FWO 博士后研究资助 AVdJ。作者希望感谢 Aerschot 和 Ilse 布鲁门的技术支持。

比利时鲁汶大学动物实验委员会已对所有议定书进行了审查和批准, 并按照欧洲共同体理事会指令 (86/609/EEC) 进行了研究。
1. 设备、仪器和房间设置:
<ol><li>准备一个克劳利的三室箱23 , 其中包括三室 (19 x 45 厘米, 高度30厘米) 与透明的隔墙, 允许自由进入每个会议厅。</li>
	<li>利用透明塑料制成的两个食品杯 (直径3.8 厘米, 高度为3.2 厘米), 并把它们放在合适的食品杯持有人组成的一个金属斜坡 (10x10 厘米, 高度7厘米), 与一个中心孔配件的食品杯。</li>
	<li>使用一个大得足以容纳鼠标的金属丝杯状容器 (直径12厘米, 高10厘米)。安置它在中间房间为示威者在阶段6。</li>
	<li>每次试验后用70% 乙醇清洗器械, 防止老鼠嗅迹, 让它晾干。 注意: 行为测试最好在上午9:00 和下午6:00 之间完成. 仪器和实验室的一般房间照明是650勒克斯。使用视频跟踪软件程序来记录鼠标活动。</li>
</ol>2. 调味食品的配制:
<ol><li>定期吃食物, 加入2% 的芹菜或辣椒粉。把食物拌匀, 放在食物容器内作进一步用途。</li>
</ol>3. 动机阶段 (1-2 天):
<ol><li>将所有啮齿类动物放在一个23小时、食物匮乏的时间表上, 连续两天在一个12小时的灯/暗循环的房间里接受1小时的日常饮食, 并使用ad 随意获取水。上午8点把灯打开 注意: 在最初的协议中, 在启动阶段, 每一个示威者提供了, 1 小时, 与食物含有一种新奇的味道。我们给示威者的调味食品已经在他们的1小时喂养时间, 所以在总2小时, 而不是原来的1小时使用。</li>
	<li>对于演示鼠标, 使用相同背景, 年龄, 性别和重量的鼠标, 没有任何事先接触 (非窝) 与主题/观察鼠标。 注意: 同样的实验小鼠可能在社会传播试验中使用。</li>
</ol>4. 埋地曲奇测试 (3 天):
<ol><li>在开始 STFP 程序之前, 使用埋藏的 cookie 测试20评估受试者的嗅觉功能。在一个干净的单独的住宅笼子的一个角落里, 在表面下面埋一个大约1厘米的巧克力曲奇饼。</li>
	<li>接下来, 将观察器鼠标放到笼子里, 并记录下延迟, 以找到15分钟的 cookie。不要让老鼠吃饼干。 注意: 这个简单的测试可以排除嗅觉检测缺陷, 防止耗时不必要的 STFP 测试。</li>
</ol>5. 适应阶段 (天 3):
<ol><li>通过降低墙壁来分隔左右车厢。</li>
	<li>在三室装置的每个角落放上两个食物容器, 里面装满食物颗粒 (常规食物)。</li>
	<li>轻轻地将观察鼠放在中心室。</li>
	<li>让主体鼠标习惯到仪器上10分钟。</li>
	<li>10分钟后, 打开滑动门, 让主体鼠标自由探索整个设备10分钟。 注意: 在这一阶段, 老鼠应该留在食物匮乏的时间内。</li>
</ol>6. 社会传播阶段 (4 天):
<ol><li>通过降低墙壁来分隔左右车厢。</li>
	<li>把一个演示鼠标放进一个金属线的容器里, 放在中间的房间里。在装有摄像头的铁丝杯的盖子上, 写上示威者所用的食物的缩写。</li>
	<li>轻轻地把主题鼠标放在中心的房间, 让它自由探索的示威者30分钟, 而记录的持续时间 (s) 和接触的数量之间的主题鼠标和遏制杯住房的演示鼠 (在5厘米的面积在杯子附近)。</li>
</ol>7. 食品偏好测试阶段:
<ol><li>为每只老鼠准备两个食物盆。称量每只老鼠, 并用观察者 ID 和味道给它贴上标签。</li>
	<li>拆卸墙上的分隔器, 并放置两个食物容器, 其中任一包含的线索或一个新奇的 (uncued) 食品, 在每个角落的三室设备 (图 2)。</li>
	<li>轻轻地将主题鼠标放在中间的房间, 让它自由探索整个竞技场120分钟, 同时记录的时间 (s) 和数量的接触主题鼠标和两个食品杯 (在5厘米的面积周围的杯子)。</li>
	<li>通过称量剩余食物 (g) 来衡量食物偏好。</li>
	<li>如果发生泄漏, 将所有食物放回食品杯中, 并将其与食物杯中剩下的食物一起称量。中间舱内的溢漏应不予理会。</li>
</ol>8. 统计分析:
<ol><li>使用视频跟踪程序来评估鼠标的行为, 包括在6阶段和观察鼠在7阶段使用两个食物杯时的方法的数量, 在主题和演示鼠之间的方法的持续时间。</li>
	<li>计算在靠近 uncued 的食物中所花费的时间百分比, 以及所吃的线索和 uncued 食物的百分比。</li>
	<li>通过单向方差分析对数据进行分析。</li>
</ol>

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作者没有什么可透露的。

动物行为的剧目可以广泛地追溯到四基本的原因, 定位食物和水, 避免捕食者, 社会互动, 并繁殖。一个社会团体的一个个体所产生的行为模式的实施, 由另一个人直接促进收养和展览被创造社会传输24。这种行为会对物种的生态产生深远的影响, 因为 (一些) 个体所引发的行为可能会迅速扩展到社会网络中的其他人, 如嗅觉信息25。这种类型的信息从一个动物传递到...

嗅觉识别缺陷被建议作为临床标志, 以区分阿尔茨海默病 (AD) 受试者的正常衰老组1,2,3,4。一系列神经精神疾病的特点是在嗅觉识别和记忆的干扰, 包括 AD 和帕金森的5,6。已经建立了一些行为测试和协议来评估动物模型中的嗅觉识别和辨别7。因此, 使用适当和经过验证的动物模型和嗅觉记忆试验的转化研究可以促进神经退行性疾病的更好的诊断和治疗。因此, 最初在80代初的8中发明的食品偏好 (STFP) 测试的社会传播是适应的。在这项任务中, 动物被评估他们的先天能力, 以了解食品安全从他们的 conspecifics。基础选择-拒绝决定, 过程涉及评估的感官特征的食物和动物必须能够审查和忘恩负义不同的特点 (i. e, 味道和气味)。
STFP 测试由一个相当简单的现象组成: 在天真的 "观察者" 啮齿类动物与先前消耗食物的 "示威者" 的相互作用之后, 观察者通常表现出对此食物更大的偏爱8,9,10. 分析导致这种偏好的必要条件, 表明直接的主题--演示者暴露 (吃或撒食物) 足以提高观察者的喜好。然而, 纯粹嗅到或吃食物不足以诱发这种类型的偏好11,12。
STFP 协议包括五天内的四步骤。第一步是增加动物的动力, 使它们吃一种新奇的食物。为了做到这一点, 所有啮齿类动物都被放在一个23小时的食物匮乏的时间表上, 连续两天每天接受1小时的日常饮食。在第二步, 启动阶段, 每一个演示是提供 1 h 与食物含有一种新奇的味道 (与可可或肉桂混合在原来的实验)。在第三步, 社会互动阶段, 每个示威者被放置在一个主题观察员啮齿动物30分钟的笼子。在第四步, 24 h 在社会互作用以后, 每个主题被提供两种口味的饮食的选择。观察者摄入的食物和偏好百分比的两个饮食的主题被评估。
海马-subiculum 的选择性神经毒性损害表现为损害此任务的性能13。此外, 还报告了影响小鼠海马功能的突变, 以防止食物偏好设置14,15,16,17。重要的是, STFP 的表现并不完全依赖于正常的海马功能。据报道, 在一些药理学, 遗传操作, 和病变研究, 其他大脑结构的海马体可能发挥作用, 调解不同方面的社会诱导的饮食选择学习和记忆。例如, 建议对角带或核金鸡 magnocellularis/黑 innominata 的内侧隔膜/垂直肢的胆碱能神经元在获取和检索嗅觉的非空间社会记忆方面具有不同的作用。提示18。此外, 前额皮层已经牵连到气味引导学习, 和整个大脑皮层的胆碱能损耗导致 STFP 赤字, 表明这些脑区是必不可少的这种类型的联想学习19。
可能的混杂因素尽可能避免, 如传播的气味或拖动的食物外的杯子。在实际 STFP 任务之前增加了对仪器和补充测试的一个另外的适应步, 评估, 如果啮齿目动物能实际上嗅到并且愿意吃新颖的食物, 被埋没的曲奇饼测试20。此外, 通过包括自动视频跟踪, 也可以测量在社会互动过程中探索两个演示的时间以及在测试阶段的食物。每个主题的路径的探索是使用一个摄像头连接到一个视频跟踪-软件装备的计算机。因此, 可以计算不同方面的勘探表现, 如每个区域的时间和区域访问次数。这在测试阶段提供了关于动物活动的更详细的信息, 除了在原始的 STFP 协议中消耗的食物的数量。
在以前的实验与 AD 鼠标模型, THY-Tau22 模型, 它发现, 这 STFP 记忆从9-10 月的年龄可以回升, 这些共同发生的缺陷海马突触可塑性和 tau 病理在海马16。由于 tau 病发生在疾病进展后期, 根据淀粉样级联假说后, 淀粉斑块的处置21, 它假设, STFP 赤字可以检测在早期年龄的淀粉样蛋白转基因小鼠。因此, STFP 试验应用于3月大的 APP/PS1 小鼠22, 这是最常用的 AD 模型。这种类型的社会诱导的食物选择确实被发现在 APP/PS1 小鼠受损。重要的是, 这些小鼠, 至少在这个年龄, 没有一般的嗅觉, 运动, 或社会探索的障碍。结论: 嗅觉识别功能障碍是人类和小鼠的一种重要的早期筛查方法。这种可靠, 廉价和容易的早期广告筛选可能是有益的治疗研究。如果我们能更有效地筛选早期广告, 我们就可以在早期的疾病过程中进行干预。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3-chamber apparatus</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>19 x 45 cm, height 30 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wire cages to hold mouse</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diameter of 12 cm, height 10 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ramp to hold food cup</td>
			<td>custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 x 10 cm, height 7 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>food cups</td>
			<td>sunlessbody via ebay</td>
			<td>http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/Plastic-Sample-Jars-Pots-Cups-Containers-with-Hinged-Lid-x-200-Small-25ml-/251708415240</td>
			<td>diameter of 3.8 cm, height 3.2 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>lux meter</td>
			<td>Volcraft</td>
			<td>BL-10 L 0 - 40000 lx</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paprika herb</td>
			<td>Delhaize</td>
			<td>ID:716703</td>
			<td>Gemalen paprika,| 40 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>celery herb</td>
			<td>Delhaize</td>
			<td>ID:716301</td>
			<td>Selderzout, 57 g</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>vide-tracking software</td>
			<td>Ethovision (Noldus)</td>
			<td>http://www.noldus.com/animal-behavior-research/products/ethovision-xt</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td>ANYmaze (Stoelting)</td>
			<td>https://www.stoeltingco.com/any-maze-video-tracking-software-1218.html</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of social transmission of food preferences behaviors

嗅觉识别缺陷被认为能够作为临床标志, 以区分阿尔茨海默氏病 (AD) 受试者与健康的衰老群体。例如, AD 中的嗅觉功能障碍可以作为嗅觉识别的障碍, 在疾病的早期阶段出现, 而在疾病进展过程中恶化。食物偏好的社会传播 (STFP) 任务是建立在啮齿类动物之间的一种基本形式的沟通, 有关遥远的食物依赖于嗅觉线索的传递。健康的野生型小鼠更喜欢吃一种新颖的、风味的食物, 以前被同种, 这种食物偏好在转基因的小鼠中会受到阻碍, 比如 APP/PS1 模型。事实上, 在3月龄的 C57Bl6/J 小鼠中, 有一种强烈偏爱的食物被发现, 这在3月的转基因 APP/PS1 小鼠中被减少。总之, STFP 的任务可能是一个强有力的措施, 以集成在目前的亚临床检测的 AD。

社会探索阶段的一个示例显示在图 1A-b中。这一阶段允许估计的社会探索的主题鼠标与示范鼠标, 刚刚消耗了风味食品。在最初的协议中, 允许老鼠自由地互相探索。在本文所描述的协议中, 演示鼠被包含在一个允许鼻子和非生殖器接触的金属丝杯中。此外, 小鼠相遇的竞技场是小的 (三箱的中心室措施 19 x 45 cm)。因此, 我们增加了主题鼠标...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors at JoVE.com

Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

本文提出了一种研究小鼠食物偏好的社会传播的协议。这一过程的优点和可能的应用, 例如, 在检测 AD 鼠标模型的早期变化, 突出。最后, 根据关键细节对结果进行了解释。

食品偏好行为的社会传播评价

Olfactory recognition deficits are suggested to be able to serve as clinical marker to differentiate Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) subjects from healthy ...

assessment-of-social-transmission-of-food-preferences-behaviors

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7.8K 次观看.  KU Leuven. 本文提出了一种研究小鼠食物偏好的社会传播的协议。这一过程的优点和可能的应用, 例如, 在检测 AD 鼠标模型的早期变化, 突出。最后, 根据关键细节对结果进行了解释。

视频: Assessment of Social Transmission of Food Preferences Behaviors

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

科研

行为学

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys maintained in semi-free ranging conditions. Data accumulated during the last five years have consistently demonstrated the efficiency of this protocol to investigate individual/physical cognition in monkeys, and have further shown that this procedure reduces stress level during animal testing3. This paper demonstrates that networks of ALDM can also be used to investigate different facets of social cognition and in-group expressed behaviors in monkeys, and describes three illustrative protocols developed for that purpose. The first study demonstrates how ethological assessments of social behavior and computerized assessments of cognitive performance could be integrated to investigate the effects of socially exhibited moods on the cognitive performance of individuals. The second study shows that batteries of ALDM running in parallel can provide unique information on the influence of the presence of others on task performance. Finally, the last study shows that networks of ALDM test units can also be used to study issues related to social transmission and cultural evolution. Combined together, these three studies demonstrate clearly that ALDM testing is a highly promising experimental tool for bridging the gap in the animal literature between research on individual cognition and research on social cognition.

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) aimed at testing individual cognitive abilities in semi-free ranging monkeys. The main goal of our protocol is to use a network of ALDM test units to study social cognition in non-human primates.

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations supportive behavior of other people as well as positive social relationships can act as powerful resources to cope with stress. In order to study the interplay between these variables, this protocol describes two effective experimental manipulations of social relationships and supportive behavior in the laboratory. In the present article, these two manipulations are implemented in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)&#8212;a standard stress induction paradigm in which participants are subjected to a simulated job interview. More precisely, we propose (a) a manipulation of the relationship between different protagonists in the TSST by making a shared social identity salient and (b) a manipulation of the behavior of the TSST-selection committee, which acts either supportively or unsupportively. These two experimental manipulations are designed in a modular fashion and can be applied independently of each other but can also be combined. Moreover, these two manipulations can also be integrated into other stress protocols and into other standardized social interactions such as trust games, negotiation tasks, or other group tasks.

Previous research on the social dimension of stress has focused on two important variables: social identity and social support. This protocol introduces an effective experimental manipulation of these two social variables and describes their implementation in a standard stress induction paradigm (Trier Social Stress Test).

应力的社会问题:社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

评估儿童工作记忆:儿童综合评估电池 - 工作记忆（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Use of a Video Scoring Anchor for Rapid Serial Assessment of Social Communication in Toddlers

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and social competency&#8212;is hypothesized to be disrupted in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The ability to quantify the full range of RSB during the toddler period, when core symptoms of ASD often arise, is pivotal for evaluating early risk for ASD, characterizing social development, and tracking response to early interventions. However, important parameters of variation in RSB&#8212;especially prior to the development of verbal language&#8212;can be nuanced and difficult to characterize using questionnaire-based methods. To address this challenge, we developed a system for measuring quantitative variation in RSB in toddlers (ages 18 - 30 months) that incorporated not only standard questionnaire data from caregivers but also a novel set of video-referenced items, through which a respondent compares the behavior of a subject to that observed in a short video of a young child manifesting a highly competent level of social communication. Testing of this measure in a general population sample of twins confirmed that both the video-referenced items and the RSB Total Score (video-referenced items plus non-video-referenced items) displayed unimodal, continuous distributions, strong internal consistency, marked preservation of individual differences, and extremely high heritability. In addition, video-referenced items were particularly sensitive to quantifying incremental changes in social communication, a major element of RSB, over the course of early childhood development. Scores on the vrRSB clearly differentiated children with and without ASD and these data comprise an initial validation of this promising method for quantifying early RSB&#8212;cross-sectionally, over time, and as a function of early intervention.

Here we present a protocol for administration of the video-referenced rating of reciprocal social behavior (vrRSB) using a paper or online version. This survey quantifies RSB, a prerequisite for social competence, in toddlers through &#34;video-referenced&#34; items whereby a subject is compared to a reference child shown in a three-minute video.

视频评分锚在幼儿社会交往快速评估中的应用

Reciprocal social behavior (RSB), an early-emerging capacity to engage in social contingency&#8212;which is foundational for both social learning and ...

Assessment of Sexual Behavior of Male Mice

Sexual behavior is highly species-specific. Although rodents have slightly different sexual behaviors, mice and rats have a similar sexual behavioral pattern. The purpose of this article is to describe the hormone-induced estrus ovariectomized female model and the experimental procedure for the assessment of sexual behavior of male mice. The most important sexual behavioral elements are demonstrated in the video and illustrations. The critical steps, advantages, and limitations of the sexual behavior test are explained as well. Finally, the behavior parameters are presented, and mounting, intromission, and ejaculation processes in mating are distinguished. Behavioral parameters are assessed in terms of the occurred duration and counts during the test period.

This article describes how to perform sexual behavior tests in male mice.

雄性小鼠性行为评估

Sexual behavior is highly species-specific. Although rodents have slightly different sexual behaviors, mice and rats have a similar sexual behavioral ...

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters

Virtual reality (VR) has shown great educational potential because it makes it possible to simulate any desired situation or event, thus playing an important role in addressing current educational challenges. Despite the unlimited learning possibilities that VR may offer, unless users are willing to apply virtual devices to education, the investment of time, money, and effort will be fruitless. It is therefore crucial to assess the educational interest of the first generation of VR users and to identify their current needs. To this end, in this study we designed an online questionnaire and applied it through the SaaS (Software as a service) of a private server. The sample consisted of 117 early VR adopters recruited via a main portal of communication and information technologies in Spain. In order to engage participants, we posted a thread in the main forum, which is dedicated to the advances and potential uses of VR. Once the responses were gathered, we analyzed the relationship between 12 variables (mean contrasts with Snedecor&#39;s F, and contingency analysis with chi-square and Sommer&#39;s d). The results showed that the current profile of a VR user is a male over 35 years old, with university studies, and who has purchased his viewer recently (&#60;1 year). As for the learning and teaching applications that these users were interested in, only 13.7% of the participants in this study use VR for educational purposes, although 28.2% were interested, indicating that perhaps the lack of applications or learning experiences may be hampering the use of VR within education. Almost half of the early adopters surveyed would like to learn using VR technology and are somehow optimistic about the relationship between VR and education, particularly those who are younger.

This article describes the profile of Spanish early adopters of virtual reality and their interests and preferences regarding learning and educational applications for this technology. To this aim, we designed an online questionnaire and interviewed 117 users of the main virtual reality forum on the Internet.

早期采用者虚拟现实学习应用的在线探索研究

Virtual reality (VR) has shown great educational potential because it makes it possible to simulate any desired situation or event, thus playing an ...

Assessment of Midline Lingual Point-Pressure Somatosensation Using Von Frey Hair Monofilaments

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously published protocols, threshold estimates are determined using a two-interval forced choice (2-IFC) paradigm with a three down/one up approach. Detection threshold estimates determine the mean force in which a participant can identify the presence of pressure. During the detection threshold procedure, the participant is instructed to choose which of two sequentially presented observation intervals contained the tactile test stimulus. If the participant performs three correct detections in a row (i.e., 3 &#39;hits&#39;), the researcher decreases the stimulus to the next lower target force level. With one incorrect detection (a &#39;miss&#39;), the researcher increases the force delivered to the next higher level. This threshold estimation approach is known as a 3-down/1-up adaptive staircase. Reponses are recorded on a paper ballot, and a participant&#39;s estimated threshold is defined as the geometric mean of five reversals. During the discrimination threshold procedure, the participant is asked to make a choice between two serially presented stimuli as to which is the &#34;harder&#34; or &#34;stronger&#34; pressure. The same scoring of &#39;hits&#39;, &#39;misses&#39;, and stopping points are used. Detection and discrimination testing for oral point pressure at tongue midline takes approximately 20 min to complete. Using these commercially-available clinical tools, individual touch sensation profiles for the midline tongue can be achieved in a relatively time and cost effective means.

This work describes a standard method to assess tactile sensation at the midline of the tongue tip. Using Von Frey Hair (VFH) monofilaments, this protocol provides estimates of detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure (OPP).

使用冯·弗雷头发蒙飞丝的中线语言点-压力感觉的评估

Detection and discrimination threshold estimates for oral point pressure are assessed using Von Frey Hair monofilaments. Consistent with previously ...

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. Also, individual characteristics as predictors of training outcome are still being investigated. In this article, we show the attempt to address this issue by examining not only the impact of working memory (WM) training on cognitive effectiveness in older adults but also the influence of the initial WM capacity (WMC) on the training&#39;s outcome. We describe in detail how to perform 5 weeks of an adaptive dual n-back training with an active control group (memory quiz). We are focusing here on technical aspects of the training as well as on the initial assessment of participants&#39; WMC. The evaluation of pre and post training performance of other cognitive dimensions was based on the results of tests of memory updating, inhibition, attention shifting, short-term memory (STM) and reasoning. We have found that the initial level of WMC predicts the efficiency of the n-back training intervention. We have also noticed the post training improvement in almost all aspects of cognitive functioning we measured, but those effects were mostly intervention independent.

A cognitive training intervention in elderly population together with the assessment of the pre training cognitive abilities is presented. We show two versions of training - experimental and active control - and demonstrate their effects on the array of cognitive tests.

老年学员工作记忆培训:对照组培训方案和初始智力功能评估

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. ...