, clamping of the graft renal artery, and declamping of the external iliac artery. Reperfusion is then carried out, and ureteroneocystostomy is performed using the Lich-Gregoir technique. The peritoneum is closed at a few locations with polymer locking clips, and a closed-suction drain is placed through one of the working ports. After deflating the pneumoperitoneum, all incisions are closed.

This paper provides technical details for robot-assisted kidney transplantation from a living donor.

机器人辅助肾移植

This paper describes robot-assisted kidney transplantation (RAKT) from a living donor. The robot is docked between the parted legs of the patient, placed ...