OKB和JRW写的稿子。这项工作得到了CIHR授予澳门币74711（JRW）。

1。设备和房间设置： <ol><li>克劳利的社交能力和偏爱社会的新颖性测试仪器是由一个长方形，三腔框。每个分庭是19 × 45厘米，是由明确的有机玻璃隔板，以开放的中间部分，允许自由进入每个分庭，的。 </li><li>使用两个相同的，具有可拆卸盖的容器丝杯，大到足以容纳一个单一的鼠标。这些都是垂直放置内的器具，在每一方室之一，将包含的天真/陌生的鼠标。每个容器是由金属导线允许气缸但足够小，以防止在外面里面的动物之间的直接物理相互作用的内部和外部之间的空气交换。 </li><li>应执行行为测试，从上午9:00和下午6:00。 </li><li>一般室内照明是650勒克斯。 </li><li>聘请观察员6.0（Noldus）程序（或合适的替代品），以监测和记录的观察和跟进参数，在4.3节中提到。 </li><li>每次试验后，用70％乙醇（小鼠之间）清洁所有分庭，然后Clidox 1时05分01秒之间的笼子里，以防止嗅觉线索的偏见，并确保适当的消毒，分别。 </li><li>使观察的人有至少2米距离的仪器。 </li></ol> 2。动物的制备： <ol><li>楼三至五年每笼的小鼠在12 小时随意获取食物和水的光/暗周期（上午7:00灯）的房间，根据当地动物保护委员会的指导和协议的标准和要求。 </li><li>传送所有进入房间的第一次审判开始前30分钟的行为包含小鼠的笼子。 </li><li>有两类本实验所需的鼠标，作为对照，天真或“unfamiliarized”动物和一个测试题目。对于控制鼠标使用相同的背景（通常C57BL6），年龄（一般为8-12周岁），性别和体重的鼠标，没有任何事先的接触与主题鼠标（不窝）。两个对照组小鼠要求每个实验，一个是用于会议上，我和另一个会议第二。可以使用相同的对照组小鼠试验之间。 </li></ol> 3。习惯（适应）： <ol><li>使用分裂的有机玻璃墙隔离的车厢左，右。 </li><li>放置在左，右室（每个站点的每一个）的中间空的电线遏制杯。 </li><li>放置在适应的中间腔的中心主题的鼠标。 </li><li> Habituate为5分钟。 </li></ol> 4。测试的社会从属关系方面（会议）： <ol><li>对照组小鼠的地点之一（“陌生人”）是位于一个侧面商会内电线遏制杯。系统改变之间的试验室的左边或右边的陌生人1的位置。 </li><li>取出车厢之间的墙壁，允许自由出入的主题鼠标，探索三个分庭。 </li><li>随即，开始监测和记录以下参数： <ol class="lalpha"><li>时间和</li><li>直接（有源）接触之间的主题鼠标和遏制杯房屋或没有住房的陌生人1个鼠标，每个分庭，单独的数目。主题鼠标和遏制杯，或伸展身体受到鼠标在3-5厘米左右的杯子是作为一个积极的接触计算的地方之间的直接接触; </li><li>时间和</li><li>主题鼠标在每个车厢的其他行为，包括行走，自我修饰，缺乏任何超过5秒（“冻结”）的肢体动作，以及不寻常的行为，如跳跃，重复的行为等，数量; </li><li>时间和</li><li>每个车厢的条目数量。鼠标被认为是在会议厅内，当它的头和四只爪子输入进入会议厅。 </li></ol></li><li>我的会话的持续时间为10分钟。 </li></ol> 5。社会新奇/偏好会话测试（第二节）： <ol><li>将相同的电线遏制杯内第二个控制鼠标在对面室（“陌生人”）（已在第一节空）。监视器在4.3中描述的相同的参数，区分陌生人1的存在之间的主题鼠标的行为，与陌生人2。 </li><li>第二场会议的持续时间为10分钟。 </li></ol> 6。统计分析： <ol><li>通过使用原产6.0程序（或合适的替代品）以下参数进行分析，使用记录的数据： <ol class="lalpha"><li>总数的接触和</li><li>总工期实验谅解备忘录之间的接触E和VS空遏制杯或1杯房屋陌生人“（在会议上，我），或与实验小鼠和1杯房屋陌生人与陌生人2（第二节）; </li><li>平均每次接触时间; </li><li>总数和其他行为的持续时间（冻结，自我修饰，步行） </li><li>主题鼠标在每个车厢花费的总时间。 </li></ol></li><li>分析上述各参数的显着的差异，通过比较各组： <ol class="lalpha"><li> “空”遏制杯VS“陌生人1”为野生型（WT）的主题</li><li> “空”遏制杯VS“陌生人1”实验小鼠（如一个基因敲除，转基因或药物治疗的老鼠，等等）。 </li><li> “陌生人”和“陌生人2”为WT主题</li><li> “陌生人”和“陌生人2”的实验小鼠，基因敲除，转基因或药物治疗等。 </li></ol></li><li>目前每个我作为会议的上述参数的数据集：WT和实验课题;第二节：WT和实验课题，如在图1所示（A和B）和2（A和B），分别为。 </li></ol>我们也建议要考虑到审议的其他参数，有助于规范这个测试，如以往的经验，识别特定的鼠标行为模式，如嗅，仪容，揉，战斗，安装，这可以在很大程度上取决于主观的个人观察， 。作为记录仪在测试过程中的行为参数中的人应该是盲目的基因型或治疗条件和解码之后这个信息。 7。代表性的成果： 社会交往测试的两个步骤的一个例子是在图1和2所示。测试的第一届会议上，允许社会背景和动机的主题鼠标估算。在这部分的测试，陌生人鼠标被封闭在一个圆形的线杯，让鼻子接触，但阻止小鼠战斗之间。这些条件保证，社会的做法都是由主题的鼠标，仅是调查没有直接的身体接触，。鼠标选择花费更多的时间围绕遏制包含一杯陌生人鼠标或空杯车厢，以避免任何接触。其他参数，如个别接触，可用于额外的持续时间，花了近陌生人鼠标。 通常情况下，野生型动物会花更多的时间在车厢内与陌生人相比，空杯（图1A）车厢，表明正常的社交能力，社会动机和隶属关系。在GSK -3α基因敲除小鼠，例如，有之间所花费的时间与空杯陌生人1杯（图1B）相比无显着差异，说明在这些动物模型的受损社交性 6 。 测试的第二届会议的目的是估计社会的新颖性和社会记忆。在这一部分，主体的鼠标有一个第一，已经调查，陌生的鼠标（陌生人1）之间的自由选择，和一个新的陌生的鼠标（陌生人2）。通常情况下，野生型动物回顾其以前与陌生人1接触，并且，在这次会议上，往往花费更多的时间与新遇到的鼠标（陌生人2），说明完整的社会记忆和偏爱新经验（图2A）。 与野生型小鼠，突变动物的GSK -3α不显示包含新推出的鼠标（陌生人2）包含现在熟悉的鼠标在第二节（图2B）（陌生人1）室室的偏好。 KO小鼠漠不关心的行为，在本次测试是减少社会的积极性和新奇的指示。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2473/2473fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1第一节：社会从属关系和社交能力。 （“陌生人方”）相比，相反商会（下称“空方”）与陌生人室的平均时间长度（± SEM）的。与野生型男性（A）正（二）动物未能证明支出在两院同时为社会接近的偏好。 *** P≤0.0001在WT组。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2473/2473fig2.jpg" alt="图2" /> 图2第二节：社会记忆和新颖性。从社交阶段（“陌生人”），在陌生的鼠标在一个新的陌生的鼠标（“陌生人”）相反室室和平均持续时间（± SEM）。与野生型男性（A）正（二）动物未能证明支出在两院同时为社会新奇的偏爱。 *** P≤0.0001在WT组。

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小家鼠是一个社会的物种，在从事高层次的互惠的社会互动，共同筑巢，性和养育子女的行为，领土的气味标记和侵略行为8-10。已经开发了几个测试研究小鼠社会行为（3审查） 。在这里，我们提出了一个广泛采用的测试，以评估在小鼠社交。最初是由克劳利和同事7，11克劳利的社交能力和社会的新颖性测试的偏好。三腔模式，从而提高数据的可靠性的社交能力考试，社会的从属关系，社会记忆和偏好，使用类似的程序有几个优势。这个测试的最主要的特征是设计中，鼠标，以前受动物unencountered，被放置在电线杯和无法自由走动。这可以防止直接的身体接触，消除战斗和/或攻击行为，但允许感官的相互作用（嗅觉，视觉，听觉，味觉）。在这些条件下，实验小鼠启动和终止任何的互动，总是有一个陌生的鼠标VS空容器（会话1）之间，或熟悉鼠标选择VS新颖的鼠标（陌生人2）（陌生人1）。例如，在一腔的社会交往测试，主题鼠标暴露在同室的陌生人，因为这两种小鼠都能够自由移动的上述积极的身体接触往往是显性的，并不能消除。三腔设备是远远比一个典型的单室设备，这使得主题鼠标保持在接近或远离陌生人鼠标移动。因此，克劳利的社交能力测试的应力水平低，大多是实验老鼠放置到一个新的环境，允许重复这个测试随着时间的推移，例如在相同的鼠标队列的不同时代造成的：少年VS成人。比较相同的，但旧的世代青年组的动物，它是可能的跟进和减值之间进行歧视的社会认同与社会记忆和/或认知障碍，可以在第二节观察，并与年龄依赖于生理。 这个测试是比较费时（〜40分钟，每鼠标），这是一个缺点。然而，多个剧目的具体参数，可以监测和重新编码（手动和/或视频），允许强大的分析。例如，一些额外的参数，如冻结和/或自我修饰行为，可能表明增加焦虑和减少社会行为的动机。通过使用相同的协议，可以进行复检小鼠具有相同的陌生人1鼠标排除在第二天的社交焦虑的影响。额外的参数（如尾剑拔弩张，咬陌生人1位于丝杯）可以帮助区分积极的与不寻常的友好行为，对小说的动物。观察焦虑可能是由于不适当的适应小鼠实验室，室内照明过多，鼠标健康欠佳，或遗传改良和/或neophobia（在一些KO模型）的结果。此外，受损的习惯，可能被解释为认知障碍，可能会影响第二次会议的结果。小鼠这个测试之前，重要的是受到动物的一般健康和神经系统的检查，包括体温和体重，被毛检查，并反射考试系列：晶须，扶正，耳肌，达到和重点Jangling（在12-15）。附加的行为测试，可以有助于在歧视的具体回应。增加接触和/或增加在特定的鼠标污渍，可以通过使用一个开放的现场测试（衡量自主活动）证实可能与多动症有关的积极接触的总工期。下跌的持续时间和/或联系人的数目，可伴有抑郁和/或焦虑样行为，这可以通过使用福斯特，尖沙咀或EPM，零迷宫，光/暗的测试， 分别为（6 ，13评估，15）。 一旦适当的条件和观察到的显着性差异，有一个规定执行后续试验，以确认结果。嗅觉社会承认在啮齿类动物中起着关键作用，因为无论是化学诱导的嗅觉丧失或取消个体识别16，17的犁鼻器官块。小鼠往往嗅出了一种新的气味，然后迅速habituate其新颖性。嗅球测试可用于这个目的（在6，7）。 也有修改和替代用法的三厢室社交能力测试，如产妇的行为估计，通过检查的时间由一个受女性近端一杯评估一个经过测试的男性/女性的陌生人1女/男下杯，而不是在会议1 7的响应她的幼崽（反映产妇动机），以及性动机 ，花， 11。 可用于进一步的试验研究使用替代的方法/范例，如在家里笼和/或在一个新的环境的社会交往（一腔社会交往测试），在小鼠的社交性，居民入侵者，社会的方法测试，分区测试互惠社会交往等（3，18）。超声波和声波的范围内，视觉线索，味觉和触觉的方式发声，也可能有助于信息的沟通和社会接合（19检讨）。 受损的社交和失调的社会行为有牵连许多精神失常的一个标志。例如，自闭症谱系障碍和精神分裂症等都是特点明显的赤字，在社会认知和社会行为 20， 和 21抑郁症的风险增加导致社会关系的中断。因此，这里所描述的测试，可用于在上述条件的动物模型。此外，这种测试适用于评估社交性的药理作用的化合物（3 22日至 24日，审查）潜在影响。

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<td>Ethanol 70% (commercial Alcohols)</td>
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assessment of social interaction behaviors

社会交往是一个根本的众多物种的生物学和自适应组件。社会认同是关键的结构和稳定的网络和界定社会的关系，。对于动物，如小鼠，conspecifics承认可能是重要的，为维护社会等级和择偶 1 。 各种神经精神障碍的特点是在社会行为和社会的认可，包括抑郁症，自闭症，双相情感障碍，强迫症，与精神分裂症的中断。对人类以及动物模型（例如， 果蝇 ， 线虫，小家鼠 ， 褐家鼠 ）的研究已经确定了在社会行为 2的调节有关的基因。为了评估社交性的动物模型，几个行为测试已开发（3审查）。综合研究社会行为的动物模型和相应的测试，可能会导致社会psychopathologies改进治疗方法的发展。 三腔范式测试称为克劳利的社交能力和偏好对社会的新颖性协议已经成功的社会联系和社会记忆研究中的几个自交系和突变小鼠线（如4-7 ）。本次测试的主要原理是基于自由选择一个主题鼠标在两个实验的会议，包括与一个或两个与它是陌生的小鼠间接接触的时间花费在三框的任何车厢。定量的实验小鼠的社会倾向，主要任务是衡量一）所花费的时间与一个新的同种和B）与一个熟悉的同种小说的偏好。因此，本次测试的实验设计允许两个关键的但有区别的方面的社会行为，如社会单位/动机，以及社会记忆和新奇，评价。在这种情况下的“社交”是指意欲与其他鼠标相比，时间仅花费在一个相同的，但空室 7 。 “偏爱社会求新”的定义是花时间与以前unencountered的鼠标，而不是与一个熟悉的鼠标 7倾向。该测试提供了很好的效果，必须仔细分析，解释和支持/替代社交性测试证实。除了特定的应用，克劳利的社交能力测试可以包括作为一般突变小鼠行为屏幕的重要组成部分。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors at JoVE.com

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

在这里，我们描述了在小鼠体内一个社交性的详细检查协议，通过使用克劳利的社交能力和社会的新颖性测试的偏好。我们描述了此过程的优势和可能的应用，包括正确解释结果的重要关键细节。

社会交往行为的评估

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and ...

assessment-of-social-interaction-behaviors

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

92.4K 次观看.  Mount Sinai Hospital. 在这里，我们描述了在小鼠体内一个社交性的详细检查协议，通过使用克劳利的社交能力和社会的新颖性测试的偏好。我们描述了此过程的优势和可能的应用，包括正确解释结果的重要关键细节。

视频: Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they yield data relevant to the cognitive processing that occurs under ecologically valid conditions. These two goals often are at odds, since well controlled stimuli often are too repetitive to sustain subjects' motivation. Studies employing electroencephalography (EEG) are often especially sensitive to this dilemma between ecological validity and experimental control: attaining sufficient signal-to-noise in physiological averages demands large numbers of repeated trials within lengthy recording sessions, limiting the subject pool to individuals with the ability and patience to perform a set task over and over again. This constraint severely limits researchers' ability to investigate younger populations as well as clinical populations associated with heightened anxiety or attentional abnormalities. Even adult, non-clinical subjects may not be able to achieve their typical levels of performance or cognitive engagement: an unmotivated subject for whom an experimental task is little more than a chore is not the same, behaviourally, cognitively, or neurally, as a subject who is intrinsically motivated and engaged with the task. A growing body of literature demonstrates that embedding experiments within video games may provide a way between the horns of this dilemma between experimental control and ecological validity. The narrative of a game provides a more realistic context in which tasks occur, enhancing their ecological validity (Chaytor &amp; Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2003). Moreover, this context provides motivation to complete tasks. In our game, subjects perform various missions to collect resources, fend off pirates, intercept communications or facilitate diplomatic relations. In so doing, they also perform an array of cognitive tasks, including a Posner attention-shifting paradigm (Posner, 1980), a go/no-go test of motor inhibition, a psychophysical motion coherence threshold task, the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, 1950, 1954) and a theory-of-mind (Wimmer &amp; Perner, 1983) task. The game software automatically registers game stimuli and subjects' actions and responses in a log file, and sends event codes to synchronise with physiological data recorders. Thus the game can be combined with physiological measures such as EEG or fMRI, and with moment-to-moment tracking of gaze. Gaze tracking can verify subjects' compliance with behavioural tasks (e.g. fixation) and overt attention to experimental stimuli, and also physiological arousal as reflected in pupil dilation (Bradley et al., 2008). At great enough sampling frequencies, gaze tracking may also help assess covert attention as reflected in microsaccades - eye movements that are too small to foveate a new object, but are as rapid in onset and have the same relationship between angular distance and peak velocity as do saccades that traverse greater distances. The distribution of directions of microsaccades correlates with the (otherwise) covert direction of attention (Hafed &amp; Clark, 2002).

Procedures for recording high-density EEG and gaze data during computer game-based cognitive tasks are described. Using a video game to present cognitive tasks enhances ecological validity without sacrificing experimental control.

结合电玩与高密度的脑电图和红外视线跟踪基于行为的实验

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they ...

科研

神经科学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Neural Correlates of Observing Virtual Social Interactions

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language affect our decisions in personal and professional life alike 1. These "friend or foe" judgements are often based on first impressions, which in turn may affect our decisions to "approach or avoid". Previous studies investigating the neural correlates of social cognition tended to use static facial stimuli 2. Here, we illustrate an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters were used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) recordings. Fifteen participants were presented with short movie-clips of guest-host interactions in a business setting, while fMRI data were recorded; at the end of each movie, participants also provided ratings of the host behaviour. This design mimics more closely real-life situations, and hence may contribute to better understanding of the neural mechanisms of social interactions in healthy behaviour, and to gaining insight into possible causes of deficits in social behaviour in such clinical conditions as social anxiety and autism 3.

This article demonstrates an experimental design in which whole-body animated characters are used in conjunction with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of observing virtual social interactions.

观察虚拟社会交往中的神经关联的脑成像研究

The ability to gauge social interactions is crucial in the assessment of others&#x2019; intentions. Factors such as facial expressions and body language ...

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are eusocial insects and well known for their complex division of labor and associative learning capability1, 2. The worker bees spend the first half of their life inside the dark hive, where they are nursing the larvae or building the regular hexagonal combs for food (e.g. pollen or nectar) and brood3. The antennae are extraordinary multisensory feelers and play a pivotal role in various tactile mediated tasks4, including hive building5 and pattern recognition6. Later in life, each single bee leaves the hive to forage for food. Then a bee has to learn to discriminate profitable food sources, memorize their location, and communicate it to its nest mates7. Bees use different floral signals like colors or odors7, 8, but also tactile cues from the petal surface9 to form multisensory memories of the food source. Under laboratory conditions, bees can be trained in an appetitive learning paradigm to discriminate tactile object features, such as edges or grooves with their antennae10, 11, 12, 13. This learning paradigm is closely related to the classical olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension response (PER) in harnessed bees14. The advantage of the tactile learning paradigm in the laboratory is the possibility of combining behavioral experiments on learning with various physiological measurements, including the analysis of the antennal movement pattern.

Tactile Conditioning And Movement Analysis Of Antennal Sampling Strategies In Honey Bees Apis mellifera L.

In this protocol we show how to condition harnessed honey bees to tactile stimuli and introduce a 2D motion capture technique for analyzing the kinematics of fine-scale antennal sampling pattern.

触觉空调和取样策略在蜜蜂触角的运动分析（<em&gt;蜜蜂</em&gt; L.）

Honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) are eusocial insects and well known for their complex division of labor and associative learning capability1, 2. The worker ...

Motor Nerve Transection and Time-lapse Imaging of Glial Cell Behaviors in Live Zebrafish

The nervous system is often described as a hard-wired component of the body even though it is a considerably fluid organ system that reacts to external stimuli in a consistent, stereotyped manner, while maintaining incredible flexibility and plasticity. Unlike the central nervous system (CNS), the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is capable of significant repair, but we have only just begun to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern this phenomenon. Using zebrafish as a model system, we have the unprecedented opportunity to couple regenerative studies with in vivo imaging and genetic manipulation. Peripheral nerves are composed of axons surrounded by layers of glia and connective tissue. Axons are ensheathed by myelinating or non-myelinating Schwann cells, which are in turn wrapped into a fascicle by a cellular sheath called the perineurium. Following an injury, adult peripheral nerves have the remarkable capacity to remove damaged axonal debris and re-innervate targets. To investigate the roles of all peripheral glia in PNS regeneration, we describe here an axon transection assay that uses a commercially available nitrogen-pumped dye laser to axotomize motor nerves in live transgenic zebrafish. We further describe the methods to couple these experiments to time-lapse imaging of injured and control nerves. This experimental paradigm can be used to not only assess the role that glia play in nerve regeneration, but can also be the platform for elucidating the molecular mechanisms that govern nervous system repair.

Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is capable of significant repair after injury, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern this phenomenon. Using live, transgenic zebrafish and a reproducible nerve transection assay, we can study dynamic glial cell behaviors during nerve degeneration and regeneration.

电机神经切断和时间推移成像胶质细胞行为在现场斑马鱼

The  nervous system is often described as a hard-wired component of the body even  though it is a considerably fluid organ system that reacts to external ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

简单的检测方法的社交回避的量化<em&gt;果蝇</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a straightforward manner. As we previously demonstrated 1, in a two-dimensional chamber, we first force the flies to form a tight group, subsequently allowing them to take their preferred distance from each other. After the flies have settled, we measure the distance to the closest neighbor (or social space), processing a static picture with free online software (ImageJ). The analysis of the distance to the closest neighbor allows researchers to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors on social interaction, while controlling for potential confounding factors. Diverse factors such as climbing ability, time of day, sex, and number of flies, can modify social spacing of flies. We thus propose a series of experimental controls to mitigate these confounding effects. This assay can be used for at least two purposes. First, researchers can determine how their favorite environmental shift (such as isolation, temperature, stress or toxins) will impact social spacing 1,2. Second, researchers can dissect the genetic and neural underpinnings of this basic form of social behavior 1,3. Specifically, we used it as a diagnostic tool to study the role of orthologous genes thought to be involved in social behavior in other organisms, such as candidate genes for autism in humans 4.

Conditions Affecting Social Space in Drosophila melanogaster

The effect of genes and environment on social space of Drosophila melanogaster can be quantified through a powerful but straightforward analytical paradigm. We show here different factors that can affect this social space, and thus need to be taken into consideration when designing experiments in this paradigm.

在条件影响社会空间<em&gt;果蝇</em

The social space assay described here can be used to quantify social interactions of Drosophila melanogaster &#8212; or other small insects &#8212; in a ...

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for such investigations due to its complex behaviors, powerful genetic techniques, and compact nervous system. Laboratory behavioral assays have long been used with Drosophila to simulate properties of the natural environment and study the neural mechanisms underlying the corresponding behaviors (e.g. phototaxis, chemotaxis, sensory learning and memory)1-3. With the recent availability of large collections of transgenic Drosophila lines that label specific neural subsets, behavioral assays have taken on a prominent role to link neurons with behaviors4-11. Versatile and reproducible paradigms, together with the underlying computational routines for data analysis, are indispensable for rapid tests of candidate fly lines with various genotypes. Particularly useful are setups that are flexible in the number of animals tested, duration of experiments and nature of presented stimuli. The assay of choice should also generate reproducible data that is easy to acquire and analyze. Here, we present a detailed description of a system and protocol for assaying behavioral responses of Drosophila flies in a large four-field arena. The setup is used here to assay responses of flies to a single olfactory stimulus; however, the same setup may be modified to test multiple olfactory, visual or optogenetic stimuli, or a combination of these. The olfactometer setup records the activity of fly populations responding to odors, and computational analytical methods are applied to quantify fly behaviors. The collected data are analyzed to get a quick read-out of an experimental run, which is essential for efficient data collection and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

We describe here a behavioral setup and data analysis method for assaying olfactory responses of up to 100 vinegar flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This system may be used with single or multiple olfactory stimuli, and adaptable for optogenetic activation or silencing of neuronal subsets.

通过计算机跟踪检测大鼠嗅觉行为<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;在四象限嗅

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an ...

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

The evaluation of advertising, products, and packaging is traditionally performed through methods based on self-reports and focus groups, but these approaches often appear poorly accurate in scientific terms. Neuroscience is increasingly applied to the investigation of the neurophysiological bases of the perception of and reaction to commercial stimuli to support traditional marketing methods. In this context, a particular sector or marketing is represented by public service announcements (PSAs). The objective of this protocol is to apply electroencephalography (EEG) and autonomic signal analysis to study responses to selected antismoking PSAs. Two EEG indices were employed: the frontal alpha band EEG asymmetry (the Approach Withdrawal (AW) index) and the frontal theta (effort index). Furthermore, the autonomic Emotional Index (EI) was calculated, as derived from the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) and Heart Rate (HR) signals. The present protocol describes a series of operational and computational steps required to properly estimate, through the aforementioned indices, the emotional and cerebral reaction of a group of subjects towards a selected number of antismoking PSAs. In particular, a campaign characterized by a symbolic communication style (classified as "awarded" on the basis of the prizes received by specialized committees) obtained the highest approach values, as estimated by the AW index. A spot and an image belonging to the same PSA campaign based on the "fear arousing appeal" and with a narrative/experiential communication style (classified as "effective" on the basis of the economical/health-related improvements promoted) reported the lowest and highest effort values, respectively. This is probably due to the complexity of the storytelling (spot) and to the immediateness of the image (a lady who underwent a tracheotomy). Finally, the same "effective" campaign showed the highest EI values, possibly because of the empathy induced by the testimonial and the explicitness of the message.

The following protocol describes a series of operational and computational steps required to properly estimate the emotional and cerebral reaction of a group of subjects towards a selected number of Public Service Announcements (PSAs) against smoking, aired in the USA and Europe during the period between 1998 and 2015.

脑电图, 心率和电皮肤反应评估为广告知觉研究: 应用到禁烟公共服务公告

The evaluation of advertising, products, and packaging is traditionally performed through methods based on self-reports and focus groups, but these ...

Cheek Injection Model for Simultaneous Measurement of Pain and Itch-related Behaviors

Itch was defined as &#34;an unpleasant cutaneous sensation that provokes a desire to scratch&#34;&#160;by Rothman in 1941. In mouse models, scratch bouts are typically counted to evaluate itch induced by pruritogens. However, previous reports have shown that algesic substances also induce scratching behaviors in a mouse neck injection model, which is the most common test used for scratching behaviors. This finding makes it difficult to study itch in mice. &#160;In contrast, capsaicin, a common algogen, reduced scratching behaviors in some neck injection experiments. Therefore, the effect of pain on scratching behaviors remains unclear. It is thus necessary to develop a method to concurrently investigate itch and pain sensation using behavioral tests. Here, a cheek injection model is introduced which can be used to simultaneously measure pain- and itch-related behaviors. In this model, pruritogens induce scratching behaviors while algesic substances induce wiping behaviors. Using this model, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), an itch mediator found in cholestatic patients with itch, is shown to exclusively induce itch but not pain. However, in mouse models, LPA has been reported to be both a pruritogen and an algogen. Investigation into the effects of LPA in a mouse cheek injection model showed that LPA only induced scratching, but not wiping behaviors. This indicates that LPA acts as a pruritogen similarly in mice and humans, and demonstrates the utility of a cheek injection model for itch research.

Typically, the mouse neck injection model is used for evaluate pruritogen-induced scratch behaviors. However, the model provides information only on itch, not pain. Here, a cheek injection model is introduced in mice which can be used to simultaneously measure pain and itch-related behaviors.

用于同时测量疼痛和瘙痒相关行为的切面注射模型

Itch was defined as &#34;an unpleasant cutaneous sensation that provokes a desire to scratch&#34;&#160;by Rothman in 1941. In mouse models, scratch bouts ...

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Intertemporal choice plays a crucial role in our daily lives, influencing decisions related to education, health, consumption, and investment. This research proposes an innovative experimental protocol that examines how social comparison and social distance jointly affect the neural processes involved in outcome assessment for intertemporal choices. The study is based on the theoretical framework of cognitive resource competition. This protocol enables researchers to dynamically establish an indifference point for each participant, effectively eliminating the influence of any biased indifference points on the assessment of intertemporal choices. Consequently, the study solely measures the combined impact of social comparison and social distance on how participants evaluate intertemporal choice outcomes. The findings reveal that individuals are more inclined to opt for immediate outcomes under negative unfair conditions. Moreover, compared to the fair and positive unfair conditions, people tend to undervalue delayed outcomes in the negative unfair condition. The strength of this approach lies in its dynamic indifference point setting, making it an effective method to investigate the influence of various external factors (such as social status and power level) on intertemporal decision-making. While the protocol is designed to measure electrophysiological events like event-related potentials, it can also be tailored for use with fMRI.

This protocol aims to investigate the neural activity related to social comparison and social distance during the processing of intertemporal decision outcomes. Indifference points will be measured using event-related potentials as part of the study.

社会比较与社会距离对事件相关潜力研究中跨期选择结局评价的联合影响

Intertemporal choice plays a crucial role in our daily lives, influencing decisions related to education, health, consumption, and investment. This ...