我们感谢生命基金，俄克拉荷马大学本科生研究机会计划，和动物部为这项工作提供资金。我们也感谢编辑帮助博士Mariëlle Hoefnagels。

1。预录音，现场动物的制备<ol><li>从JAR删除蝎子，并将其放置在一个预冷的玻璃容器;下，地方的jar蝎子含有冻结的环境（-5℃）最低两分钟。这个时间可能会根据不同的年龄，大小，品种，正在研究具体蝎子等。但一般来说，冷冻环境阶段完成后，一旦动物是一动不动。 </li><li>两分钟后，取出固定蝎子从寒冷的玻璃容器，放在载玻片腹侧。安全毒刺的尾巴，腿，和触肢与可塑性粘土（以石油为基础的，凡阿肯Plastalina）。 </li><li>制作了一个平台，把蝎子的pectines。调整平台的长度和宽度根据梳的大小。通常情况下，我们的平台上构造出显微镜的玻璃盖，约10（长）X 18（宽）mm。 </li><li>坚持双面胶带梳平台，修剪磁带（如有必要），以适应。 </li><li>为了使一个pectinal室，投入预熔化的蜡（我们使用100％蜂蜡芯片）三个平台的四边深度3-4毫米。我们位于一个热点板块，一个玻璃培养皿内放置芯片的蜡融化。一旦pectinal室的边缘上的蜡冷却到室温，这应该创建蜡壁高约1毫米。 </li><li>在动物中，找到pectinal插入点，并将其置于联合国的平台打蜡边缘（磁带朝上）后。随后，稳定平台（所以它不会稍后）对用于抑制动物的腿粘土其左，右外围边缘轻轻按下。 </li><li>使用细尖镊子小心地梳或箱内pectines。具体来说，使用产钳，沿pectinal脊椎举行梳，轻轻带出梳从下面的玻璃盖和降低胶粘剂平台地板上。仔细pectinal脊椎施加压力，建立一个梳到磁带的债券。 </li><li>现在申请联合国的平台打蜡边缘融化的蜡（我们使用预先加热的金属铲）。其目的是2倍，以确保梳和充分括室为未来的矿物油介绍。使用注意事项时，对动物的梳的蜡，因为它可能会损坏梳与蜡是太热。 </li><li>梳室建设已完成。接下来，建立一个与动物的血淋巴无动于衷电极插入一个两尾部分的银线连接。 </li></ol> 2。同时细胞外记录和化学性刺激<ol><li>我们准备动物24小时之前进行外，尖端的录音，其中，除其他原因（即动物调整到固定的位置），允许的时间来定制一个特定的（感器依赖）尖端直径兴奋剂移液器。为实现这样的规格，我们使用一个微量的车夫。理想的情况下，吸液管的直径比sensillar孔径较大≈2微米。我们相应地调整我们的微量规格为每只动物。 </li><li> 1小时的录音之前，我们添加5μL矿物油pectinal室，淹没在油梳。然后，我们的立场下一个高倍显微镜，具有较长的工作距离的目标和外延照明的动物。 </li><li>化学刺激PEG感器，我们将介绍通过油介质（即柠檬酸和盐）水tastants。首先，我们使用了微管的填充物注入兴奋剂兴奋剂吸管。注:所有兴奋剂的解决方案应包含电解质电导率。 </li><li>接下来，兴奋剂吸管定位在显微（录音钻机）后，记录电极插入钝，兴奋剂吸管的开口端。重要的是要保证金属电极和电解兴奋剂的解决方案之间的接触。 </li><li>一旦准备接地（通过无动于衷电极），通过油介质到sensillar孔吸管而降低。每pectinal感器的化学刺激的持续时间可能有所不同，从高达30分钟低至一秒钟。一般来说，我们可以品尝每吸管多个挂钩（&gt; 30）。在兴奋剂吸管变成分钟杂物堵塞事件，简单地交换了一个新的，未使用的吸管堵塞吸管。 </li></ol> 3。准备多天的实验动物<ol><li>如果动物是在延长的时间内，我们建议重用pectinal室和更换矿物油下降为每个记录会话。在某一天的录制工作完成后，删除从录音设置的动物和执行矿物油洗。 </li><li> SPECIfically，加入到商会的另一种矿物油的下降（5微升），并除去所有油。这有助于减少残留兴奋剂的存在，这可能在录制过程中会泄露移液器。 </li><li>在下届会议之前，加一滴油，​​如前面所述。 </li></ol> 4。代表性的成果: 根据录音设备（如放大器，数字化硬件等），有代表性的结果是细胞外记录与一个S:N的比例至少3:1。 矿物油室的建设成功隔离化学刺激个人感器是必要的，因为它提供了一个媒介提供极（水性） 的化学tastants 8。如果有油太少或根本没有，记录感器的刺激方案会蔓延到其邻国的感受器，这很可能造成长期的，不受控制的化学刺激8回合。

<ol>
	<li>Hodgson, E. S., Lettvin, J. Y., Roeder, K. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiology+of+a+Primary+Chemoreceptor+unit.">Physiology of a Primary Chemoreceptor unit.</a> Science. 12, 417-418 (1955).</li><li>Newland, P. L., Christensen, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Taste+processing+in+the+insect+nervous+system.">Taste processing in the insect nervous system.</a> Methods in Insect Sensory Neuroscience. , 289-318 (2005).</li><li>Foelix, R. F., M&#252;ller-Vorholt, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fine+structure+of+scorpion+sensory+organs+II.+Pecten+sensilla.">The fine structure of scorpion sensory organs II. Pecten sensilla.</a> Bull. Br. Arachnol. Soc. 6, 68-74 (1983).</li><li>Carthy, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fine+structure+and+function+of+the+sensory+pegs+on+the+scorpion+pecten.">Fine structure and function of the sensory pegs on the scorpion pecten.</a> Experientia. 22, 89-91 (1966).</li><li>Gaffin, D. D., Brownell, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Response+properties+of+chemosensory+peg+sensilla+on+the+pectines+of+scorpions.">Response properties of chemosensory peg sensilla on the pectines of scorpions.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 181, 291-300 (1997).</li><li>Wolf, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pectine+organs+of+the+scorpion,+Vaejovis+spinigerus:+Structure+and+(glomerular)+central+projections.">The pectine organs of the scorpion, Vaejovis spinigerus: Structure and (glomerular) central projections.</a> Arthropod Struct. Dev. 37, 67-80 (2008).</li><li>Gaffin, D. D., Brownell, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiological+evidence+of+synaptic+interactions+within+chemosensory+sensilla+of+scorpion+pectines.">Electrophysiological evidence of synaptic interactions within chemosensory sensilla of scorpion pectines.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 181, 301-307 (1997).</li><li>Knowlton, E. D., Gaffin, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+approach+to+examining+scorpion+peg+sensilla:+the+mineral+oil+flood+technique.">A new approach to examining scorpion peg sensilla: the mineral oil flood technique.</a> J. Arachnol. 37, 379-382 (2009).</li><li>Knowlton, E. D., Gaffin, D. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+tip-recording+method+to+test+scorpion+pecten+chemoresponses+to+water-soluble+stimulants.">A new tip-recording method to test scorpion pecten chemoresponses to water-soluble stimulants.</a> J. Neurosci Methods. , .</li><li>Haupt, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antennal+sucrose+perception+in+the+honey+bee+(Apis+mellifera+L.):+behaviour+and+electrophysiology.">Antennal sucrose perception in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.): behaviour and electrophysiology.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. A. 190, 735-745 (2004).</li><li>Bland, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensilla+on+the+antennae,+mouthparts,+and+body+of+the+larva+of+the+alfalfa+weevil,+hypera+postica+(gyllenhal)+(Coleoptera+:+Curculionidae).">Sensilla on the antennae, mouthparts, and body of the larva of the alfalfa weevil, hypera postica (gyllenhal) (Coleoptera : Curculionidae).</a> Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 12, 261-272 (1983).</li><li>Cate, H. S., Derby, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hooded+Sensilla+Homologues:+Structural+Variations+of+a+Widely+Distributed+Bimodal+Chemomechanosensillum.">Hooded Sensilla Homologues: Structural Variations of a Widely Distributed Bimodal Chemomechanosensillum.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 444, 345-357 (2002).</li></ol>

我们曾出版两本期刊，伟达和加芬（2009年）和伟达和加芬（记者）这些方法。

上述协议，介绍了如何准备一个荒漠草原蝎（Paruroctonus utahensis）电生理研究。具体来说，我们将展示如何建立一个控制外pectinal石油化学感受神经元的一角录音室。由于油和水不混合，它可以隔离化学刺激（水性兴奋剂）单感器。应该强调的是P。 utahensis，是一个相对较小的动物（≈2.5-5厘米），适用本议定书，以较大的动物，可能需要很多的大小的调整，如动物的平台，商会的规模和量的石油。我们建议进行试点研究，以测试水性化学兴奋剂的控制下交付所需石油的最低金额。 此外，我们没有发现石油的基线pectinal 感器 8内的神经活动的影响。这应该是其他模型系统证实为好，前评估chemoresponsiveness。 这种方法可用于在与另一种方法来测试chemoresponse在感官领域的互动效应之间感器。例如，它可以从一个感器提示记录（油），因为我们基地通过钨电极记录从一个邻国感器9。这样的记录配置可用于评估是否没有化学刺激之一感器，影响神经活动的基础记录感器。至目前为止，没有一个蝎子pectinal感器测试这一点，它仍然是一个悬而未决的问题以及其他化学感受系统。 总而言之，我们认为在石油进步电到节肢动物味觉的神经基础调查的范围提示记录方法。在这个手稿中，我们提供了协议，准备对这个方法的动物，我们希望它的外周感觉神经系统的进一步研究提供了一个坚实的基础。

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<td>Lift-N-Press tab</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
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<td>MicroFil</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
<td>MF34G</td>
<td>Micropipette filler</td>
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<td>Standard Glass Capillaries</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
<td>1B100F-6</td>
<td>Glass pipettes</td>
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<td>Microelectrode Holder</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>World Precision Instruments, Inc. </td>
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electrophysiology of scorpion peg sensilla

我们描述了一个修改现有的尖端录音技术 1,2 electrophysiologically短，PEG -感觉感受器 3,4调查。在中腹的所有蝎子的表面是两个所谓pectines的附属物，其中有密集的领域的机 ​​械和化学感受PEG感器5,6。评估这些感受器chemoresponsiveness的方法之一，使用的钨电极细胞外记录在感器神经活动引入一种挥发性气味的感官领域5,7。这种方法的局限性，包括缓慢的数据收集和不受控制兴奋剂的介绍，并拆除，PEG领域。为了克服这些限制，我们开发了一个新的提示录音技术，使用非极性的矿物油作为一种媒介，通过它来提供水性tastants个人PEG 感器 8,9 。我们已经成功地应用此方法来获取sensillar chemoresponses，柠檬酸，乙醇，和盐。在这里，我们描述了这样一个研究9的实验方案。我们认为这种新方法可用于研究其他节肢动物的化学感应系统，包括昆虫10，11和甲壳类动物 12响应特性。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electrophysiology of Scorpion Peg Sensilla at JoVE.com

Electrophysiology of Scorpion Peg Sensilla

本文介绍了一种通过化学刺激外，在矿物油尖录音隔离个人感器的电生理方法。

毒蝎钉感器电

We describe a modification of an existing tip-recording technique1,2 for electrophysiologically investigating short, peg-like sensory sensilla3,4. On the ...

electrophysiology-of-scorpion-peg-sensilla

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

8.9K 次观看.  University of Oklahoma. 本文介绍了一种通过化学刺激外，在矿物油尖录音隔离个人感器的电生理方法。

视频: Electrophysiology of Scorpion Peg Sensilla

Simultaneous fMRI and Electrophysiology in the Rodent Brain

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in which functional MRI data and in vivo intracortical recording can be performed simultaneously. The combination of MRI and electrical recording is technically challenging because the electrodes used for recording distort the MRI images and the MRI acquisition induces noise in the electrical recording. To minimize the mutual interference of the two modalities, glass microelectrodes were used rather than metal and a noise removal algorithm was implemented for the electrophysiology data. In our studies, two microelectrodes were separately implanted in bilateral primary somatosensory cortices (SI) of the rat and fixed in place. One coronal slice covering the electrode tips was selected for functional MRI. Electrode shafts and fixation positions were not included in the image slice to avoid imaging artifacts. The removed scalp was replaced with toothpaste to reduce susceptibility mismatch and prevent Gibbs ringing artifacts in the images. The artifact structure induced in the electrical recordings by the rapidly-switching magnetic fields during image acquisition was characterized by averaging all cycles of scans for each run. The noise structure during imaging was then subtracted from original recordings. The denoised time courses were then used for further analysis in combination with the fMRI data. As an example, the simultaneous acquisition was used to determine the relationship between spontaneous fMRI BOLD signals and band-limited intracortical electrical activity. Simultaneous fMRI and electrophysiological recording in the rodent will provide a platform for many exciting applications in neuroscience in addition to elucidating the relationship between the fMRI BOLD signal and neuronal activity.

We have developed a method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and electrophysiological recording in the rodent brain, providing a platform for the investigation of the relationship between neural activity and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI signal.

同时在啮齿动物脑功能磁共振成像和电

To examine the neural basis of the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal, we have developed a rodent model in ...

科研

神经科学

Spinal Cord Electrophysiology II: Extracellular Suction Electrode Fabrication

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate a method to fabricate suction electrodes that are used to examine CPG activity, or fictive locomotion, in dissected rodent spinal cords. The rodent spinal cords are placed in artificial cerebrospinal fluid and the ventral roots are drawn into the suction electrode. The electrode is constructed by modifying a commercially available suction electrode. A heavier silver wire is used instead of the standard wire given by the commercially available electrode. The glass tip on the commercial electrode is replaced with a plastic tip for increased durability. We prepare hand drawn electrodes and electrodes made from specific sizes of tubing, allowing consistency and reproducibility. Data is collected using an amplifier and neurogram acquisition software. Recordings are performed on an air table within a Faraday cage to prevent mechanical and electrical interference, respectively.

A demonstration of the fabrication and use of an extracellular suction electrode used to measure electrophysiological recordings of neonatal rodent spinal cords in vitro

脊髓电二:外吸电极的制作

Development of neural circuitries and locomotion can be studied using neonatal rodent spinal cord central pattern generator (CPG) behavior. We demonstrate ...

Culturing and Electrophysiology of Cells on NRCC Patch-clamp Chips

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard of electrophysiology applied to disease models and pharmaceutical screens alike 1. The method traditionally involves gently contacting a cell with a glass pipette filled by a physiological solution in order to isolate a patch of the membrane under its apex 2. An electrode inserted in the pipette captures ion-channel activity within the membrane patch or, when ruptured, for the whole cell. In the last decade, patch-clamp chips have been proposed as an alternative 3, 4: a suspended film separates the physiological medium from the culture medium, and an aperture microfabricated in the film replaces the apex of the pipette. Patch-clamp chips have been integrated in automated systems and commercialized for high-throughput screening 5. To increase throughput, they include the fluidic delivery of cells from suspension, their positioning on the aperture by suction, and automated routines to detect cell-to-probe seals and enter into whole cell mode. We have reported on the fabrication of a silicon patch-clamp chip with optimized impedance and orifice shape that permits the high-quality recording of action potentials in cultured snail neurons 6; recently, we have also reported progress towards interrogating mammalian neurons 7. Our patch-clamp chips are fabricated at the Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre 8, a commercial foundry, and are available in large series. We are eager to engage in collaborations with electrophysiologists to validate the use of the NRCC technology in different models. The chips are used according to the general scheme represented in Figure 1: the silicon chip is at the bottom of a Plexiglas culture vial and the back of the aperture is connected to a subterranean channel fitted with tubes at either end of the package. Cells are cultured in the vial and the cell on top of the probe is monitored by a measuring electrode inserted in the channel.The two outside fluidic ports facilitate solution exchange with minimal disturbance to the cell; this is an advantage compared to glass pipettes for intracellular perfusion.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3288/3288fig1.jpg" />
Figure 1. Principle of measurement using the NRCC patch-clamp chip
We detail here the protocols to sterilize and prime the chips, load them with medium, plate them with cells, and finally use them for electrophysiological recordings.

We show how planar patch-clamp chips fabricated at the National Research Council of Canada are sterilized, primed, loaded with medium, plated with cells, and used for electrophysiological recordings.

NRCC的膜片钳芯片上细胞的培养和电

Due to its exquisite sensitivity and the ability to monitor and control individual cells at the level of ion channels, patch-clamping is the gold standard ...

Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We developed a novel nanoinjection/electrophysiology assay that allows the detection of bioactive modulatory effects of compounds on the function of a neuronal circuit that mediates the escape response in Drosophila melanogaster3,4. Our in vivo assay, which uses the Drosophila Giant Fiber System (GFS, Figure 1) allows screening of different types of compounds, such as small molecules or peptides, and requires only minimal quantities to elicit an effect. In addition, the Drosophila GFS offers a large variety of potential molecular targets on neurons or muscles. The Giant Fibers (GFs) synapse electrically (Gap Junctions) as well as chemically (cholinergic) onto a Peripheral Synapsing Interneuron (PSI) and the Tergo Trochanteral Muscle neuron (TTMn)5. The PSI to DLMn (Dorsal Longitudinal Muscle neuron) connection is dependent on D&alpha;7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)6. Finally, the neuromuscular junctions (NMJ) of the TTMn and the DLMn with the jump (TTM) and flight muscles (DLM) are glutamatergic7-12. Here, we demonstrate how to inject nanoliter quantities of a compound, while obtaining electrophysiological intracellular recordings from the Giant Fiber System13 and how to monitor the effects of the compound on the function of this circuit. We show specificity of the assay with methyllycaconitine citrate (MLA), a nAChR antagonist, which disrupts the PSI to DLMn connection but not the GF to TTMn connection or the function of the NMJ at the jump or flight muscles.
Before beginning this video it is critical that you carefully watch and become familiar with the JoVE video titled "Electrophysiological Recordings from the Giant Fiber Pathway of D. melanogaster " from Augustin et al7, as the video presented here is intended as an expansion to this existing technique. Here we use the electrophysiological recordings method and focus in detail only on the addition of the paired nanoinjections and monitoring technique.

Paired Nanoinjection and Electrophysiology Assay to Screen for Bioactivity of Compounds using the Drosophila melanogaster Giant Fiber System

A rapid in vivo assay to test for neuromodulatory compounds using the Giant Fiber System (GFS) of Drosophila melanogaster is described. Nanoinjections in the head of the animal along with electrophysiological recordings of the GFS can reveal bioactivity of compounds on neurons or muscles.

电检测屏幕的配对Nanoinjection和生物活性化合物的使用果蝇巨人纤维系统

Screening compounds for in vivo activity can be used as a first step to identify candidates that may be developed into pharmacological agents1,2. We ...

An Isolated Semi-intact Preparation of the Mouse Vestibular Sensory Epithelium for Electrophysiology and High-resolution Two-photon Microscopy

Understanding vestibular hair cells function under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this function is a vital step in the development of preventative approaches and/or novel therapeutic strategies. However, the majority of studies looking at abnormal vestibular function have not been at the cellular level but focused primarily on behavioral assays of vestibular dysfunction such as gait analyses and vestibulo-ocular reflex performance. While this work has yielded valuable data about what happens when things go wrong, little information is gleaned regarding the underlying causes of dysfunction. Of the studies that focus on the cellular and subcellular processes that underlie vestibular function, most have relied on acutely isolated hair cells, devoid of their synaptic connections and supporting cell environment. Therefore, a major technical challenge has been access to the exquisitely sensitive vestibular hair cells in a preparation that is least disrupted, physiologically. Here we demonstrate a semi-intact preparation of the mouse vestibular sensory epithelium that retains the local micro-environment including hair cell/primary afferent complexes.

Analysis of vestibular hair cell function is complicated by their location deep within the hardest part of the skull, the petrous temporal bone. Most functional hair cell studies have used acutely isolated hair cells. Here we describe a semi-intact preparation of mouse vestibular epithelium for electrophysiological and two-photon microscopy studies.

一个孤立的半完整的上下游鼠标前庭上皮细胞电生理和高分辨率的双光子显微镜

Understanding vestibular hair cells function  under normal conditions, or how trauma, disease, and aging disrupt this  function is a vital step in the ...

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the researcher to measure gustatory responses directly and quantitatively, reflecting the sensory input that the insect nervous system receives from taste stimuli in its environment. This protocol outlines all key steps in performing this technique. The critical steps in assembling an electrophysiology rig, such as selection of necessary equipment and a suitable environment for recording, are delineated. We also describe how to prepare for recording by making appropriate reference and recording electrodes, and tastant solutions. We describe in detail the method used for preparing the insect by insertion of a glass reference electrode into the fly in order to immobilize the proboscis. We show traces of the electrical impulses fired by taste neurons in response to a sugar and a bitter compound. Aspects of the protocol are technically challenging and we include an extensive description of some common technical challenges that may be encountered, such as lack of signal or excessive noise in the system, and potential solutions. The technique has limitations, such as the inability to deliver temporally complex stimuli, observe background firing immediately prior to stimulus delivery, or use water-insoluble taste compounds conveniently. Despite these limitations, this technique (including minor variations referenced in the protocol) is a standard, broadly accepted procedure for recording Drosophila neuronal responses to taste compounds.

Electrophysiological Recording From Drosophila Labellar Taste Sensilla

This protocol describes extracellular recording of the action potential responses fired by labellar taste neurons in Drosophila.

电生理记录从<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt; Labellar味感器

The peripheral taste response of insects can be powerfully investigated with electrophysiological techniques. The method described here allows the ...

Real-time Electrophysiology: Using Closed-loop Protocols to Probe Neuronal Dynamics and Beyond

Experimental neuroscience is witnessing an increased interest in the development and application of novel and often complex, closed-loop protocols, where the stimulus applied depends in real-time on the response of the system. Recent applications range from the implementation of virtual reality systems for studying motor responses both in mice1 and in zebrafish2, to control of seizures following cortical stroke using optogenetics3. A key advantage of closed-loop techniques resides in the capability of probing higher dimensional properties that are not directly accessible or that depend on multiple variables, such as neuronal excitability4 and reliability, while at the same time maximizing the experimental throughput. In this contribution and in the context of cellular electrophysiology, we describe how to apply a variety of closed-loop protocols to the study of the response properties of pyramidal cortical neurons, recorded intracellularly with the patch clamp technique in acute brain slices from the somatosensory cortex of juvenile rats. As no commercially available or open source software provides all the features required for efficiently performing the experiments described here, a new software toolbox called LCG5 was developed, whose modular structure maximizes reuse of computer code and facilitates the implementation of novel experimental paradigms. Stimulation waveforms are specified using a compact meta-description and full experimental protocols are described in text-based configuration files. Additionally, LCG has a command-line interface that is suited for repetition of trials and automation of experimental protocols.

Closed-loop protocols are becoming increasingly widespread in modern day electrophysiology. We present a simple, versatile and inexpensive way to perform complex electrophysiological protocols in cortical pyramidal neurons in vitro, using a desktop computer and a digital acquisition board.

实时电:采用闭环协议来探测神经动力学和超越

Experimental neuroscience is witnessing an increased interest in the development and application of novel and often complex, closed-loop protocols, where ...

Electrophysiology on Isolated Brainstem-spinal Cord Preparations from Newborn Rodents Allows Neural Respiratory Network Output Recording

While it is well known that the central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem, several aspects of its basic function, development, and response to stimuli remain to be fully understood. To overcome the difficulty of accessing the brainstem in the whole animal, isolation of the brainstem and part of the spinal cord is performed. This preparation is maintained in artificial cerebro-spinal fluid where gases, concentrations, and temperature are controlled and monitored. The output signal from the respiratory network is recorded by a suction electrode placed on the fourth ventral root. In this manner, stimuli can be directly applied onto the brainstem, and the effect can be recorded directly. The signal recorded is linked to the inspiratory signal sent to the diaphragm via the phrenic nerve, and can be described as bursts (around 8 bursts per minute). Analysis of these bursts (frequency, amplitude, length, and area under the curve) allows precise characterization of the stimulus effect on the respiratory network. The main limitation of this method is the viability of the preparation beyond the early post-natal stages. Thus, this method greatly focuses on the study of the whole network without the peripheral inputs in the newborn rat.

The central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem. Spontaneous respiratory motor output from an isolated brainstem-spinal cord is recorded by placing an electrode on the fourth ventral root. This experimental approach is valuable for pharmacological investigations or the assessment of respiratory challenges and genetic manipulations on rhythmic motor behavior.

电从新生儿鼠害隔离脑干，脊髓准备允许呼吸中枢网络输出记录

While it is well known that the central respiratory drive is located in the brainstem, several aspects of its basic function, development, and response to ...

Spiral Ganglion Neuron Explant Culture and Electrophysiology on Multi Electrode Arrays

Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) participate in the physiological process of hearing by relaying signals from sensory hair cells to the cochlear nucleus in the brain stem. Loss of hair cells is a major cause of sensory hearing loss. Prosthetic devices such as cochlear implants function by bypassing lost hair cells and directly stimulating SGNs electrically, allowing for restoration of hearing in deaf patients. The performance of these devices depends on the functionality of SGNs, the implantation procedure and on the distance between the electrodes and the auditory neurons. 
We hypothesized, that reducing the distance between the SGNs and the electrode array of the implant would allow for improved stimulation and frequency resolution, with the best results in a gapless position. Currently we lack in vitro culture systems to study, modify and optimize the interaction between auditory neurons and electrode arrays and characterize their electrophysiological response. To address these issues, we developed an in vitro bioassay using SGN cultures on a planar multi electrode array (MEA). With this method we were able to perform extracellular recording of the basal and electrically induced activity of a population of spiral ganglion neurons. We were also able to optimize stimulation protocols and analyze the response to electrical stimuli as a function of the electrode distance. This platform could also be used to optimize electrode features such as surface coatings.

We present a protocol to culture primary murine spiral ganglion neuron explants on multi electrode arrays to study neuronal response profiles and optimize stimulation parameters. Such studies aim to improve the neuron-electrode interface of cochlear implants to benefit hearing in patients as well as the energy consumption of the device.

螺旋神经节神经元外植体培养及电多电极阵列

Spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) participate in the physiological process of hearing by relaying signals from sensory hair cells to the cochlear nucleus in ...

Prolonged Incubation of Acute Neuronal Tissue for Electrophysiology and Calcium-imaging

Acute neuronal tissue preparations, brain slices and retinal wholemount, can usually only be maintained for 6 - 8 h following dissection. This limits the experimental time, and increases the number of animals that are utilized per study. This limitation specifically impacts protocols such as calcium imaging that require prolonged pre-incubation with bath-applied dyes. Exponential bacterial growth within 3 - 4 h after slicing is tightly correlated with a decrease in tissue health. This study describes a method for&#160;limiting the proliferation of bacteria in acute preparations to maintain viable neuronal tissue for prolonged periods of time (&#62;24 h) without the need for antibiotics, sterile procedures, or tissue culture media containing growth factors. By cycling the extracellular fluid through UV irradiation and keeping the tissue in a custom holding chamber at 15 - 16 &#176;C, the tissue shows no difference in electrophysiological properties, or calcium signaling through intracellular calcium dyes at &#62;24 h postdissection. These methods will not only extend experimental time for those using acute neuronal tissue, but will reduce the number of animals required to complete experimental goals, and will set a gold standard for acute neuronal tissue incubation.

Once removed from the body, neuronal tissue is greatly affected by environmental conditions, leading to eventual degradation of the tissue after 6 - 8 h. Using a unique incubation method, which closely monitors and regulates the extracellular environment of the tissue, tissue viability can be significantly extended for &#62;24 h.

对于电生理和钙成像急性神经组织的长时间培养

Acute neuronal tissue preparations, brain slices and retinal wholemount, can usually only be maintained for 6 - 8 h following dissection. This limits the ...