We sincerely thank members of the Pal laboratory for assistance with the preparation of this demonstration. This study was supported by PHS grants AI076684 and AI080615 from NIH/NIAID.

1. Microinjection of Nymphal Ixodes scapularis Ticks
1. Preparing needles
<ol>
<li>Fabricate several microinjection needles by heating and pulling 1 mm glass 	capillary tubes (World Precision Instruments) in a glass micropipette puller device (Narishige). Carefully remove the fragile capillary tubes.</li>
<li>Store pulled needles (with tip facing upward) on adhesive tape in a Petri dish.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparing B. burgdorferi
<ol>
<li>Grow <e...

<ol>
	<li>Steere, A. C., Coburn, J., Glickstein, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emergence+of+Lyme+disease.">The emergence of Lyme disease.</a> J Clin Invest. 113, 1093-1101 (2004).</li><li>Barthold, S. W., Diego, C., Philipp, M. T., Samuels, D. S., Radolf, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Borrelia, Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. , 353-405 (2010).</li><li>Pal, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OspC+facilitates+Borrelia+burgdorferi+invasion+of+Ixodes+scapularis+salivary+glands.">OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands.</a> J Clin Invest. 113, 220-230 (2004).</li><li>Yang, X. F., Pal, U., Alani, S. M., Fikrig, E., Norgard, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essential+role+for+OspA/B+in+the+life+cycle+of+the+Lyme+disease+spirochete.">Essential role for OspA/B in the life cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete.</a> J Exp Med. 199, 641-648 (2004).</li><li>Zhang, X., Yang, X., Kumar, M., Pal, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BB0323+function+is+essential+for+Borrelia+burgdorferi+virulence+and+persistence+through+tick-rodent+transmission+cycle.">BB0323 function is essential for Borrelia burgdorferi virulence and persistence through tick-rodent transmission cycle.</a> J Infect Dis. 200, 1318-1330 (2009).</li><li>Pal, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TROSPA,+an+Ixodes+scapularis+receptor+for+Borrelia+burgdorferi.">TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi.</a> Cell. 119, 457-468 (2004).</li><li>Barbour, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+cultivation+of+Lyme+disease+spirochetes.">Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes.</a> Yale J Biol Med. 57, 521-525 (1984).</li><li>Narasimhan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+Ixodes+scapularis+anticoagulation+by+using+RNA+interference.">Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 1141-1146 (2004).</li><li>Narasimhan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tick+antioxidant+facilitates+the+Lyme+disease+agent's+successful+migration+from+the+mammalian+host+to+the+arthropod+vector.">A tick antioxidant facilitates the Lyme disease agent's successful migration from the mammalian host to the arthropod vector.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 2, 7-18 (2007).</li><li>Broadwater, A. H., Sonenshine, D. E., Hynes, W. L., Ceraul, S., DeSilva, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glass+capillary+tube+feeding:+a+method+for+infecting+nymphal+Ixodes+scapularis+(Acari:+Ixodidae)+with+the+Lyme+disease+spirochete+Borrelia+burgdorferi.">Glass capillary tube feeding: a method for infecting nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.</a> J Med Entomol. 39, 285-292 (2002).</li><li>Policastro, P. F., Schwan, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+infection+of+Ixodes+scapularis+larvae+(Acari:+Ixodidae)+by+immersion+in+low+passage+cultures+of+Borrelia+burgdorferi.">Experimental infection of Ixodes scapularis larvae (Acari: Ixodidae) by immersion in low passage cultures of Borrelia burgdorferi.</a> J Med Entomol. 40, 364-370 (2003).</li><li>Fuente, d. e. l. a., Kocan, J., M, K., Almazan, C., Blouin, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+for+the+study+and+genetic+manipulation+of+ticks.">RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks.</a> Trends Parasitol. 23, 427-433 (2007).</li></ol>

Here we demonstrate a microinjection-based procedure for rapid and efficient infection of nymphal Ixodes ticks with the bacterial pathogen B. burgdorferi. We also describe a confocal immunofluorescence procedure for the detection of B. burgdorferi in the tick gut in situ. Although our demonstration involves nymphal gut, similar procedures are also applicable for other developmental stages of ticks, such as larva or adults 8,9. However, due to their smaller size, the technique may b...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>Glass capillary tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>TW100F-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Vertical glass puller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Narishige</td>
<td>PC-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Petroff-Hausser counting chamber</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hausser scientific</td>
<td>3900</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Microloader pipette tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>930001007</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Femtojet microinjector</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>920010504</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Foot control FemtJet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>920005098</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
<td>BP665-1</td>
<td>Filter-sterilized</td>
</tr>		</tbody>
		</table>
		</div>

methods for rapid transfer and localization of lyme disease pathogens within the tick gut

Lyme disease is caused by infection with the spirochete pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, which is maintained in nature by a tick-rodent infection cycle 1. A tick-borne murine model 2 has been developed to study Lyme disease in the laboratory. While na&iacute;ve ticks can be infected with B. burgdorferi by feeding them on infected mice, the molting process takes several weeks to months to complete. Therefore, development of more rapid and efficient tick infection techniques, such as a microinjection-based procedure, is an important tool for the study of Lyme disease 3,4. The procedure requires only hours to generate infected ticks and allows control over the delivery of equal quantities of spirochetes in a cohort of ticks. This is particularly important as the generation of B. burgdorferi infected ticks by the natural feeding process using mice fails to ensure 100% infection rate and potentially results in variation of pathogen burden amongst fed ticks. Furthermore, microinjection can be used to infect ticks with B. burgdorferi isolates in cases where an attenuated strain is unable to establish infection in mice and thus can not be naturally acquired by ticks 5. This technique can also be used to deliver a variety of other biological materials into ticks, for example, specific antibodies or double stranded RNA 6. In this article, we will demonstrate the microinjection of nymphal ticks with in vitro-grown B. burgdorferi. We will also describe a method for localization of Lyme disease pathogens in the tick gut using confocal immunofluorescence microscopy.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Rapid Transfer and Localization of Lyme Disease Pathogens Within the Tick Gut at JoVE.com

Methods for Rapid Transfer and Localization of Lyme Disease Pathogens Within the Tick Gut

Lyme disease research studies often require generation of ticks infected with the pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, a process that typically takes several weeks. Here we demonstrate a microinjection-based tick infection procedure that can be accomplished within hours. We also demonstrate an immunofluorescence method for in situ localization of B. burgdorferi within ticks.

Lyme disease is caused by infection with the spirochete pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, which is maintained in nature by a tick-rodent infection cycle 1.  ...

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Immunology and Infection

11.5K 次观看.  University of Maryland. 莱姆病的研究往往需要一代感染的蜱与莱姆病螺旋体的病原体，这一过程通常需要几个星期的。在这里，我们展示了一个基于显微注射蜱感染过程，可在数小时内完成。我们也证明内蜱免疫荧光法在B的螺旋体原位本地化。