这项工作是由安大略省精神卫生基金会，自然科学和工程研究理事会加拿大和MED Associates公司

1。协议的设计<ol><li> 校准：一组实验前，校准扬声器。这是很重要的，使扬声器显示，被实验者设置的确切体积。此外校准灵敏度的传感器平台，根据供应商的手册惊吓箱。换能器转换成电压信号的垂直移动的平台。确保校准系统时，有没有正在进行的实验，所有箱子校准以同样的方式。 </li><li> I / O功能：如果新菌株的小鼠或大鼠进行了测量，应建立一个输入/输出功能。一个恒定的背景白噪声65至68分贝（见下文）5-10分钟的驯化期后，应显示的惊吓刺激（20毫秒白噪声），每20秒，在70-75分贝左右开始。惊吓刺激的强度将增加2-5分贝，直到达到120-130分贝，在10-30试验造成惊吓刺激（见图1）彼此之间的刺激。 </li><li>在一个协议，协议结构 ：习惯，前脉冲抑制可以测量。该协议是划分成一个驯化期间，块I（习惯），紧接着第二块（生产者价格指数，图2）。在测量前脉冲抑制，动物应始终接受不惊人死不休的习惯，使惊吓衰减由于习惯不干预与PPI测量。 </li><li> 驯化期间：每个动物进行测试的时候，它首先进行驯化阶段，以适应动物的持有人，惊跳框和背景噪音。在5-10分钟驯化期间，6568分贝白噪声恒定的背景噪声（取决于环境噪声）显示，但不惊人死不休的刺激。在这个阶段，动物会平静下来，停下来探索环境，并停止走动。 </li><li> 我习惯座：对于短期的习惯（运输及房屋局局长），30 -100之间的惊吓刺激，应根据申请的背景。惊吓刺激，通常持续时间为20毫秒的白噪声和非常陡峭的上升时间（0，如果可能的话）。坐落在I / O功能达到高原最大的惊吓反应，一般在105至115分贝的音量强度。单独审判之间的​​时间间隔应始终为20秒或随机在10和30秒（见讨论和图3）之间。 </li><li> 第二座前脉冲抑制：为了衡量PPI吓一跳脉冲单独与一个脉冲试验，试验是在第二座pseudorandomized。背景噪声和惊吓刺激块一脉冲是一个持续时间为4毫秒的白噪声也急剧上升时间。两个参数可以是多种多样的：不惊人死不休的脉冲强度的脉冲（见讨论）之间的脉冲刺激间隔。我们建议经常使用两个不同的脉冲强度（75和85分贝）和两个不同interstimulus的时间间隔（30毫秒，100毫秒）。因此，有四种不同的脉冲，脉冲试验加单独的惊跳脉冲试验pseudorandomized并显示各10次，总计50试验。审间的时间间隔可以为20秒或随机在10和30秒（见讨论）之间。在某些情况下，它可能是有益的添加一个第六种试验，这是一个脉冲单独审判（见讨论和图4）。 </li><li> 长期习惯：为了衡量LTH，整个协议是运行在随后至少5天。另外，只驯化阶段和块，我可以运行，但是，为了看到LTH，阻止我应该包含至少惊吓100刺激。介绍的每天30刺激导致很少或没有在大多数动物的LTH，尤其是在小鼠。运行应约每一天的同一时间，由于惊吓反应振幅与昼夜周期波动。 </li></ol> 2。处理和动物驯化有很大的差异，在处理和大鼠与小鼠的驯化。老鼠将被放置到合适的动物2-5分钟的背景噪音，但没有惊吓刺激（驯化阶段程序）持有人（他们不应该受限制）。此过程应重复3-5次，每天一次或两次，直到排便和排尿鼠标持有人停止或大大降低。动物持有人应始终更换或清洗后的动物被删除。 应至少三次会议17处理大鼠。在第三处理会议结束时，它们被放置到一个合适的动物持有人（不限制）和背景噪音暴露几分钟。取出后，他们可以得到相应的回报以表格P葵花籽ositive协会与测试过程。重复此过程两次，逐渐扩大的驯化时间，整个协议运行之前。 对于测试会话，动物被放置到所有分庭，门窗紧闭，驯化阶段的协议，阻止我和二块运行。如果有不同的动物群体（注射剂，基因型），他们应该是混合型或随机在不同的运行和不同的盒子。如果动物反复测试（例如，具有不同的治疗方法），应重新测试，在同一个盒子。对于重复PPI大鼠测试，我们也建议运行一个完整的协议，实际的数据收集发生之前。 PPI往往提高之间的第一次和第二次测试会议（PPI学习），此后保持一致。它也消除了LTH的很大一部分。 3。数据分析<ol><li> 短期的习惯 ：对于短期的习惯分析，阻止所有惊吓的反应，我，绘制每个动物。如果一个组内的动物也有类似的惊吓反应幅度，值可以是动物之间的平均值。然而，在大多数情况下，绝对不惊人死不休的振幅不同动物之间和惊吓水平相当，一般都不会分布。在这种情况下，它是较为可行的正常化每个动物的数据，其第一或前两个，惊跳反应块的平均I（动物有时入睡，在驯化阶段低的惊吓反应和高第二个不惊人死不休）。平均规范化的数据，然后可以在所有动物，以积习惯的过程中。对于习惯金额的量化考核，得分可以计算出每种动物，如平均除以平均前两个反应（图6）在过去10惊跳反应。 </li><li> 前脉冲抑制：前脉冲抑制分析，第二块的数据进行排序，根据审判的类型（例如，通过脉冲ISI的强度和持续时间的所有相关数据列导出到Excel和排序）。每个审判类型的10个的痕迹，然后平均，脉冲，脉冲试验的结果值除以惊跳脉冲仅值乘以100。这揭示了不同的脉冲对每个动物的条件下不惊人死不休的剩余量（基准惊跳％）。基线不惊人死不休（单脉冲）是100％。这些值可以跨一组动物平均，并绘制（图7a）。另外，PPI的金额可以绘制减去100％（图7b），其余的惊吓反应。请注意：当你比较生产者价格指数在不同群体的动物，你应该也总是报告如比较惊跳脉冲单独试验的绝对不惊人死不休的振幅（或块我惊吓振幅）在基线不惊人死不休的振幅是否有差异， 。 </li><li> 长期习惯：为了分析LTH块的每一天我的前两个反应的平均值，并绘制在至少连续五次测试会议。这消除的可能性，在运输及房屋局局长的差异影响LTH分析的结果。如果已经建立，在不影响治疗/基因块及房屋局局长，或者所有响应，我可以简单地平均每天被绘制。 LTH可以量化的一个习惯得分最后的日子“价值的第一天”的价值除以，再乘以100计算，使初始吓一跳水平的剩余百分比显示LTH后。习惯的分数，然后可以平均跨动物（图8）。 </li></ol> 4。代表性的成果： <ol><li> I / O功能：鼠害通常开始从85-90分贝的音量惊人死不休（20毫秒，白噪声） 。惊吓反应增加，数量不断增加，通常达到100-110分贝的最高。如果动物大大偏离这些价值观，动物可能会破坏听觉能力或运动能力。典型的I / O功能都显示在图5。 </li><li> 短期的习惯 ：处理得好大鼠正常habituate他们最初的惊吓反应的60％左右;但是，也有巨大的个体差异和应变差异。通常在发生前几个刺激最强的习惯效果。的小鼠一般不habituate小于大鼠（通常是80％左右），但应变的差异可能会非常大。一个典型的习惯当然是在图6所示。 </li><li> 前脉冲抑制：大多数老鼠显示出最佳的脉冲（85分贝，4毫秒，白噪声）的90％左右，PPI 。 PPI是非常强大的，个体差异与这些实验的设置相对较小。下卷prepulses产量少的生产者价格指数和多变性（甚至在一种动物），但似乎也更容易受到药物或遗传操作。不同的生产者价格指数结果如图7所示。 </li><li> 长期习惯：长期的习惯，可观察到了几个测试会话。 LTH是非常强大大鼠。在小鼠实验中，它往往需要很多的惊吓刺激，在每届会议的演示，以观察LTH。典型的LTH结果可以看出，在图8。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3446/3446fig1.jpg" /> 图1 I / O功能。刺激协议后5-10分钟的驯化期。 65分贝的声压等级（SPL）的背景噪声并没有惊吓刺激（未显示），20毫秒白噪声刺激是每20秒。从75至130 dB，5 dB增量（BG =背景噪音），强度逐渐增大。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3446/3446fig2.jpg" /> 图2：在整个协议的议定书“相结合的习惯和PPI测量结构。的，恒定的背景噪音为65分贝应用。有5-10分钟的驯化期。没有任何进一步的刺激。紧接着，习惯性测试30-100惊吓刺激（块I，见图3）。这是紧接着由PPI测试（二座，见图4）。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3446/3446fig3.jpg" /> 图3。刺激（块）协议，用于测量习惯。一个例子是一个典型的块，我测试的短期习惯。它由30 100 20毫秒105分贝0上升时间白噪声审间间隔20秒（ITI）的相同试验。本议定书的变化可能包括更高的惊人死不休的刺激强度或变量ITIS <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3446/3446fig4.jpg" /> 图4。刺激测量PPI（第二座）的协议 。一种典型的一个BLOCK II测试PPI例子所示。第二座由5-6个不同的试验类型，各10次是在pseudorandomized为了。在这里，两个不同的脉冲强度（75分贝和85分贝）和两个不同interstimulus的时间间隔（ISIS，30和100 ms）进行测试。惊吓刺激的试验和脉冲单独试验穿插。此块将有6x10 = 60的试验。 Prepulses 0上升时间4毫秒白噪声脉冲。本议定书的变化将包括的变量ITIS，不惊人死不休的刺激强度较高，不同的脉冲强度和/或持续时间，和不同的脉冲和脉冲之间的交收指示。 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/3446/3446fig5.jpg" /> 图5。一个I / O功能。一脉相承的11个人小鼠的输入/输出曲线显示为灰色。在这种情况下，个人不惊人死不休的幅度有很大的不同（惊跳反应任意单位）。黑色实线显示的平均惊跳幅度在不同的惊吓刺激强度和标准错误。这些小鼠在105分贝达到其最大的惊吓反应。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/3446/3446fig6.jpg" /> 图6，例如短期的习惯数据。一个典型的短期平均20只小鼠的习惯曲线所示。其前两个试验1和2的惊吓反应的平均每只小鼠惊跳幅度在30惊跳刺激正常化。跨小鼠和规范化的数据，然后平均计算标准错误。 <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/3446/3446fig7.jpg" /> 图7例PPI数据答：平均的生产者价格指数的8只小鼠的数据显示。 10吓一跳第二块单独的试验，平均每个鼠标和其他审判类型的平均值作为刺激的惊吓振幅的百分比表示。该图显示了不同的脉冲条件下的惊吓反应振幅。两种不同的ISIS（30和100 ms）和两个不同的脉冲强度（75和85分贝）进行了测量。 B：在A，但PPI在基线吓一跳％量绘制相同的数据。如上图所示的数据是从100中减去。这些小鼠表现出最大的生产者价格指数在50％左右。请注意，相同的协议收益率大部分在90％左右的大鼠株PPI。 <img alt="图8" src="/files/ftp_upload/3446/3446fig8.jpg" /> 图8例如长期习惯的数据 ：18只小鼠均LTH数据显示。 T他第一次两个惊吓反应块中的每一天我的平均值在所有小鼠。主要是由于个别小鼠之间的绝对不惊人死不休的幅度差异比较大的标准误差棒。乙：归不惊人死不休的幅度超过5天的18只小鼠。为了降低噪声，连续6块我（30刺激）惊吓反应组始终平均每头牲畜，造成5块我为每个动物每天的值。这些被归为每个动物的第一天第一个值（100％）。在所有18只动物的平均显示。它显示及房屋局局长在每一天，以及跨5天的LTH。

<ol>
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M., Thompson, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Habituation:+a+dual-process+theory.">Habituation: a dual-process theory.</a> Psychol Rev. 77, 419-450 (1970).</li><li>Grillon, C., Baas, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+the+modulation+of+the+startle+reflex+by+affective+states+and+its+application+in+psychiatry.">A review of the modulation of the startle reflex by affective states and its application in psychiatry.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 114, 1557-1579 (2003).</li><li>Davis, M., Walker, D. L., Myers, K. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restraint+stress+in+biomedical+research:+a+review.">Restraint stress in biomedical research: a review.</a> Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 10, 339-370 (1986).</li><li>Li, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Top-down+modulation+of+prepulse+inhibition+of+the+startle+reflex+in+humans+and+rats.">Top-down modulation of prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in humans and rats.</a> Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 33, 1157-1167 (2009).</li><li>Yee, B. K., Russig, H., Feldon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apomorphine-induced+prepulse+inhibition+disruption+is+associated+with+a+paradoxical+enhancement+of+prepulse+stimulus+reactivity.">Apomorphine-induced prepulse inhibition disruption is associated with a paradoxical enhancement of prepulse stimulus reactivity.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 29, 240-248 (2004).</li><li>Csomor, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+prepulse+inhibition+and+prepulse-elicited+reactivity+but+intact+reflex+circuit+excitability+in+unmedicated+schizophrenia+patients:+a+comparison+with+healthy+subjects+and+medicated+schizophrenia+patients.">Impaired prepulse inhibition and prepulse-elicited reactivity but intact reflex circuit excitability in unmedicated schizophrenia patients: a comparison with healthy subjects and medicated schizophrenia patients.</a> Schizophr Bull. 35, 244-255 (2009).</li><li>Yeomans, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABA+receptors+and+prepulse+inhibition+of+acoustic+startle+in+mice+and+rats.">GABA receptors and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in mice and rats.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 31, 2053-2061 (2010).</li><li>Jones, C. K., Shannon, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+scopolamine+in+comparison+with+apomorphine+and+phencyclidine+on+prepulse+inhibition+in+rats.">Effects of scopolamine in comparison with apomorphine and phencyclidine on prepulse inhibition in rats.</a> Eur J Pharmacol. 391, 105-112 (2000).</li><li>Clark, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+processing+of+complex+auditory+stimuli+in+rats+with+induced+cerebrocortical+microgyria:+An+animal+model+of+developmental+language+disabilities.">Impaired processing of complex auditory stimuli in rats with induced cerebrocortical microgyria: An animal model of developmental language disabilities.</a> J Cogn Neurosci. 12, 828-839 (2000).</li><li>McClure, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+auditory+processing+and+learning+deficits+in+rats+with+P1+versus+P7+neonatal+hypoxic-ischemic+injury.">Rapid auditory processing and learning deficits in rats with P1 versus P7 neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury.</a> Behav Brain Res. 172, 114-121 (2006).</li><li>Fitch, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+a+modified+prepulse+inhibition+paradigm+to+assess+complex+auditory+discrimination+in+rodents.">Use of a modified prepulse inhibition paradigm to assess complex auditory discrimination in rodents.</a> Brain Res Bull. 76, 1-7 (2008).</li></ol>

这条生产部分由医学，在这篇文章中使用的仪器制造商。

变异测试协议调制惊跳反应进行了研究，在人类和动物的几十年。在过去已经使用一个不同的协议种类繁多。目前的协议是一个相对较短，易于操作的测试，行之有效的啮齿类动物，但是，根据对各自问题的兴趣和以前的工作重点，它可能是有用的，此协议而有所改变，以获得的数据相媲美以往的相关研究。一个常见的​​变化包括增加更多的脉冲强度范围从3分贝以上的背景噪声20分贝以上的噪音。此外，习惯块可分割成一个短5-10刺激前PPI块块，再加上一个5-10刺激后PPI 18-20块第三块。一个设计一个测试协议之前，现有的文献进行深入研究是必要的。 品种和品系之间的差异惊吓反应幅度和习惯金额相同的实物和应变的单一动物之间差别很大，而生产者价格指数似乎是比较一致的。小鼠一般不移动（自愿）在测试过程中，这可能是一个原因，其数据一般比大鼠的数据较高的可变性。小鼠也没有habituate以及老鼠。个人的小鼠或大鼠品种之间的差异是巨大的21日至24日，它可能是必要的一个特定的应变惊吓行为，以适应刺激参数，以获得最佳的结果。应避免使用相同的设备来测试小鼠和大鼠。如果它是不可避免的，设备，应彻底清洗用乙醇。 增益系数有时是在一个组内的个别惊跳反应的巨大差异。为了衡量PPI和习惯，基线或第一惊跳反应应该是理想的测量系统的动态范围覆盖大部分。过冲是不利的，因为它们导致系统性的错误，通常低估了习惯或PPI量。如果不惊人死不休的反应是太小了，然而，调制可能闭塞受噪音。不惊人死不休的系统允许的增益系数的调整，放大平台的信号。增益因子可以通过调整显示在过去的驯化会议（增益= 1）的两个或三个惊吓刺激，但是，人们应该记住，他们改变了绝对的惊吓反应幅度，因此不容许绝对不惊人死不休振幅比较了。为了避免这个缺点，增益系数调整的三个惊跳反应，可用于确定基准不惊人死不休的幅度。此外，增益因子可以调整后，才阻止我，使第二块惊跳反应涵盖了大部分的动态范围，而块，我可以被用于确定基准惊吓反应。 习惯与宣传习惯跌幅惊吓反应振幅。这是反对提高认识，从而导致重复演示25后的惊吓反应增加。习惯和宣传是两个独立的进程，影响了相同的行为 26 。为了衡量习惯，应尽量减少致敏。动物敏感，如果刺激厌恶，因此应避免习惯测量太大声惊吓刺激，27日进行审查。紧张，焦虑和恐惧也增加28惊跳反应，反对习惯，影响生产者价格指数18。动物，因此应该被很好地处理和水土不服不惊人死不休的测试仪器。还太小，身体约束的动物，动物持有人是适得其反，因为他们应力诱发动物29。 固定与随机译协常见的惊吓协议使用固定的审间间隔20或30秒或15和30秒之间的值pseudorandomizes一个变量的时间间隔（ITI）通常。随机ITI公司的优势在于在事实，即动物无法预测未来刺激的时间点。它已被证明，如注意脉冲增强了其在抑制惊跳反应13，30的疗效。因此，测量固定ITI的PPI可能也探头关注过程。 ITIS应避免在低于15秒，以防止肌肉疲劳和肌肉反应的不应期造成的影响。 对脉冲的强度和持续时间我们使用在此协议非常短的脉冲持续时间为4毫秒。许多其他研究使用20毫秒脉冲。为了能够改变interstimulus intervaLS（ISIS）和措施也很短的时间间隔，这种短脉冲。在脉冲的疗效似乎减弱，其持续时间短相比，20毫秒脉冲同等体积的。因此，我们使用75和85分贝比较响亮prepulses。鉴于一个85分贝的惊吓刺激（20毫秒），可以在阈值以上，一个85分贝的脉冲（4毫秒），通常不会引起惊吓反应。但是，重要的是要评估是否有没有惊吓反应的脉冲本身会造成肌肉疲劳，在惊吓刺激耐火材料国家引起。扰乱PPI的一些治疗方法，已经表明，以提高脉冲sensivity 31（PPI的中断是不是由于声学灵敏度的损失），但是，这不能被发现在精神分裂症患者可以做 32个脉冲的敏感性评价通过分析期间之间的脉冲或不惊人死不休的脉冲或平台，包括数据，脉冲在第二块单独试验。 不同的三军情报局与不同的脉冲强度最初是在人类出厂价格测量ISI为100毫秒，其效果是在其最大的 7 。在大鼠和小鼠在其最大的生产者价格指数在30-50毫秒ISI，可能是由于规模较小的大脑 33 。近年来它已成为明显不同的发射器和发射器的受体，以串行方式从事以发挥惊人死不休，34的快，但长期的抑制。根据受影响的系统上，药物或基因操作可能因此而影响PPI仅在特定的投资者交收指示。因此，我们建议30毫秒和100毫秒之间不同的ISI。这也使得最近的研究相比，只用100毫秒三军情报局的前研究。 85分贝脉冲导致一个非常强大的最大生产者价格指数的90％左右。请注意这PPI不一定没有运行到天花板效应增强。 PPI诱发这种方式似乎也相当强劲，但是，它是显著扰乱如1毫克/公斤安非他明。我们建议使用导致50-60％的生产者价格指数仅75分贝的第二个脉冲。这可以扩充生产者价格指数（如1毫克/公斤SC尼古丁），似乎更容易受到遗传和药理操纵一般，但是，它也似乎更多的变量，即使在一个主题不符。以往的研究中使用了大量不同的脉冲强度和生产者价格指数常常表现出的治疗效果上与特定的脉冲强度，并没有对PPI的影响，与其他脉冲强度。现有文献的深入研究，因此，有必要选择脉冲强度和interstimulus间隔。 结合注射全身/立体习惯和PPI测试往往是全身或立体定向注射结合。很明显，在这些实验中，对照组的动物得到控制车辆注射。注射过程本身，但是，可能是一种动物的压力，导致较高的焦虑水平和程增强和/或惊跳反应致敏（见上文）。因此，建议控制以及注射程序本身的影响。如果是学习习惯，事先注射可能是一个重大障碍。为了减轻动物的焦虑，动物应该返回自己的家乡笼尽可能长时间前测试（不穿脱的药物）。注射也应该由有经验的人进行管理，以最小化的过程中对动物的影响。如果立体定向注射是通过长期植入套管，外科医生植入套管应避免破裂与尖耳朵酒吧的老鼠的耳膜。这可能会导致听力赤字。钝耳酒吧或耳袖口不破裂的耳膜，所有立体设备。防尘帽或假人大鼠手术后处理时，应操纵每次，使动物的习惯。 听力测试的声学不惊人死不休最后，应该指出，声惊吓，PPI的I / O功能，可以作为一个简单的听力测试 ，大鼠和小鼠35-37。听力赤字转变I / O功能的权利。一旦PPI的大鼠或小鼠品系的建立，动物也可以与可变的脉冲强度进行测试。如果动物是聋哑人，或听不到的脉冲作为控制动物的响亮，它会显示没有或低于对照组动物生产者价格指数。另一方面，观察PPI的赤字总是可以通过听证会的赤字引起的，因此I / O不惊人死不休的基线惊跳反应的测试或比较关键的控制。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 设备名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 评论（可选） </td></tr><tr><td>惊吓盒包装</td><td> MED联营公司</td><td> MED - ASR - PRO1 - </td><td>包括硬件和软件</td></tr><tr><td>动物持有人</td><td> MED联营公司</td><td> ENV - 264A </td><td>其他规模和类型的也可用</td></tr><tr><td> USB声压级测量包</td><td> MED联营公司</td><td> ANL - 929A - PC </td><td>校准</td></tr></tbody></table>

habituation and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in rodents

声惊吓反应是一种保护性反应，突然和激烈的声刺激引起的。面部和骨骼肌肉在几毫秒内被激活，导致整个身体退缩在啮齿类动物中1。虽然惊跳反应是自反的反应，可以可靠地引起的，他们不刻板。它们可以调制的情绪，如恐惧（恐惧potentiated吓一跳）和喜悦（喜悦减毒不惊人死不休），由非关联的学习过程，如习惯和宣传，并通过其他感官刺激，通过感觉门控过程（前脉冲抑制），转弯不惊人死不休成一个极好的工具评估的情绪，学习，感觉门控的答复， 审查2，3 。调解惊跳反应的主要途径是很短，很好的描述，符合作为一个细胞/分子水平上研究行为可塑性的基本机制的一个很好的模型也吓一跳。 在这里，我们描述了一个用于评估短期的习惯，长期习惯的方法和脉冲抑制在啮齿类动物的声音惊吓反应。重复提交相同的刺激时，习惯性描述的惊吓反应幅度的下降。在测试会话中的习惯是短期的习惯（运输及房屋局局长）和无刺激几分钟后一个时期是可逆的。测试会话之间的习惯是长期的习惯（LTH） 4。习惯是刺激特定的5。前脉冲抑制是由一个前非惊人的感官刺激的惊吓反应的衰减。脉冲之间的间隔不惊人死不休的刺激可以改变6日至2000毫秒。的脉冲可以是任何方式，然而，最常用的声学prepulses。 习惯是一种非联想学习。它也可以被视为一种感官过滤，因为它减少的有机体“一个不具威胁性的刺​​激的反应。前脉冲抑制（PPI），最初是在人类神经精神的研究作为一个感觉门控7业务措施。 PPI的赤字可能代表了“精神病和认知”的接口，他们似乎预测认知功能障碍8-10。在11精神分裂症患者习惯和PPI都被打乱，PPI的中断表明，至少在某些情况下，接受治疗大多是非典型抗精神病药物12， 13。然而，其他精神和神经退行性疾病都还伴随着破坏习惯和/或生产者价格指数，如自闭症光谱障碍（较慢习惯），，迷恋强迫性障碍，秽语综合症，亨廷顿氏病，帕金森氏病和阿尔茨海默氏病（PPI），11 ， 14，15多巴胺诱导PPI的赤字是一种常用的抗精神病药物的筛选 16的动物模型，但PPI的赤字也可以由许多其他psychomimetic药物，改变环境和手术过程中诱导。

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Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents

习惯和脉冲抑制惊跳的感觉门控的业务措施。打乱了精神分裂症感觉门控，和一些其他精神障碍和神经退行性疾病。在这里，我们描述了一个标准的协议，以评估短期和长期的习惯以及前脉冲抑制在大鼠和小鼠的声惊跳反应。

在鼠害声不惊人死不休的习惯和前脉冲抑制

The acoustic startle response is a protective response, elicited by a sudden and intense acoustic stimulus. Facial and skeletal muscles are activated ...

habituation-and-prepulse-inhibition-of-acoustic-startle-in-rodents

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

72.7K 次观看.  University of Western Ontario. 习惯和脉冲抑制惊跳的感觉门控的业务措施。打乱了精神分裂症感觉门控，和一些其他精神障碍和神经退行性疾病。在这里，我们描述了一个标准的协议，以评估短期和长期的习惯以及前脉冲抑制在大鼠和小鼠的声惊跳反应。

视频: Habituation and Prepulse Inhibition of Acoustic Startle in Rodents

Preparing Undercut Model of Posttraumatic Epileptogenesis in Rodents

Partially isolated cortex ("undercut") is an animal model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. The surgical procedure involves cutting through the sensorimotor cortex and the underneath white matter (undercut) so that a specific region of the cerebral cortex is largely isolated from the neighboring cortex and subcortical regions1-3. After a latency of two or more weeks following the surgery, epileptiform discharges can be recorded in brain slices from rodents1; and electrical or behavior seizures can be observed in vivo from other species such as cat and monkey4-6. This well established animal model is efficient to generate and mimics several important characteristics of traumatic brain injury. However, it is technically challenging attempting to make precise cortical lesions in the small rodent brain with a free hand. Based on the procedure initially established in Dr. David Prince's lab at the Stanford University1, here we present an improved technique to perform a surgery for the preparation of this model in mice and rats. We demonstrate how to make a simple surgical device and use it to gain a better control of cutting depth and angle to generate more precise and consistent results. The device is easy to make, and the procedure is quick to learn. The generation of this animal model provides an efficient system for study on the mechanisms of posttraumatic epileptogenesis.

Partially isolated cortex (&#x201C;undercut&#x201D;) is an efficient animal model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. Here we demonstrate how to make a novel surgical device and use it to make more precise and consistent lesions to generate this model.

准备在鼠害外伤性癫痫的底切模型

Partially isolated cortex ("undercut") is an animal model of posttraumatic epileptogenesis. The surgical procedure involves cutting through the ...

科研

神经科学

Large-scale Recording of Neurons by Movable Silicon Probes in Behaving Rodents

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of neurons and circuits requires methods with the spatial selectivity and temporal resolution appropriate for mechanistic analysis of neural ensembles in the behaving animal, i.e. recording of representatively large samples of isolated single neurons. Ensemble monitoring of neuronal activity has progressed remarkably in the past decade in both small and large-brained animals, including human subjects1-11. Multiple-site recording with silicon-based devices are particularly effective because of their scalability, small volume and geometric design.
Here, we describe methods for recording multiple single neurons and local field potential in behaving rodents, using commercially available micro-machined silicon probes with custom-made accessory components. There are two basic options for interfacing silicon probes to preamplifiers: printed circuit boards and flexible cables. Probe supplying companies (<a href="http://www.neuronexustech.com/" >http://www.neuronexustech.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/">http://www.sbmicrosystems.com/</a>; <a href="http://www.acreo.se/">http://www.acreo.se/</a>) usually provide the bonding service and deliver probes bonded to printed circuit boards or flexible cables. Here, we describe the implantation of a 4-shank, 32-site probe attached to flexible polyimide cable, and mounted on a movable microdrive. Each step of the probe preparation, microdrive construction and surgery is illustrated so that the end user can easily replicate the process.

We describe methods for large-scale recording of multiple single units and local field potential in behaving rodents with silicon probes. Drive fabrication, probe attachment to the drive and probe implantation processes are illustrated in sufficient details for easy replication.

移动硅探针的神经行为鼠害的大型记录

A major challenge in neuroscience is linking behavior to the collective activity of neural assemblies. Understanding of input-output relationships of ...

A Low Cost Setup for Behavioral Audiometry in Rodents

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the experiments. Such parameters may be physiological response characteristics of the auditory pathway, e.g. via brainstem audiometry (BERA). But these methods allow only indirect and uncertain extrapolations about the auditory percept that corresponds to these physiological parameters. To assess the perceptual level of hearing, behavioral methods have to be used. A potential problem with the use of behavioral methods for the description of perception in animal models is the fact that most of these methods involve some kind of learning paradigm before the subjects can be behaviorally tested, e.g. animals may have to learn to press a lever in response to a sound. As these learning paradigms change perception itself 1,2 they consequently will influence any result about perception obtained with these methods and therefore have to be interpreted with caution. Exceptions are paradigms that make use of reflex responses, because here no learning paradigms have to be carried out prior to perceptual testing. One such reflex response is the acoustic startle response (ASR) that can highly reproducibly be elicited with unexpected loud sounds in na&iuml;ve animals. This ASR in turn can be influenced by preceding sounds depending on the perceptibility of this preceding stimulus: Sounds well above hearing threshold will completely inhibit the amplitude of the ASR; sounds close to threshold will only slightly inhibit the ASR. This phenomenon is called pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) 3,4, and the amount of PPI on the ASR gradually depends on the perceptibility of the pre-pulse. PPI of the ASR is therefore well suited to determine behavioral audiograms in na&iuml;ve, non-trained animals, to determine hearing impairments or even to detect possible subjective tinnitus percepts in these animals. In this paper we demonstrate the use of this method in a rodent model (cf. also ref. 5), the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), which is a well know model species for startle response research within the normal human hearing range (e.g. 6).

A fast and inexpensive method for the behavioral determination of hearing parameters like hearing thresholds, hearing impairments or phantom perceptions (subjective tinnitus) is described. It uses pre-pulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response and can be easily implemented in a personal computer using a programmable AD/DA-converter and a piezo sensor.

在啮齿动物的行为测听的低成本设置

In auditory animal research it is crucial to have precise information about basic hearing parameters of the animal subjects that are involved in the ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

运行轮活动在啮齿类动物的昼夜节律的记录和分析

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

Functional Interrogation of Adult Hypothalamic Neurogenesis with Focal Radiological Inhibition

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral delivery or transgenic animals have potential confounds that make interpretation of results from these studies difficult. New radiological tools are emerging, however, that allow one to noninvasively investigate the function of select groups of adult-born neurons through accurate and precise anatomical targeting in small animals. Focal ionizing radiation inhibits the birth and differentiation of new neurons, and allows targeting of specific neural progenitor regions. In order to illuminate the potential functional role that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis plays in the regulation of physiological processes, we developed a noninvasive focal irradiation technique to selectively inhibit the birth of adult-born neurons in the hypothalamic median eminence. We describe a method for Computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR) delivery to enable precise and accurate anatomical targeting in small animals. CFIR uses three-dimensional volumetric image guidance for localization and targeting of the radiation dose, minimizes radiation exposure to nontargeted brain regions, and allows for conformal dose distribution with sharp beam boundaries. This protocol allows one to ask questions regarding the function of adult-born neurons, but also opens areas to questions in areas of radiobiology, tumor biology, and immunology. These radiological tools will facilitate the translation of discoveries at the bench to the bedside.

The function of adult-born mammalian neurons remains an active area of investigation. Ionizing radiation inhibits the birth of new neurons. Using computer tomography-guided focal irradiation (CFIR), three-dimensional anatomical targeting of specific neural progenitor populations can now be used to assess the functional role of adult neurogenesis.

成人下丘脑神经发生局灶性放射性抑制功能审讯

The functional characterization of adult-born neurons remains a significant challenge. Approaches to inhibit adult neurogenesis via invasive viral ...

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to image rodents with simultaneous DBS. DBS fMRI presents a number of technical challenges, including accuracy of electrode implantation, MR artifacts created by the electrode, choice of anesthesia and paralytic to minimize any neuronal effects while simultaneously eliminating animal motion, and maintenance of physiological parameters, deviation from which can confound the BOLD signal.&#160;Our laboratory has developed a set of procedures that are capable of overcoming most of these possible issues. For electrical stimulation, a homemade tungsten bipolar microelectrode is used, inserted stereotactically at the stimulation site in the anesthetized subject. In preparation for imaging, rodents are fixed on a plastic headpiece and transferred to the magnet bore. For sedation and paralysis during scanning, a cocktail of dexmedetomidine and pancuronium is continuously infused, along with a minimal dose of isoflurane; this preparation minimizes the BOLD ceiling effect of volatile anesthetics. In this example experiment, stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) produces BOLD responses which are observed primarily in ipsilateral cortical regions, centered in motor cortex. Simultaneous DBS and fMRI allows the unambiguous modulation of neural circuits dependent on stimulation location and stimulation parameters, and permits observation of neuronal modulations free of regional bias. This technique may be used to explore the downstream effects of modulating neural circuitry at nearly any brain region, with implications for both experimental and clinical DBS.

This protocol describes a standard method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation in the rodent. The combined use of these experimental tools allows for the exploration of global downstream activity in response to electrical stimulation at virtually any brain target.

深部脑刺激与同步功能磁共振成像在鼠害

In order to visualize the global and downstream neuronal responses to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at various targets, we have developed a protocol for ...

Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo

Presynaptic inhibition is one of the most powerful inhibitory mechanisms in the spinal cord. The underlying physiological mechanism is a depolarization of primary afferent fibers mediated by GABAergic axo-axonal synapses (primary afferent depolarization). The strength of primary afferent depolarization can be measured by recording of volume-conducted potentials at the dorsal root (dorsal root potentials, DRP). Pathological changes of presynaptic inhibition are crucial in the abnormal central processing of certain pain conditions and in some disorders of motor hyperexcitability. Here, we describe a method of recording DRP in vivo in mice. The preparation of spinal cord dorsal roots in the anesthetized animal and the recording procedure using suction electrodes are explained. This method allows measuring GABAergic DRP and thereby estimating spinal presynaptic inhibition in the living mouse. In combination with transgenic mouse models, DRP recording may serve as a powerful tool to investigate disease-associated spinal pathophysiology. In vivo recording has several advantages compared to ex vivo isolated spinal cord preparations, e.g. the possibility of simultaneous recording or manipulation of supraspinal networks and induction of DRP by stimulation of peripheral nerves.

Measuring Spinal Presynaptic Inhibition in Mice By Dorsal Root Potential Recording In Vivo

GABAergic presynaptic inhibition is a powerful inhibitory mechanism in the spinal cord important for motor and sensory signal integration in spinal cord networks. Underlying primary afferent depolarization can be measured by recording of dorsal root potentials (DRP). Here we demonstrate a method of in vivo recording of DRP in mice.

测量脊髓突触前抑制小鼠背根电位记录<em&gt;在体内</em

Presynaptic inhibition is one of the most powerful inhibitory mechanisms in the spinal cord. The underlying physiological mechanism is a depolarization of ...

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson's Disease Model of Drosophila

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, primarily in the substantia nigra. The disease causes motor deficiencies, which present as rigidity, tremors and dementia in humans. Rotenone is an insecticide that causes oxidative damage by inhibiting the function of the electron transport chain in mitochondria. It is also used to model Parkinson&#8217;s disease in the Drosophila. Flies have an inherent negative geotactic response, which compels them to climb upwards upon being startled. It has been established that rotenone causes early mortality and locomotion defects that disrupt the flies&#8217; ability to climb after they have been tapped downwards. However, the effect of rotenone on spontaneous movement is not well documented. This study outlines two sensitive, reproducible, and high throughput assays to characterize rotenone-induced deficiencies in short-term startle-induced locomotion and long-term spontaneous locomotion in Drosophila. These assays can be conveniently adapted to characterize other Drosophila models of locomotion defects and efficacy of therapeutic agents.

Methods to Characterize Spontaneous and Startle-induced Locomotion in a Rotenone-induced Parkinson&#039;s Disease Model of Drosophila

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, causing locomotion defects. Rotenone models Parkinson&#8217;s disease in Drosophila. This paper outlines two assays that characterize both spontaneous and startle-induced locomotion deficiencies caused by rotenone.

方法来描述自发和惊吓引起的步态中的鱼藤酮诱导的帕金森病模型<em&gt;果蝇</em

Parkinson&#8217;s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that results from the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the central nervous system, ...

Acrylic Resin Molding Based Head Fixation Technique in Rodents

Head fixation is a technique of immobilizing animal's head by attaching a head-post on the skull for rigid clamping. Traditional head fixation requires surgical attachment of metallic frames on the skull. The attached frames are then clamped to a stationary platform resulting in immobilization of the head. However, metallic frames for head fixation have been technically difficult to design and implement in general laboratory environment. In this study, we provide a novel head fixation method. Using a custom-made head fixation bar, head mounter is constructed during implantation surgery. After the application of acrylic resin for affixing implants such as electrodes and cannula on the skull, additional resins applied on top of that to build a mold matching to the port of the fixation bar. The molded head mounter serves as a guide rails, investigators conveniently fixate the animal&#8217;s head by inserting the head mounter into the port of the fixation bar. This method could be easily applicable if implantation surgery using dental acrylics is necessary and might be useful for laboratories that cannot easily fabricate CNC machined metal head-posts.

Traditional head fixation techniques have used metallic frames attached on the skull as an interface for head fixation apparatus. This protocol demonstrates a frameless, acrylic resin molding based head fixation technique for behavioral tasks in rodents.

在鼠害丙烯酸树脂模塑基头固定技术

Head fixation is a technique of immobilizing animal's head by attaching a head-post on the skull for rigid clamping. Traditional head fixation requires ...

Hydraulic Extrusion of the Spinal Cord and Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rodents

Traditionally, the spinal cord is isolated by laminectomy, i.e. by breaking open the spinal vertebrae one at a time. This is both time consuming and may result in damage to the spinal cord caused by the dissection process. Here, we show how the spinal cord can be extruded using hydraulic pressure. Handling time is significantly reduced to only a few minutes, likely decreasing protein damage. The low risk of damage to the spinal cord tissue improves subsequent immunohistochemical analysis. By performing hydraulic spinal cord extrusion instead of traditional laminectomy, the rodents can further be used for DRG isolation, thereby lowering the number of animals and allowing analysis across tissues from the same rodent. We demonstrate a consistent method to identify and isolate the DRGs according to their localization relative to the costae. It is, however, important to adjust this method to the particular animal used, as the number of spinal cord segments, both thoracic and lumbar, may vary according to animal type and strain. In addition, we illustrate further processing examples of the isolated tissues.

Here, we present a protocol for hydraulic extrusion of the spinal cord as well as identification and isolation of specific dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) in the same rodent. Compared to standard spinal cord isolation methods, this method is significantly faster and reduces the risk of tissue damage.

背根神经节的啮齿动物的脊髓和隔离的液压挤压

Traditionally, the spinal cord is isolated by laminectomy, i.e. by breaking open the spinal vertebrae one at a time. This is both time consuming and may ...