Biz içtenlikle Pal laboratuvar üyeleri bu gösteri hazırlığı ile ilgili yardım için teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışma NIH / NIAID PHS hibe AI076684 ve AI080615 tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Nymphal Ixodes scapularis Keneler, Mikroenjeksiyon 1. Hazırlanması iğneler <ol><li> Isıtma ve bir cam mikropipet çektirmesi cihazı (Narishige) 1 mm cam kapiller tüplerin (Dünya Hassas Aletler) çekerek birkaç mikroenjeksiyon iğneler üretmektedirler. Kırılgan kılcal tüpler dikkatlice çıkarın. </li><li> Mağaza bir Petri kabındaki, iğne ucu yukarı bakacak şekilde yapışkan bant çekti. </li></ol> 2. B. hazırlanması burgdorferi <ol><li> B. büyütün BSK kültür ortamı 7 ml başına yaklaşık 7 10 hücrelerinin bir konsantrasyon kadar burgdorferi. Spiroketler Petroff-Hausser sayma kamara (Hausser bilimsel) bir karanlık alan mikroskobu altında sayılır. </li><li> Pelet B. oda sıcaklığında 10 dakika için 3000 xg&#39;de santrifüj burgdorferi. </li><li> Süpernatantı ve tamamen BSK medya pelet hafifçe ml başına 10 9 hücrelerinin nihai konsantrasyonu 200 mcL steril mikrotip geçerek tekrar süspansiyon haline getirin. Yüksek hücre yoğunluğu hücrelerinin yeniden süspanse hücre süspansiyonu, mikroenjeksiyon için hemen bir araya gelme olmalıdır olabilir göre. </li></ol> 3. Hazırlanması keneler <ol><li> Bir bardak slayt açık, çift taraflı yapışkan bant yerleştirin. </li><li> Yapışkan bir minder üzerinde çalışarak, küçük bir fırça kullanarak kapsayıcı nymphal keneler dikkatlice çıkarın. </li><li> Aynı yöne bakacak şekilde, yapışkan bant, ventral tarafta enjekte edilmek üzere gerekli sayıda kene yerleştirin. </li></ol> 4. Enjekte keneler <ol><li> Yük B. 5 mcL 20 mcL Microloader pipet (Eppendorf) kullanılarak çekilmiş kılcal iğne içine burgdorferi kültür. Hava kabarcığı için iğne kontrol edin ve gerekirse iğne, bakteri kültürü ile yeniden. </li><li> Diseksiyon mikroskop altında kene ve kene anal açıklık alanı odaklanmak. Kılcal bir iğne ucu çapı mikroenjeksiyon iğne oluşturarak, kene anal diyafram biraz daha küçük tüp kırmak için hafifçe dokunun. Bu adım, uygun olmayan bir iğne ucu ile kene enjekte etmek için herhangi bir girişimde enjekte kene olası yaralanma ve ölüm nedenleri olarak kritik öneme sahiptir. </li><li> Diseksiyon binoküler mikroskop altında immobilize keneler yerleştirin ve iki hareketli anal plakalar ile kaplıdır anal diyafram, odaklanmak. Ince forseps kullanarak, hafifçe dokunmak ve anal diyafram yakınında herhangi bir yerde çok hafif basınç uygulayın. Bu anal plakalar ve gut bağlanan anal gözenek açılması ayrılması sağlayacaktır. Zorla anal plakalar açıklıktan anal boşluğuna iğne ucu biraz dikkatlice yerleştirin. İğne ekleme cam ucu rektum bağlayan yarı saydam hindgut zarar verebilir minimum düzeyde tutulmalıdır. Otomatik ayak kontrolü (Eppendorf) ile donatılmış bir mikroenjektör kullanarak, B. enjekte 1,000 hectopascals (hPa) enjeksiyon basıncı, 0.2 saniye enjeksiyon süresi ve 8 inç tazminat basıncı: aşağıdaki parametreleri kullanarak burgdorferi çözüm. Her kene, tek bir enjeksiyon alır. </li><li> Mikroenjeksiyon, keneler enjeksiyon öncesi durumuna benzer davranmalıdır. Örneğin, kene uyaranlara yanıt olarak tarama gerekir. </li><li> Biz genellikle, keneler 24 yaşında bir çevre odasında 48 saat boyunca kurtarmak için izin ° C 16 saat / 8 saat aydınlık / karanlık fotoperiyodun rejimi ve% 95 nem. Bir oda mevcut değilse, enjekte keneler nemli koşullar, düzenli bir desikatöre odası gibi bir hava geçirmez bir kap içinde oda sıcaklığında saklanabilir. Gerekirse önce fareler üzerinde beslemek için kullanılır, keneler iyileşme süresi de bir kaç saat kısaltılmış olabilir. </li></ol> 2. B. Konfokal İmmünofloresan Mikroskopi burgdorferi Yerelleştirme 1. Diseksiyon keneler <ol><li> Damlacık fosfat tamponlu salin (PBS) mikroskopi için bir poli-L-lisin kaplı slayt (Sigma), diseksiyon ve başka bir temiz bir cam slayt . Çift taraflı yapışkan bant ile başka bir cam slayt hazırlayın. </li><li> Kene küçük bir fırça kullanarak, çift taraflı yapışkan bant konteyner ve yerden çıkarın. </li><li> Diseksiyon mikroskobu kene bakın ve odaklanın. Bacak birinci ve ikinci çiftleri arasındaki kene keskin bir jilet yerleştirin. Karın erişim sağlayan iki adet kesme kene sıkıca aşağı doğru bastırın. Hemen batığın PBS bir damlacık karın. </li><li> Çok ince forseps kullanarak, kesme site çevresinde dorsal ve ventral Exoskeleton kapmak. Dorsal kalkan kahverengi renkli bağırsakta divertikül açığa kene dikkatlice yukarı çekin ve uzak. PBS kapsamında diseksiyon keneler her zaman tutmak için dikkatli olun. </li><li> Yarı-saydam bir tükürük bezi topuzdles gut ön bölgenin her iki tarafında bulunmaktadır, ve eğer istenirse, bu noktada kaldırılabilir. Forseps ile yerde kalan dış iskelet Holding, bağırsak karın dikkatlice dışarı çekin. </li><li> (Örneğin, trakea) sıkışan dokuları kaldırarak gut yavaşça temizleyin. </li><li> Ucu ince forseps kullanarak, hızlı bir poli-L-lisin cam slayt PBS bir damlacık kene gut aktarın. Ince bıçakları kullanarak küçük parçalar halinde ayrı ayrı veya bağırsak, ince forseps ucu ile hafifçe basılarak. Dikkatlice bağırsak dokuların etrafında aşırı PBS aspirat. </li><li> Bağırsak dokularında, oda sıcaklığında kurumaya bırakın. </li><li> 10 dakika aseton daldırarak kene gut sabitleyin. Oda sıcaklığında kurumaya bırakın. Slaytlar ay boyunca hava geçirmez bir kap içinde -20 ° C&#39;de bu aşamada depolanmış olabilir. </li></ol> 2. Boyanma <ol><li> Kağıt mendil kullanarak, doku çevresindeki aşırı neme kaldırın ve bir pap-kalem veya herhangi bir hidrofobik bariyer astar cihazı kuru kene bağırsak etrafında bir daire çizin. Bu sonraki İnkübasyon sırasında boyama çözümler korumak için yardımcı olacaktır. </li><li> Oda sıcaklığında 30 dakika boyunca bir ya da birkaç damla engelleme tampon (PBS içinde Tween-20,% 5 keçi serumu% 0.05) ile kene gut örtün. Engellemek için kullanılan serum antikor konak hayvanın kaynağına bağlıdır. Slayt bu noktadan itibaren kurumasına izin vermeyin. </li><li> Yavaş yavaş engelleme tampon aspirat. Bağırsak uygun birincil ve / veya sekonder antikor çözümleri ile inkübe edin. - Floresein izotiyosiyanat (FITC) anti-B etiketli burgdorferi antikor (Kirkegaard &amp; Perry Laboratories), oda sıcaklığında 1 saat süreyle tampon engelleme 1:100 dilüsyon . Konteyner ışığa maruz kalma sınırı için alüminyum folyo ile örtün. </li><li> Nazik aspirasyonu ile antikor çözüm çıkarın. 4 gibi etiket kene dokular, floresan boya &#39;,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) veya propidium iyodür gut inkübe edin. Biz normalde 5 dakika süreyle PBS içinde 20 mcg / mL propidium iyodür (Sigma) kullanın. oda sıcaklığında. </li><li> % 0.05 Tween-20 PBS içinde 3 kere yıkayın. </li><li> Mount Slowfade (Invitrogen) gibi bir antifade reaktif içeren tamponlu gliserol slayt ve bir cam lamel dikkatlice ile kaplayın. Slaytlar hava geçirmez bir kap içinde, birkaç ay boyunca, 4 ° C bu adımı saklanabilir. Görüntü ve B. lokalize konfokal mikroskop altında burgdorferi. </li></ol> 3. Temsilcisi Sonuçlar Pozisyon ve mikroenjeksiyon için nymphal kene B. temsil eden bir görüntü kene bağırsaktaki burgdorferi yerelleştirme Şekil 1&#39;de sunulmaktadır. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2544/2544fig1.jpg" alt="Şekil 1" /> Şekil 1. B. Mikroenjeksiyon ve lokalizasyonu kene bağırsak içine burgdorferi. Nymphal I. (A) Ventral scapularis kene mikroenjeksiyon için konumlandırılmış. Anal diyafram takılı mikroenjeksiyon iğnesi (ok) (ok ucu) içerlek büyütme altında gösterilir. Ince forsepsle anal plakalar ve mikroenjeksiyon için anal gözenek açılması ayrılması izin verilen gövde, hafif bir basınç uygulamak için kullanılır. (B) görünürlüğünü arttırmak Coomassie parlak mavi bir çözüm iğne ile doldurulur., B. konfokal immünofloresan görüntüleme Temsilcisi sonuçları kene bağırsak içinde burgdorferi. Bağırsak divertikülü ön bölge gösterilmiştir. Gut çekirdekleri ve spiroketlerine propidium iyodür (kırmızı) veya FITC-konjuge anti-B ile etiketlenir (ok) sırasıyla burgdorferi (yeşil renkli). Bar = 20 mikron.

<ol>
	<li>Steere, A. C., Coburn, J., Glickstein, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+emergence+of+Lyme+disease.">The emergence of Lyme disease.</a> J Clin Invest. 113, 1093-1101 (2004).</li><li>Barthold, S. W., Diego, C., Philipp, M. T., Samuels, D. S., Radolf, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Borrelia, Molecular Biology, Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. , 353-405 (2010).</li><li>Pal, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=OspC+facilitates+Borrelia+burgdorferi+invasion+of+Ixodes+scapularis+salivary+glands.">OspC facilitates Borrelia burgdorferi invasion of Ixodes scapularis salivary glands.</a> J Clin Invest. 113, 220-230 (2004).</li><li>Yang, X. F., Pal, U., Alani, S. M., Fikrig, E., Norgard, M. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Essential+role+for+OspA/B+in+the+life+cycle+of+the+Lyme+disease+spirochete.">Essential role for OspA/B in the life cycle of the Lyme disease spirochete.</a> J Exp Med. 199, 641-648 (2004).</li><li>Zhang, X., Yang, X., Kumar, M., Pal, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BB0323+function+is+essential+for+Borrelia+burgdorferi+virulence+and+persistence+through+tick-rodent+transmission+cycle.">BB0323 function is essential for Borrelia burgdorferi virulence and persistence through tick-rodent transmission cycle.</a> J Infect Dis. 200, 1318-1330 (2009).</li><li>Pal, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TROSPA,+an+Ixodes+scapularis+receptor+for+Borrelia+burgdorferi.">TROSPA, an Ixodes scapularis receptor for Borrelia burgdorferi.</a> Cell. 119, 457-468 (2004).</li><li>Barbour, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+cultivation+of+Lyme+disease+spirochetes.">Isolation and cultivation of Lyme disease spirochetes.</a> Yale J Biol Med. 57, 521-525 (1984).</li><li>Narasimhan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disruption+of+Ixodes+scapularis+anticoagulation+by+using+RNA+interference.">Disruption of Ixodes scapularis anticoagulation by using RNA interference.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101, 1141-1146 (2004).</li><li>Narasimhan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tick+antioxidant+facilitates+the+Lyme+disease+agent's+successful+migration+from+the+mammalian+host+to+the+arthropod+vector.">A tick antioxidant facilitates the Lyme disease agent's successful migration from the mammalian host to the arthropod vector.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 2, 7-18 (2007).</li><li>Broadwater, A. H., Sonenshine, D. E., Hynes, W. L., Ceraul, S., DeSilva, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glass+capillary+tube+feeding:+a+method+for+infecting+nymphal+Ixodes+scapularis+(Acari:+Ixodidae)+with+the+Lyme+disease+spirochete+Borrelia+burgdorferi.">Glass capillary tube feeding: a method for infecting nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) with the Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi.</a> J Med Entomol. 39, 285-292 (2002).</li><li>Policastro, P. F., Schwan, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+infection+of+Ixodes+scapularis+larvae+(Acari:+Ixodidae)+by+immersion+in+low+passage+cultures+of+Borrelia+burgdorferi.">Experimental infection of Ixodes scapularis larvae (Acari: Ixodidae) by immersion in low passage cultures of Borrelia burgdorferi.</a> J Med Entomol. 40, 364-370 (2003).</li><li>Fuente, d. e. l. a., Kocan, J., M, K., Almazan, C., Blouin, E. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+for+the+study+and+genetic+manipulation+of+ticks.">RNA interference for the study and genetic manipulation of ticks.</a> Trends Parasitol. 23, 427-433 (2007).</li></ol>

Burada bakteriyel patojen B. nymphal Ixodes keneler hızlı ve etkin enfeksiyon mikroenjeksiyon tabanlı bir prosedür göstermek burgdorferi. Ayrıca B. tespiti için bir konfokal immünofloresan prosedürü tarif in situ kene gut burgdorferi. Bizim gösteri nymphal gut ibaret olmasına rağmen, benzer prosedürler, larva veya yetişkin 8,9 olarak keneler diğer gelişim evreleri için de geçerlidir . Ancak, küçük boyutu nedeniyle, teknik larvaları kullanmak ...

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<td>Glass capillary tubes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
<td>TW100F-4</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Vertical glass puller</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Narishige</td>
<td>PC-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Petroff-Hausser counting chamber</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Hausser scientific</td>
<td>3900</td>
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<td>Microloader pipette tips</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Femtojet microinjector</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>920010504</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Foot control FemtJet</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Eppendorf</td>
<td>920005098</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
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<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
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methods for rapid transfer and localization of lyme disease pathogens within the tick gut

Lyme hastalığı kene kemirgen enfeksiyon döngüsü 1 doğa korunur spirochete patojen Borrelia burgdorferi ile enfeksiyona neden olur. Kene kaynaklı bir fare modelinde 2 laboratuvar Lyme hastalığı araştırmak için geliştirilmiştir . Naif keneler B ile enfekte olabilir burgdorferi enfekte fareler üzerinde onları beslemek, döküm işlemi tamamlamak için ay birkaç hafta sürer. Bu nedenle, mikroenjeksiyon tabanlı bir prosedür olarak daha hızlı ve verimli bir kene enfeksiyonu teknikleri, geliştirme, Lyme hastalığı 3,4 çalışması için önemli bir araçtır. Bu prosedür, sadece saat keneler üretmek için gerektirir ve bir kohort keneler spiroketlerine eşit miktarlarda teslim üzerinde kontrol sağlar. Bu nesil olarak B. özellikle önemlidir fareler kullanarak doğal beslenme süreci burgdorferi keneler beslenen keneler arasında patojen yükünün değişimi% 100 enfeksiyon oranı ve potansiyel sonuçları sağlamak için başarısız olur. Ayrıca, mikroenjeksiyon, B ile keneler enfekte için kullanılabilir burgdorferi bir zayıflatılmış gerginlik farelerde enfeksiyon kuramadı ve böylece doğal keneler 5 tarafından elde edilemez durumlarda izole eder. Bu teknik aynı zamanda kenelerin diğer biyolojik malzemelerin çeşitli sunmak için kullanılabilir, örneğin, spesifik antikorlar veya çift RNA 6 telli . Bu makalede, B. in vitro yetiştirilen nymphal keneler mikroenjeksiyon gösterecektir burgdorferi. Biz de, Lyme hastalığı kene gut konfokal immünofloresan mikroskopi kullanılarak patojenlerin lokalizasyonu için bir yöntem anlatacağım.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Rapid Transfer and Localization of Lyme Disease Pathogens Within the Tick Gut at JoVE.com

Methods for Rapid Transfer and Localization of Lyme Disease Pathogens Within the Tick Gut

Lyme hastalığı araştırma çalışmaları, genellikle bir süreç genellikle birkaç hafta sürer patojen Borrelia burgdorferi ile enfekte kenelerin nesil gerektirir. Burada saat içinde yapılabilir mikroenjeksiyon tabanlı bir kene enfeksiyonu prosedürü göstermektedir. Ayrıca keneler içinde B. burgdorferi in situ lokalizasyonu için immünofloresan yöntemi göstermektedir.

Hızlı Aktarım ve Lyme Hastalığı Patojenler lokalizasyonu için işaretleyin Gut içinde Yöntemleri

Lyme disease is caused by infection with the spirochete pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, which is maintained in nature by a tick-rodent infection cycle 1.  ...

methods-for-rapid-transfer-localization-lyme-disease-pathogens-within

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.5K Görüntüleme.  University of Maryland. Lyme hastalığı araştırma çalışmaları, genellikle bir süreç genellikle birkaç hafta sürer patojen Borrelia burgdorferi ile enfekte kenelerin nesil gerektirir. Burada saat içinde yapılabilir mikroenjeksiyon tabanlı bir kene enfeksiyonu prosedürü göstermektedir. Ayrıca keneler içinde B. burgdorferi in situ lokalizasyonu için immünofloresan yöntemi göstermektedir.

Video: Methods for Rapid Transfer and Localization of Lyme Disease Pathogens Within the Tick Gut

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia spp.), Rocky Mountain Spotted fever (Rickettsia rickettsii), ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia chaffeensis and E. equi), anaplasmosis (Anaplasma phagocytophilum), encephalitis (tick-borne encephalitis virus), babesiosis (Babesia spp.), Colorado tick fever (Coltivirus), and tularemia (Francisella tularensis) 1-8. To be properly transmitted into the host these infectious agents differentially regulate gene expression, interact with tick proteins, and migrate through the tick 3,9-13. For example, the Lyme disease agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, adapts through differential gene expression to the feast and famine stages of the tick's enzootic cycle 14,15. Furthermore, as an Ixodes tick consumes a bloodmeal Borrelia replicate and migrate from the midgut into the hemocoel, where they travel to the salivary glands and are transmitted into the host with the expelled saliva 9,16-19.
As a tick feeds the host typically responds with a strong hemostatic and innate immune response 11,13,20-22. Despite these host responses, I. scapularis can feed for several days because tick saliva contains proteins that are immunomodulatory, lytic agents, anticoagulants, and fibrinolysins to aid the tick feeding 3,11,20,21,23. The immunomodulatory activities possessed by tick saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) facilitate transmission, proliferation, and dissemination of numerous tick-borne pathogens 3,20,24-27. To further understand how tick-borne infectious agents cause disease it is essential to dissect actively feeding ticks and collect tick saliva. This video protocol demonstrates dissection techniques for the collection of hemolymph and the removal of salivary glands from actively feeding I. scapularis nymphs after 48 and 72 hours post mouse placement. We also demonstrate saliva collection from an adult female I. scapularis tick.

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

The collection of infected tick hemolymph, salivary glands, and saliva is important to study how tick-borne pathogens cause disease. In this protocol we demonstrate how to collect hemolymph and salivary glands from feeding Ixodes scapularis nymphs. We also demonstrate saliva collection from female I. scapularis adults.

Ixodes scapularis Keneler gelen tükürük, Tükürük Bezi ve hemolimf Koleksiyonu

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

İmmünoloji ve Enfeksiyon

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate directional responses to pathogen exposure in vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro models for examining cellular responses to respiratory pathogens polarize, forming apical and basolateral surfaces. One such model is differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). However, this system requires lung tissue samples, expertise isolating and culturing epithelial cells from tissue, and time to generate an air-liquid interface culture.
Calu-3 cells, derived from a human bronchial adenocarcinoma, are an alternative model for examining the response of proximal airway epithelial cells to respiratory insult1, pharmacological compounds2-6, and bacterial7-9 and viral pathogens, including influenza virus, rhinovirus and severe acute respiratory syndrome - associated coronavirus10-14. Recently, we demonstrated that Calu-3 cells are susceptible to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in a manner consistent with NHBE15,16 . Here, we detail the establishment of a polarized, liquid-covered culture (LCC) of Calu-3 cells, focusing on the technical details of growing and culturing Calu-3 cells, maintaining cells that have been cultured into LCC, and we present the method for performing respiratory virus infection of polarized Calu-3 cells.
To consistently obtain polarized Calu-3 LCC, Calu-3 cells must be carefully subcultured before culturing in Transwell inserts. Calu-3 monolayer cultures should remain below 90% confluence, should be subcultured fewer than 10 times from frozen stock, and should regularly be supplied with fresh medium. Once cultured in Transwells, Calu-3 LCC must be handled with care. Irregular media changes and mechanical or physical disruption of the cell layers or plates negatively impact polarization for several hours or days. Polarization is monitored by evaluating trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and is verified by evaluating the passive equilibration of sodium fluorescein between the apical and basolateral compartments17,18 . Once TEER plateaus at or above 1,000 &Omega;&times;cm2, Calu-3 LCC are ready to use to examine cellular responses to respiratory pathogens.

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Polarize İnsan Havayolu bir sıvı kaplı Kültürünün Oluşturulması Solunum Patojenler için Host Hücre Yanıtı Okumak Epitel Calu-3 Hücreler<em&gt; In vitro</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

Feeding of Ticks on Animals for Transmission and Xenodiagnosis in Lyme Disease Research

Transmission of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, occurs by the attachment and blood feeding of Ixodes species ticks on mammalian hosts. In nature, this zoonotic bacterial pathogen may use a variety of reservoir hosts, but the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) is the primary reservoir for larval and nymphal ticks in North America. Humans are incidental hosts most frequently infected with B. burgdorferi by the bite of ticks in the nymphal stage. B. burgdorferi adapts to its hosts throughout the enzootic cycle, so the ability to explore the functions of these spirochetes and their effects on mammalian hosts requires the use of tick feeding. In addition, the technique of xenodiagnosis (using the natural vector for detection and recovery of an infectious agent) has been useful in studies of cryptic infection. In order to obtain nymphal ticks that harbor B. burgdorferi, ticks are fed live spirochetes in culture through capillary tubes. Two animal models, mice and nonhuman primates, are most commonly used for Lyme disease studies involving tick feeding. We demonstrate the methods by which these ticks can be fed upon, and recovered from animals for either infection or xenodiagnosis.

Lyme disease is the most commonly-reported vector-borne disease in North America. The causative agent, Borrelia burgdorferi is a spirochete bacterium transmitted by Ixodid ticks. Transmission and detection of infection in animal models is optimized by the use of tick feeding, which we describe here.

Lyme Hastalığı Araştırma İletim ve Xenodiagnosis için Hayvanlar Keneler besleme

Transmission of the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, occurs by the  attachment and blood feeding of Ixodes species ticks on ...

Rescue of Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus from cDNA

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the prototype member of the Avulavirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae1, is a non-segmented, negative-sense, single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus (Figure 1) with potential applications as a vector for vaccination and treatment of human diseases. In-depth exploration of these applications has only become possible after the establishment of reverse genetics techniques to rescue recombinant viruses from plasmids encoding their complete genomes as cDNA2-5. Viral cDNA can be conveniently modified in vitro by using standard cloning procedures to alter the genotype of the virus and/or to include new transcriptional units. Rescue of such genetically modified viruses provides a valuable tool to understand factors affecting multiple stages of infection, as well as allows for the development and improvement of vectors for the expression and delivery of antigens for vaccination and therapy. Here we describe a protocol for the rescue of recombinant NDVs.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has been extensively studied in the last few years in order to develop new vectors for vaccination and therapy, among others. These studies have been possible due to techniques to rescue recombinant virus from cDNA, such as those we describe here.

CDNA&#39;dan rekombinant Newcastle Hastalığı Virüsü Rescue

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), the prototype member of  the Avulavirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae1, is a non-segmented,  negative-sense, ...

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

One important feature of the major opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is its extraordinary ability to rapidly acquire resistance to antibiotics. Genomic studies reveal that S. aureus carries many virulence and resistance genes located in mobile genetic elements, suggesting that horizontal gene transfer (HGT) plays a critical role in S. aureus evolution. However, a full and detailed description of the methodology used to study HGT in S. aureus is still lacking, especially regarding natural transformation, which has been recently reported in this bacterium. This work describes three protocols that are useful for the in vitro investigation of HGT in S. aureus: conjugation, phage transduction, and natural transformation. To this aim, the cfr gene (chloramphenicol/florfenicol resistance), which confers the Phenicols, Lincosamides, Oxazolidinones, Pleuromutilins, and Streptogramin A (PhLOPSA)-resistance phenotype, was used. Understanding the mechanisms through which S. aureus transfers genetic materials to other strains is essential to comprehending the rapid acquisition of resistance and helps to clarify the modes of dissemination reported in surveillance programs or to further predict the spreading mode in the future.

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

We describe here three different protocols for the in vitro investigation of conjugation, transduction, and natural transformation in Staphylococcus aureus.

Yatay Gen Transferi Çalışmasında Metodolojisi<em&gt; Staphylococcus aureus</em

One important feature of the major opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is its extraordinary ability to rapidly acquire resistance to ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for the rapid bedside inactivation of the Ebola virus during blood sampling for safe nucleic acid (NA) tests by adding a commercial lysis/binding buffer directly into the vacuum blood collection tubes. Using this bedside inactivation approach, we have developed a safe, rapid, and simplified bedside NA extraction method for the subsequent detection of a virus in lysis/binding buffer-inactivated whole blood. The NA extraction is directly performed in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. 
After the blood is collected into the lysis/binding buffer, the contents are mixed by flipping the tube by hand, and the mixture is incubated for 20 min at room temperature. Magnetic glass particles (MGPs) are added to the tube, and the contents are mixed by flipping the collection tube by hand. The MGPs are then collected on the side of the blood collection tube using a magnetic holder or a magnet and a rubber band. The MGPs are washed three times, and after the addition of elution buffer directly into the collection tube, the NAs are ready for NA tests, such as qPCR or isothermal loop amplification (LAMP), without the removal of the MGPs from the reaction. The NA extraction method is not dependent on any laboratory facilities and can easily be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals and hospital isolation wards). When this NA extraction method is combined with LAMP and a portable instrument, a diagnosis can be obtained within 40 min of the blood collection.

Here, we present a protocol for the rapid virus nucleic acid extraction from the virus-inactivated whole blood. The extraction is performed directly in the blood collection tubes and requires no equipment or electricity. The method is not dependent on laboratory facilities and can be used anywhere (e.g., in field hospitals).

Tam kan örneklerinde virüs tespiti için hızlı, güvenli ve basit el ile başucu nükleik asit çıkarma

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

Immunohistochemistry Test for the Lyssavirus Antigen Detection from Formalin-Fixed Tissues

One of the primary diagnostic modalities for rabies is the detection of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (antigen) in the infected tissue samples. While the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test or the direct rapid immunohistochemical test (DRIT) are most commonly utilized for the antigen detection, both tests require fresh and/or frozen tissues for impressions on slides prior to the antigen detection using antibodies. If samples are collected and fixed in formalin, neither test is optimal for the antigen detection, however, testing can be performed by conventional immunohistochemistry (IHC) after embedding in paraffin blocks and sectioning. With this IHC method, tissues are stained with anti-rabies antibodies, sections are deparaffinized, antigen retrieved by partial proteolysis or other methods, and incubated with primary and secondary antibodies. Antigens are stained using horseradish peroxidase / amino ethyl carbazole and counterstained with hematoxylin for the visualization using a light microscope. In addition to the specific antigen detection, formalin fixation offers other advantages like the determination of histological changes, relaxed conditions for specimen storage and transport (under ambient temperatures), ability to test retrospective cases and improved biological safety through the inactivation of infectious agents.

Here, we present an immunohistochemistry test protocol for the detection of rabies virus antigen as an alternative diagnostic test for formalin-fixed tissues.

Formalin-Sabit Dokulardan Lyssavirüs Antijen Tespiti için İmmünohistokiniti Testi

One of the primary diagnostic modalities for rabies is the detection of viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex (antigen) in the infected tissue samples. ...

Visualization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Early detection and eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients can reduce the chance of developing chronic infection. The development of chronic P. aeruginosa infections is associated with a decline in lung function and increased morbidity. Therefore, there is a great interest in elucidating the reasons for the failure to eradicate P. aeruginosa with antibiotic therapy which occurs in approximately 10-40% of pediatric patients. One of many factors that can affect host clearance of P. aeruginosa and antibiotic susceptibility is variations in spatial organization (such as aggregation or biofilm formation) and polysaccharide production. Therefore, we were interested in visualizing the in situ characteristics of P. aeruginosa within the sputum of CF patients. A tissue clearing technique was applied to sputum samples after embedding the samples into a hydrogel matrix to retain the 3D structures relative to host cells. After tissue clearing, fluorescent labels and dyes were added to allow visualization. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed for the visualization of bacterial cells, binding of fluorescently labeled anti-Psl-antibodies for the visualization of the exopolysaccharide and DAPI staining to stain host cells to obtain structural insight. These methods allowed for the high-resolution imaging of P. aeruginosa within the sputum of CF patients via confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Visualization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the Sputum of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

This protocol provides methods for visualization of bacterial cells and polysaccharide synthesis locus (Psl) polysaccharide within the sputum of cystic fibrosis patients.

Kistik Fibrozis Hastalarının Balgamında Pseudomonas aeruginosa'nın Görüntülenmesi

Early detection and eradication of Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients can reduce the chance of developing chronic ...

Phage-Mediated Genetic Manipulation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi

Introducing foreign DNA into the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi has been almost exclusively accomplished by transformation using electroporation. This process has notably lower efficiencies in the Lyme disease spirochete relative to other, better-characterized Gram-negative bacteria. The rate of success of transformation is highly dependent upon having concentrated amounts of high-quality DNA from specific backgrounds and is subject to significant strain-to-strain variability. Alternative means for introducing foreign DNA (i.e., shuttle vectors, fluorescent reporters, and antibiotic-resistance markers) into B. burgdorferi could be an important addition to the armamentarium of useful tools for the genetic manipulation of the Lyme disease spirochete. Bacteriophage have been well-recognized as natural mechanisms for the movement of DNA among bacteria in a process called transduction. In this study, a method has been developed for using the ubiquitous borrelial phage &#966;BB-1 to transduce DNA between B. burgdorferi cells of both the same and different genetic backgrounds. The transduced DNA includes both borrelial DNA and heterologous DNA in the form of small shuttle vectors. This demonstration suggests a potential use of phage-mediated transduction as a complement to electroporation for the genetic manipulation of the Lyme disease spirochete. This report describes methods for the induction and purification of phage &#966;BB-1 from B. burgdorferi, the use of this phage in transduction assays, and the selection and screening of potential transductants.

Phage-Mediated Genetic Manipulation of the Lyme Disease Spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi

The ability of bacteriophage to move DNA between bacterial cells makes them effective tools for the genetic manipulation of their bacterial hosts. Presented here is a methodology for inducing, recovering, and using &#966;BB-1, a bacteriophage of Borrelia burgdorferi, to transduce heterologous DNA between different strains of the Lyme disease spirochete.

Lyme Hastalığının Faj Aracılı Genetik Manipülasyonu Spiroket Borrelia burgdorferi

Introducing foreign DNA into the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi has been almost exclusively accomplished by transformation using electroporation. This ...

SARS-CoV-2 Varyantlarında Aşı Kaynaklı Nötralize Edici Antikorların Miktarının Belirlenmesi

Application of Ha-CoV-2 Pseudovirus for Rapid Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 Variants and Neutralizing Antibodies

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (COVID-19) has highlighted the need for rapid assays to accurately measure the infectivity of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and the effectiveness of vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies against viral variants. These assays are essential for pandemic surveillance and validating vaccines and variant-specific boosters. This manuscript demonstrates the application of a novel hybrid alphavirus-SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus (Ha-CoV-2) for quick quantification of SARS-CoV-2 variant infectivity and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies to viral variants. Ha-CoV-2 is a SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particle consisting of viral structural proteins (S, M, N, and E) and a fast-expressing RNA genome derived from an alphavirus, Semliki Forest Virus (SFV). Ha-CoV-2 also contains both green fluorescent protein (GFP) and luciferase reporter genes that allow for quick quantification of viral infectivity. As an example, the infectivity of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) and the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants are quantified, and their sensitivities to a neutralizing antibody (27VB) are also measured. These examples demonstrate the great potential of Ha-CoV-2 as a robust platform for rapid quantification of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies.

Yazar Spotlight: SARS-CoV-2 Araştırmalarında Omicron Alt Varyantlarını Değerlendirmek ve Antikorları Nötralize Etmek için Sahte Tip Bir Virüs Sistemi

This protocol describes the application of a novel hybrid alphavirus-SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus (Ha-CoV-2) as a platform for rapid quantification of infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 variants and their sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies.

SARS-CoV-2 Varyantlarının Hızlı Miktar Tayini ve Nötralize Edici Antikorlar için Ha-CoV-2 Psödovirüsünün Uygulanması

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic (COVID-19) has highlighted the need for rapid assays to accurately measure the infectivity of emerging SARS-CoV-2 ...