USDA-NIFA/AFRI 2010-65105-20582，美国国家科学基金会0918177，和Bedoukian研究团的支持。

<html> 1。昆虫<ol><li>脐橙orangeworm，Amyelois transitella（沃克）（鳞翅目：螟蛾科）在我们的实验室在弗雷斯诺，CA杏树收集蛾起源的殖民地。我们的昆虫殖民地是在环境试验箱（波斯富街公司IA）保持在28 ± 2 ° C，75 ± 10％相对湿度，并根据16:8 h（光：暗）的照片政权。 </li><li>新兴蛾每天收集，绝育手术，并转移到塑料盒（669毫升饭盒，13 x 13厘米，高4.5厘米，Rubbermaid公司）提供了高达10层的水浸泡过的纸巾（口渴超吸水，27.9 x 27.9厘米;的Safeway）。盒盖穿孔，让空气流通。这样的安排提供〜100％RH。 </li><li>电生理测量，我们使用2-4天，出苗后，高湿度下保持老飞蛾。 </li></ol> 2。电生理准备<ol><li>轻轻推入一个枪头（200μL，美国科学公司），是从顶部切有一个大的（约2毫米）的尖端直径的蛾（男性或女性）。蛾是通过与加湿纸巾存根的另一端轻轻推，直到尖伸出触角和头部的一部分。 </li><li>裸露的头部被固定覆盖头部与非干燥粘土留下了一只眼睛和两个天线外露的一小部分（Claytoon，凡阿肯国际CA）。这种准备是放在东亚运动会的微操作机器人的两个电极持有之间的MP - 12（Syntech，德国）的平台。 </li><li>我们使用与长丝1.0毫米高硼硅毛细管（WPI的公司，佛罗里达州），拉一个型号的P - 97微量拉马（萨特仪器，CA）获得小于微米尖端微电极的玻璃电极。电极回到充满感器淋巴结振铃（Kaissling和Thorson 1980）。一个电极在显微镜下（莱卡MZ75）刺穿眼球暴露面积和作为参考，同时记录电极可容纳两个天线。为了方便联系，远端1-2触角段被切断之前被插入到记录电极。录音信号从个人感器，我们略作修改，其中记录电极是在显微镜下（奥林巴斯BX51WI; 800倍的放大倍率）刺穿的设置。玻璃电极插入感器的基本动作电位记录。一个高阻抗前置放大器（德国Syntech，）和美联储的信号被放大成一个瑞银IDAC AUTOSPIKE软件（德国Syntech，）加以分析与脱线。交流信号带通100 -10,000 Hz和动作电位之间的过滤提取的电脑使用AUTOSPIKE算法区别于噪音的高峰到波谷振幅。单个神经元的反应动作电位的频率增加（或减少）自发的频率（每秒峰值）计算。 </li></ol> 3。化学刺激和刺激协议<ol><li>最高纯度化学品的使用。一个从肚脐orangeworm女性信息素混合的主要成分，（Z，Z）-11,13 - hexadecadienal Bedoukian研究公司，CT。化学品稀释，W / V，与玻璃蒸馏正己烷，使存量的10微克/μL和decadic稀释解决方案。等分刺激的化学溶解在正己烷（10μL）加载到的Whatman滤纸条（8x40毫米），溶剂蒸发轻轻摇晃10秒下通风柜地带是放置在一个5毫升的聚丙烯注射器（BD注射器，新泽西州）各卷弹出。正己烷单独和一个空的注射器作为控制。 </li><li>准备Syntech刺激控制器（CS - 55型; Syntech，德国）发表在加湿空气流举行20毫升/秒的刺激脉冲为4毫升/秒添加500毫秒。信号被记录为10秒，2秒前开始发病的刺激脉冲。触角的编制是刺激500毫秒脉冲在其中CA。 2毫升的净化空气，从5毫升聚丙烯注射器含有刺激添加到主要的空气流动。一个至少1分钟或以上的差距，高响应，允许之间的刺激。 </li></ol> 4。代表性的成果与女性信息素成分刺激内敛蛾触角（图1），（Z，Z）-11,13 hexadecadienal产生强大的剂量依赖反应（图2）。这一重大信息素成分也引出剂量依赖性兴奋反应，从长期trichodea感器显示在单个单元录音（图3B）的痕迹（图3A）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2489/2489fig1.jpg" alt="图1" /> 图1住肚脐orangeworm蛾克制和天线暴露。 load/2489/2489fig2.jpg“ALT =”图2“/&gt; 图2。反应引起剂量依赖性的EAG反应（Z，Z）-11,13 hexadecadienal，一个主要的女性信息素成分。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2489/2489fig3.jpg" alt="图3" /> 图3。感受器在男性的肚脐orangeworm蛾trichoid回应（Z，Z）-11,13 - hexadecadienal呈剂量依赖性。 （一）男肚脐orangeworm蛾天线多分段，每个段是大量的头发样结构，感器装饰。扫描电子显微照片，显示详细的插图（比例尺为200和50μm，分别）。 （二）外单从trichoid感器单位录音。

<ol>
	<li>Kaissling, K. -. E., Thorson, J., Sattelle, D. B., Hall, L. M., Hildebrand, J. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insect+olfactory+sensilla:+structural,+chemical+and+electrical+aspects+of+the+functional+organization.">Insect olfactory sensilla: structural, chemical and electrical aspects of the functional organization.</a> Receptors for Neurotransmitters. Hormones and Pheromones in Insects. , 261-282 (1980).</li></ol>

现场肚脐orangeworm蛾限制措施嗅觉信号开发的这种新方法已被证明是强大的和非常可靠的。我们经常采用这种方法分离鉴定小说引诱，像杏仁和开心果的自然宿主基板。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 材料名称 </td><td> 目录＃/型号 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 评论 </td></tr><tr><td>显微镜</td><td> BX51WI模型</td><td>奥林巴斯，美国</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>立体显微镜</td><td> MZ75 </td><td>莱卡微系统公司美国</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1.0毫米高硼硅毛细管与长丝</td><td> 1B100F - 3 </td><td> WPI的公司，佛罗里达州</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>微管拉拔</td><td> P - 97 </td><td>萨特仪器，CA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>刺激控制器</td><td> CS - 55型</td><td>德国Syntech， </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>高阻抗前置放大器 （通用单端探头） </td><td></td><td>德国Syntech， </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>放大器/数据采集系统（USB IDAC） </td><td></td><td>德国Syntech， </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MP - 12东亚运动会的微操作机器人</td><td></td><td>德国Syntech， </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> （Z，Z）-11,13 - hexadecadienal </td><td></td><td> Bedoukian研究公司，CT检查。 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>滤纸过滤纸</td><td> 1001070 </td><td>滤纸美国</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 5 mL聚丙烯注射器</td><td> 309633 </td><td>屋宇署注射器，新泽西州</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>枪头（200微升） </td><td> 1111-0806 </td><td>美国科技公司</td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 669毫升的饭盒，13 × 13厘米，高4.5厘米， </td><td></td><td> Rubbermaid公司</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>渴超吸水，27.9 x 27.9厘米</td><td></td><td>西夫韦</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>非干燥粘土</td><td> 18150 </td><td> Claytoon，凡阿肯国际CA </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>环境试验箱</td><td>我30BLL模型</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

electrophysiological measurements from a moth olfactory system

昆虫嗅觉系统提供独特的形式electroantennograms（EAG）和单感器录音（SSR），这是概括所有的气味受体位于天线的神经元（ORNs）和安置在个别的反应记录嗅觉诱发反应的机会感器，分别为。这些方法已利用昆虫化学通讯获得更好的理解。确定的刺激可以被用来作为害虫的管理战略，要么引诱或驱虫剂。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System at JoVE.com

Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System

昆虫嗅觉系统提供独特的形式electroantennograms（EAG）和单感器录音（SSR），这是概括所有的气味受体位于天线的神经元（ORNs）和安置在个别的反应记录嗅觉诱发反应的机会感器，分别为。

从蛾的嗅觉系统的电生理测量

Insect olfactory systems provide unique opportunities for recording odorant-induced responses in the forms of electroantennograms (EAG) and single ...

electrophysiological-measurements-from-a-moth-olfactory-system

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

13.7K 次观看.  University of California, Davis. 昆虫嗅觉系统提供独特的形式electroantennograms（EAG）和单感器录音（SSR），这是概括所有的气味受体位于天线的神经元（ORNs）和安置在个别的反应记录嗅觉诱发反应的机会感器，分别为。

视频: Electrophysiological Measurements from a Moth Olfactory System

Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster

When startled adult D. melanogaster react by jumping into the air and flying away. In many invertebrate species, including D. melanogaster, the "escape" (or "startle") response during the adult stage is mediated by the multi-component neuronal circuit called the Giant Fiber System (GFS). The comparative large size of the neurons, their distinctive morphology and simple connectivity make the GFS an attractive model system for studying neuronal circuitry. The GFS pathway is composed of two bilaterally symmetrical Giant Fiber (GF) interneurons whose axons descend from the brain along the midline into the thoracic ganglion via the cervical connective. In the mesothoracic neuromere (T2) of the ventral ganglia the GFs form electro-chemical synapses with 1) the large medial dendrite of the ipsilateral motorneuron (TTMn) which drives the tergotrochanteral muscle (TTM), the main extensor for the mesothoracic femur/leg, and 2) the contralateral peripherally synapsing interneuron (PSI) which in turn forms chemical (cholinergic) synapses with the motorneurons (DLMns) of the dorsal longitudinal muscles (DLMs), the wing depressors. The neuronal pathway(s) to the dorsovental muscles (DVMs), the wing elevators, has not yet been worked out (the DLMs and DVMs are known jointly as indirect flight muscles - they are not attached directly to the wings, but rather move the wings indirectly by distorting the nearby thoracic cuticle) (King and Wyman, 1980; Allen et al., 2006). The di-synaptic activation of the DLMs (via PSI) causes a small but important delay in the timing of the contraction of these muscles relative to the monosynaptic activation of TTM (~0.5 ms) allowing the TTMs to first extend the femur and propel the fly off the ground. The TTMs simultaneously stretch-activate the DLMs which in turn mutually stretch-activate the DVMs for the duration of the flight. The GF pathway can be activated either indirectly by applying a sensory (e.g."air-puff" or "lights-off") stimulus, or directly by a supra-threshold electrical stimulus to the brain (described here). In both cases, an action potential reaches the TTMs and DLMs solely via the GFs, PSIs, and TTM/DLM motoneurons, although the TTMns and DLMns do have other, as yet unidentified, sensory inputs. Measuring "latency response" (the time between the stimulation and muscle depolarization) and the "following to high frequency stimulation" (the number of successful responses to a certain number of high frequency stimuli) provides a way to reproducibly and quantitatively assess the functional status of the GFS components, including both central synapses (GF-TTMn, GF-PSI, PSI-DLMn) and the chemical (glutamatergic) neuromuscular junctions (TTMn-TTM and DLMn-DLM). It has been used to identify genes involved in central synapse formation and to assess CNS function.

Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster

The Giant Fiber System is a simple neuronal circuit of adult Drosophila melanogaster containing the largest neurons in the fly. We describe the protocol for monitoring synaptic transmission through this pathway by recording post synaptic potentials in dorsal longitudinal (DLM) and tergotrochanteral (TTM) muscles following direct stimulation of the Giant Fiber interneurons.

从巨纤维通路的电生理记录 D。果蝇</em

When startled adult D. melanogaster react by jumping into the air and flying away. In many invertebrate species, including D. melanogaster, the "escape" ...

科研

神经科学

Isolating Nasal Olfactory Stem Cells from Rodents or Humans

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external environment and easily accessible in every living individual. As a result, this tissue is unique for anyone aiming to identify molecular anomalies in the pathological brain or isolate adult stem cells for cell therapy. 
Molecular abnormalities in brain diseases are often studied using nervous tissue samples collected post-mortem. However, this material has numerous limitations. In contrast, the olfactory mucosa is readily accessible and can be biopsied safely without any loss of sense of smell1. Accordingly, the olfactory mucosa provides an "open window" in the adult human through which one can study developmental (e.g. autism, schizophrenia)2-4 or neurodegenerative (e.g. Parkinson, Alzheimer) diseases4,5. Olfactory mucosa can be used for either comparative molecular studies4,6 or in vitro experiments on neurogenesis3,7.
The olfactory epithelium is also a nervous tissue that produces new neurons every day to replace those that are damaged by pollution, bacterial of viral infections. This permanent neurogenesis is sustained by progenitors but also stem cells residing within both compartments of the mucosa, namely the neuroepithelium and the underlying lamina propria8-10. We recently developed a method to purify the adult stem cells located in the lamina propria and, after having demonstrated that they are closely related to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC), we named them olfactory ecto-mesenchymal stem cells (OE-MSC)11.
Interestingly, when compared to BM-MSCs, OE-MSCs display a high proliferation rate, an elevated clonogenicity and an inclination to differentiate into neural cells. We took advantage of these characteristics to perform studies dedicated to unveil new candidate genes in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease4. We and others have also shown that OE-MSCs are promising candidates for cell therapy, after a spinal cord trauma12,13, a cochlear damage14 or in an animal models of Parkinson's disease15 or amnesia16.
In this study, we present methods to biopsy olfactory mucosa in rats and humans. After collection, the lamina propria is enzymatically separated from the epithelium and stem cells are purified using an enzymatic or a non-enzymatic method. Purified olfactory stem cells can then be either grown in large numbers and banked in liquid nitrogen or induced to form spheres or differentiated into neural cells. These stem cells can also be used for comparative omics (genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic, proteomic) studies.

We describe here a method for biopsying olfactory mucosa from rat and human nasal cavities. These biopsies can be used for either identifying molecular anomalies in brain diseases or isolating multipotent adult stem cells that can be utilized for cell transplantation in animal models of brain trauma/disease.

隔离啮齿类动物或人类的鼻嗅干细胞

The olfactory mucosa, located in the nasal cavity, is in charge of detecting odours. It is also the only nervous tissue that is exposed to the external ...

Electrophysiological Measurements and Analysis of Nociception in Human Infants

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Since infants cannot verbally report their experiences, current methods of pain assessment are based on behavioural and physiological body reactions, such as crying, body movements or changes in facial expression. While these measures demonstrate that infants mount a response following noxious stimulation, they are limited: they are based on activation of subcortical somatic and autonomic motor pathways that may not be reliably linked to central sensory processing in the brain. Knowledge of how the central nervous system responds to noxious events could provide an insight to how nociceptive information and pain is processed in newborns.
The heel lancing procedure used to extract blood from hospitalised infants offers a unique opportunity to study pain in infancy. In this video we describe how electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) time-locked to this procedure can be used to investigate nociceptive activity in the brain and spinal cord.
This integrative approach to the measurement of infant pain has the potential to pave the way for an effective and sensitive clinical measurement tool.

The assessment and treatment of pain in infants is difficult because infants cannot verbally report their experience. In this video we describe quantitative electrophysiological methods and analysis techniques that can be used to measure the response to noxious events from the infant nervous system.

在人类婴儿的伤害性电生理测量和分析

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience. Since infants cannot verbally report their experiences, current methods of pain assessment are ...

Odorant-induced Responses Recorded from Olfactory Receptor Neurons using the Suction Pipette Technique

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex behaviors such as food choice, predator, conspecific and mate recognition and other socially relevant cues. Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are located in the dorsal part of the nasal cavity embedded in the olfactory epithelium. These bipolar neurons send an axon to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 1, Reisert &amp; Zhao1, originally published in the Journal of General Physiology) and extend a single dendrite to the epithelial border from where cilia radiate into the mucus that covers the olfactory epithelium. The cilia contain the signal transduction machinery that ultimately leads to excitatory current influx through the ciliary transduction channels, a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel and a Ca2+-activated Cl- channel (Fig. 1). The ensuing depolarization triggers action potential generation at the cell body2-4.
In this video we describe the use of the "suction pipette technique" to record odorant-induced responses from ORNs. This method was originally developed to record from rod photoreceptors5 and a variant of this method can be found at jove.com modified to record from mouse cone photoreceptors6. The suction pipette technique was later adapted to also record from ORNs7,8. Briefly, following dissociation of the olfactory epithelium and cell isolation, the entire cell body of an ORN is sucked into the tip of a recording pipette. The dendrite and the cilia remain exposed to the bath solution and thus accessible to solution changes to enable e.g. odorant or pharmacological blocker application. In this configuration, no access to the intracellular environment is gained (no whole-cell voltage clamp) and the intracellular voltage remains free to vary. This allows the simultaneous recording of the slow receptor current that originates at the cilia and fast action potentials fired by the cell body9. The difference in kinetics between these two signals allows them to be separated using different filter settings. This technique can be used on any wild type or knockout mouse or to record selectively from ORNs that also express GFP to label specific subsets of ORNs, e.g. expressing a given odorant receptor or ion channel.

Olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) convert odor signals first into a receptor current that in turn triggers action potentials that are conveyed to second order neurons in the olfactory bulb. Here we describe the suction pipette technique to record simultaneously the odorant-induced receptor current and action potentials from mouse ORNs.

从使用吸吸液管技术的嗅觉受体神经元的气味引起的反应记录

Animals sample the odorous environment around them through the chemosensory systems located in the nasal cavity. Chemosensory signals affect complex ...

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

In the following we describe the methodological details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with genetic interference, provides a handle to analyze the neuronal and molecular fundamentals of specifically associative learning in a simple larval brain.
Organisms can use past experience to adjust present behavior. Such acquisition of behavioral potential can be defined as learning, and the physical bases of these potentials as memory traces1-4. Neuroscientists try to understand how these processes are organized in terms of molecular and neuronal changes in the brain by using a variety of methods in model organisms ranging from insects to vertebrates5,6. For such endeavors it is helpful to use model systems that are simple and experimentally accessible. The Drosophila larva has turned out to satisfy these demands based on the availability of robust behavioral assays, the existence of a variety of transgenic techniques and the elementary organization of the nervous system comprising only about 10,000 neurons (albeit with some concessions: cognitive limitations, few behavioral options, and richness of experience questionable)7-10.
Drosophila larvae can form associations between odors and appetitive gustatory reinforcement like sugar11-14. In a standard assay, established in the lab of B. Gerber, animals receive a two-odor reciprocal training: A first group of larvae is exposed to an odor A together with a gustatory reinforcer (sugar reward) and is subsequently exposed to an odor B without reinforcement 9. Meanwhile a second group of larvae receives reciprocal training while experiencing odor A without reinforcement and subsequently being exposed to odor B with reinforcement (sugar reward). In the following both groups are tested for their preference between the two odors. Relatively higher preferences for the rewarded odor reflect associative learning - presented as a performance index (PI). The conclusion regarding the associative nature of the performance index is compelling, because apart from the contingency between odors and tastants, other parameters, such as odor and reward exposure, passage of time and handling do not differ between the two groups9.

Appetitive Associative Olfactory Learning in Drosophila Larvae

Drosophila larvae are able to associate odor stimuli with gustatory reward. Here we describe a simple behavioral paradigm that allows the analysis of appetitive associative olfactory learning.

欲求联想嗅觉学习<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

In the following we describe the methodological  details of appetitive associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. The setup, in combination with ...

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurements on Mouse Sciatic Nerves

Electrophysiological studies allow a rational classification of various neuromuscular diseases and are of help, together with neuropathological techniques, in the understanding of the underlying pathophysiology1. Here we describe a method to perform electrophysiological studies on mouse sciatic nerves in vivo.
The animals are anesthetized with isoflurane in order to ensure analgesia for the tested mice and undisturbed working environment during the measurements that take about 30 min/animal. A constant body temperature of 37 &#176;C is maintained by a heating plate and continuously measured by a rectal thermo probe2. Additionally, an electrocardiogram (ECG) is routinely recorded during the measurements in order to continuously monitor the physiological state of the investigated animals.
Electrophysiological recordings are performed on the sciatic nerve, the largest nerve of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), supplying the mouse hind limb with both motoric and sensory fiber tracts. In our protocol, sciatic nerves remain in situ and therefore do not have to be extracted or exposed, allowing measurements without any adverse nerve irritations along with actual recordings. Using appropriate needle electrodes3 we perform both proximal and distal nerve stimulations, registering the transmitted potentials with sensing electrodes at gastrocnemius muscles. After data processing, reliable and highly consistent values for the nerve conduction velocity (NCV) and the compound motor action potential (CMAP), the key parameters for quantification of gross peripheral nerve functioning, can be achieved.

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurements on Mouse Sciatic Nerves

Measurements of nerve conduction properties in vivo exemplify a powerful tool to characterize various animal models of neuromuscular diseases. Here, we present an easy and reliable protocol by which electrophysiological analysis on sciatic nerves of anesthetized mice can be performed.

在对小鼠坐骨神经体内的电测量

Electrophysiological studies allow a rational classification of various neuromuscular diseases and are of help, together with neuropathological ...

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the researcher to measure gustatory responses directly and quantitatively, reflecting the sensory input that the insect nervous system receives from taste stimuli in its environment. This protocol outlines all key steps in performing this technique. The critical steps in assembling an electrophysiology rig, such as selection of necessary equipment and a suitable environment for recording, are delineated. We also describe how to prepare for recording by making appropriate reference and recording electrodes, and tastant solutions. We describe in detail the method used for preparing the insect by insertion of a glass reference electrode into the fly in order to immobilize the proboscis. We show traces of the electrical impulses fired by taste neurons in response to a sugar and a bitter compound. Aspects of the protocol are technically challenging and we include an extensive description of some common technical challenges that may be encountered, such as lack of signal or excessive noise in the system, and potential solutions. The technique has limitations, such as the inability to deliver temporally complex stimuli, observe background firing immediately prior to stimulus delivery, or use water-insoluble taste compounds conveniently. Despite these limitations, this technique (including minor variations referenced in the protocol) is a standard, broadly accepted procedure for recording Drosophila neuronal responses to taste compounds.

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

This protocol describes extracellular recording of the action potential responses fired by labellar taste neurons in Drosophila.

电生理记录从<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt; Labellar味感器

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of the olfactory epithelium continuously give rise to new sensory neurons that extend their axons into the olfactory bulb, where they face the challenge to integrate into existing circuitry. Because of this particular feature, the olfactory system represents a unique opportunity to monitor axonal wiring and guidance, and to investigate synapse formation. Here we describe a procedure for in vivo labeling of sensory neurons and subsequent visualization of axons in the olfactory system of larvae of the amphibian Xenopus laevis. To stain sensory neurons in the olfactory organ we adopt the electroporation technique. In vivo electroporation is an established technique for delivering fluorophore-coupled dextrans or other macromolecules into living cells. Stained sensory neurons and their axonal processes can then be monitored in the living animal either using confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy. By reducing the number of labeled cells to few or single cells per animal, single axons can be tracked into the olfactory bulb and their morphological changes can be monitored over weeks by conducting series of in vivo time lapse imaging experiments. While the described protocol exemplifies the labeling and monitoring of olfactory sensory neurons, it can also be adopted to other cell types within the olfactory and other systems.

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

We describe a protocol for in vivo labeling of olfactory sensory neurons by electroporation and subsequent confocal laser-scanning or multiphoton microscopy to visualize neuronal morphology and its development over time.

嗅觉系统作为模型来研究轴突生长的模式和形态<em&gt;在体内</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

The mouse olfactory system comprises 6-10 million olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium lining the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons extend a single dendrite to the surface of the epithelium, ending in a structure called dendritic knob. Cilia emanate from this knob into the mucus covering the epithelial surface. The proteins of the olfactory signal transduction cascade are mainly localized in the ciliary membrane, being in direct contact with volatile substances in the environment. For a detailed understanding of olfactory signal transduction, one important aspect is the exact morphological analysis of signaling protein distribution. Using light microscopical approaches in conventional cryosections, protein localization in olfactory cilia is difficult to determine due to the density of ciliary structures. To overcome this problem, we optimized an approach for whole mount labeling of cilia, leading to improved visualization of their morphology and the distribution of signaling proteins. We demonstrate the power of this approach by comparing whole mount and conventional cryosection labeling of Kirrel2. This axon-guidance adhesion molecule is known to localize in a subset of sensory neurons and their axons in an activity-dependent manner. Whole mount cilia labeling revealed an additional and novel picture of the localization of this protein.

Cilia of olfactory sensory neurons contain proteins of the signal transduction cascade, but a detailed spatial analysis of their distribution is difficult in cryosections. We describe here an optimized approach for whole mount labeling and en face visualization of ciliary proteins.

纤毛对小鼠的主要嗅觉系统整装标签

The mouse olfactory system comprises 6-10 million olfactory sensory neurons in the epithelium lining the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons extend a single ...

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function

The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, evaluation of the functions of the human central olfactory system with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is still a challenge because of several technical difficulties. There are some significant variables to take into account when considering an effective method for mapping the function of the central olfactory system using fMRI, including proper odorant selection, the interaction between odor presentation and respiration, and potential anticipation of or habituation to odorants. An event-related, respiration-triggered olfactory fMRI technique can accurately administer odorants to stimulate the olfactory system while minimizing potential interference. It can effectively capture the precise onsets of fMRI signals in the primary olfactory cortex using our data post-processing method. The technique presented here provides an efficient and practical means for generating reliable olfactory fMRI results. Such a technique can ultimately be applied in the clinical realm as a diagnostic tool for diseases associated with olfactory degeneration, including Alzheimer&#39;s and Parkinson&#39;s disease, as we begin to further understand the complexities of the human olfactory system.

We present the technical challenges and solutions for obtaining reliable functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from the human central olfactory system. This includes special considerations in olfactory fMRI paradigm design, descriptions of fMRI data acquisition with an MRI-compatible olfactometer, odorant selection, and a special software tool for data post-processing.

一种免费呼吸功能磁共振成像方法研究人类嗅觉功能

The study of human olfaction is a highly complex and valuable field with applications ranging from biomedical research to clinical evaluation. Currently, ...