这项工作是由国立卫生研究院，国家普通医学科学研究所（R01GM063075）和国家补充和替代医学中心（R01AT05076）赠款支持。

1。败血症动物模型的建立<ol><li>小鼠麻醉与氯胺酮（75毫克/千克，肌肉注射，IM）和甲苯噻嗪（10毫克/千克，IM），并放置在仰卧位。 </li><li>鼠标的脚，用胶带固定，以确保一个稳定的位置。 </li><li> 3个交替的优碘或其他皮肤消毒和酒精擦洗干净腹部。然后，让一个15毫米的中线切口，显露盲肠。 </li><li>盲肠尖约5.0毫米用4-0丝线结扎的盲肠，然后用22号针头穿刺盲肠结扎残端一次让粪便的挤压。 </li><li>盲肠立即更换回到其正常的腹腔内的位置。 </li><li>关闭切口部位两层，首先关闭的可吸收缝合线的腹部肌肉，然后关闭皮肤伤口剪辑或不可吸收缝线。 </li><li>用0.5毫升生理盐水复苏鼠标和一个单一的做亚胺培南（0.5毫克/鼠标，皮下注射），完成后立即手术本身。 </li><li>返回鼠标到一个干净的笼子里，免费获得食物和水。 </li><li>在不同时间点后电或组件，​​中草药提取物腹腔注射。 </li><li>两个多星期监测动物的生存。垂死的动物展出站立困难，濒死呼吸，严重的肌肉萎缩和不受控制的出血应过量二氧化碳吸入安乐死。 </li><li>重要的是要注意的循环细胞因子水平在这些研究中的重要参数。各种止痛药已被证明影响细胞因子的释放和活动，因此一直有意避免在术后护理。 </li></ol> 2。中草药提取物的制备<ol><li>热水（85℃）中提取1-4小时（叶，1小时和4小时的根）的草药。 </li><li>离心水luble分数（3300克，20分钟，4°C间），除去不溶性微粒。 </li><li>滤液通过0.2微米过滤的上清。 </li><li>明确水溶性滤液分数，然后分次使用超滤Centriprep YM-10离心式过滤器（4305。目录，Millipore公司）。 </li><li>导致低（&lt;10 kDa的）和高（&gt; 10 kDa）的分子量组分（一三五）筛选的HMGB1抑制巨噬细胞的文化活动。 </li><li>腹腔注射抑制HMGB1的中草药提取物，或在24小时后电组件，以评估其疗效。 </li></ol> 3。腹膜巨噬细胞的分离<ol><li>硫乙醇酸盐肉汤（4％，2.0毫升）管理进入正常小鼠腹腔。 </li><li>原发性腹膜巨噬细胞在3如先前所述10天收获。 </li><li>巨噬细胞预培养1为辅的DMEM培养基（Gibco BRL公司，大岛，纽约）0％小牛血清（FBS），2 mmol / L谷氨酰胺，1％青霉素。 </li><li>轻轻洗净，用壁巨噬细胞，培养，无血清OPTI-MEM中我前两小时，细菌内毒素刺激的媒介（脂多糖，内毒素，大肠杆菌0111:B4，Sigma-Aldrich公司）。 </li><li>在LPS刺激后16小时，在培养基中HMGB1水平确定免疫印迹分析11。 </li><li>带强度相对量化使用NIH图像1.59软件与纯化的HMGB1产生的标准曲线，以确定与HMGB1水平。 </li></ol> 4。代表结果 1。电引起全身和局部炎症。 电外科手术的几个小时内，动物表现出败血症的临床症状，包括立毛，嗜睡，拥挤，食物和水的摄入量减少。发展与连续全身严重的腹膜炎的动物感染通常48 - 96小时内死亡。然而，甚至年龄，性别，遗传背景相匹配的动物可以回应中电手术在败血症实验过程中的区别方式。例如，在48小时后电，而一些动物可能已接近垂死状态（ 如图1定义），其他人可能会保持在一个非垂死的状态。 循环细胞因子的综合调查结果显示，在多种细胞因子水平之间的巨大差异，在小鼠的垂死和非垂死状态（ 图1）12（IL-6架KC，MIP-2，人sTNFR1）。值得注意的是，这些炎症介质已被列为败血症的替代指标，因为他们的水平在12-14实验或临床败血症15致命结果的可靠预测。此外，中电也引起了当地的各种亲和抗炎细胞因子和趋化因子的释放。例如，在48小时电后，大量的细胞因子（如IL-6）和趋化因子（KC和MIP-2）还可以测量血液中不仅系统，而且在当地的腹腔灌洗液（ 图2）。 2。抑制HMGB1的中草药提取物或成分的筛选。 巨噬细胞的培养，我们能够评估在抑制内毒素诱导的HMGB1释放的各种中草药提取物或组件的能力（ 图3）。鉴于其在抑制HMGB1释放的能力，我们进一步探讨其疗效在动物模型败血症。鉴于HMGB1的积累在实验败血症8月底和长期动力学，首次剂量的HMGB1抑制剂败血症发病后24小时-时间点小鼠败血症的明显迹象，包括嗜睡，腹泻，毛发直立。如图4所示，延迟和重复管理的一个主要的绿茶Çomponent，儿茶素-3 -没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯（EGCG），败血症发病后24小时开始，显着救出致命的败血症小鼠12。即使口服，EGCG致命的败血症小鼠仍然获救，显着提高动物的存活率从16％到44％，16。这将是重要的，以确定是否与几种中药成分的组合疗法可以实现在败血症动物模型的一个重要更好的保护。两者合计，这些实验数据证实了我们的画面新颖的治疗药物，使用CLP诱导的脓毒症动物模型的方法。 5。代表结果<img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/3926/3926fig1.jpg" /> 图1。循环的替代指标水平显着高于化粪池动物接近垂死状态。BALB / C小鼠败血症，中电和监测疾病迹象的发展。在后期，败血症（52小时后电）3正常小鼠（电），3脓毒症小鼠接近垂死状态，和3个非垂死的状态脓毒症小鼠采血。汇集从各组血清，测定细胞因子抗体阵列配置文件。请注意在几个不同群体之间的替代指标的相对水平的巨大差异。 DOI适应10.1371/journal.pone.0001153.g006从出版商授予许可。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/3926/3926fig2.jpg" /> 图2。中电在48小时后电BALB / C小鼠的局部和全身的细胞因子和趋化因子的检测受到败血症，血液或腹膜透析液，在48小时后电收获。细胞因子抗体阵列测定混合血清或腹腔灌洗液中的一些细胞因子和趋化因子的相对水平，表现为任意单位（非盟）。作为控制，血液和腹膜透析液SAmples取自正常健康的动物（电）不开腹手术。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/3926/3926fig3.jpg" /> 图3。中药成分的剂量依赖性地抑制巨噬细胞培养小学内毒素诱导的HMGB1释放。小学小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞刺激脂多糖，在没有或中草药成分的存在（例如，EGCG，15微米）。在LPS刺激后16小时，在培养基中HMGB1水平，Western blot分析确定。 DOI适应10.1371/journal.pone.0001153.g006从出版商授予许可。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/3926/3926fig4.jpg" /> 图4。中草药成分救出致命的败血症小鼠 BALB / C小鼠中电受到致命的败血症，中草药成分（儿茶素）腹腔注射+24 +48，+72小时发布败血症的发病。一个监测IMAL存活长达两周。采用Kaplan-Meier法比较组之间的死亡率差异。 *，P &lt;0.05与生理盐水。 DOI适应10.1371/journal.pone.0001153.g006从出版商授予许可。

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AES和硬件共同发明专利申请有关的HMGB1抑制剂为败血症的潜在治疗药物（丹参酮）。

在实验室中，败血症的几种动物模型已受聘了解败血症的发病机理，以开发潜在的新疗法。成功翻译成败血症的临床应用前的动物实验研究及其临床意义仍然是一个辩论的题目。虽然对早期细胞因子的中和抗体（如肿瘤坏死因子）在菌血症/内毒素血症17,18动物模型的保护，他们实际上恶化19败血症动物模型的生存。同样，最抗TNF药物未能表现出败血症20-22临床试验的疗效。...

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use of animal model of sepsis to evaluate novel herbal therapies

败血症是指从微生物感染导致的全身炎症反应综合征。它已经在动物经常模拟一些技术，包括输注外源性细菌毒素（内毒素血症）或细菌（菌血症），以及盲肠结扎穿孔（CLP）1-3盲肠手术穿孔。电使细菌溢出和粪便污染腹腔，阑尾炎穿孔或憩室炎的临床模仿人类疾病。控制败血症的严重程度，最终死亡率反映，可以通过改变盲肠穿刺2针的大小手术。在动物实验中，中电诱发心血管疾病，代谢和免疫反应类似，双相血流动力学观察临床过程，在人类败血症3。因此，中电模型被认为是最有关的临床实验败血症模型1-3。/ P&gt; 各种动物模型已被用来澄清复杂的实验性败血症的发病机制。败血症的致命后果，部分原因是由于早期细胞因子的过度积累（如肿瘤坏死因子，IL-1和IFN-γ）4-6和晚期炎症介质（例如，HMGB1的）7。早期炎性细胞因子相比，晚长效调解员有更宽的治疗窗的临床应用。例如，开始CLP 后 24小时内的HMGB1的中和抗体的延迟管理，仍然救出小鼠致死8,9，建立HMGB1的后期调解作为一个致命的败血症。后期长效调解员发现HMGB1的败血症治疗，使用中国传统中药的发展已开始了新的调查领域。在本文中，我们描述了一个CLP诱导的脓毒症的过程，其使用中草药筛选用于HM的GB1-靶向治疗。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies at JoVE.com

Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

败血症是指从微生物感染导致的全身炎症反应综合征，可以被称为盲肠结扎穿刺（CLP）外科技术模拟。在这里，我们描述了一个方法来使用CLP诱导的动物模型，筛选治疗药物的药材。

脓毒症动物模型，用于评估新型草药疗法

Sepsis refers to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome resulting from a microbial infection. It has been routinely simulated in animals by several ...

use-of-animal-model-of-sepsis-to-evaluate-novel-herbal-therapies

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.3K 次观看.  North Shore – LIJ Health System. 败血症是指从微生物感染导致的全身炎症反应综合征，可以被称为盲肠结扎穿刺（CLP）外科技术模拟。在这里，我们描述了一个方法来使用CLP诱导的动物模型，筛选治疗药物的药材。

视频: Use of Animal Model of Sepsis to Evaluate Novel Herbal Therapies

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare but life threatening autoimmune disease of the liver of unknown etiology1,2. In the past many attempts have been made to generate an animal model that reflects the characteristics of the human disease 3-5. However, in various models the induction of disease was rather complex and often hepatitis was only transient3-5. Therefore, we have developed a straightforward mouse model that uses the major human autoantigen in type 2 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH-2), namely hCYP2D6, as a trigger6. Type 1 liver-kidney microsomal antibodies (LKM-1) antibodies recognizing hCYP2D6 are the hallmark of AIH-27,8. Delivery of hCYP2D6 into wildtype FVB or C57BL/6 mice was by an Adenovirus construct (Ad-2D6) that ensures a direct delivery of the triggering antigen to the liver. Thus, the ensuing local inflammation generates a fertile field9 for the subsequent development of autoimmunity. A combination of intravenous and intraperitoneal injection of Ad-2D6 is the most effective route to induce a long-lasting autoimmune damage to the liver (section 1). Here we provide a detailed protocol on how autoimmune liver disease is induced in the CYP2D6 model and how the different aspects of liver damage can be assessed. First, the serum levels of markers indicating hepatocyte destruction, such as aminotransferases, as well as the titers of hCYP2D6 antibodies are determined by sampling blood retroorbitaly (section 2). Second, the hCYP2D6-specific T cell response is characterized by collecting lymphocytes from the spleen and the liver. In order to obtain pure liver lymphocytes, the livers are perfused by PBS via the portal vein (section 3), digested in collagen and purified over a Percoll gradient (section 4). The frequency of hCYP2D6-specific T cells is analyzed by stimulation with hCYP2D6 peptides and identification of IFN&gamma;-producing cells by flow cytometry (section 5). Third, cellular infiltration and fibrosis is determined by immunohistochemistry of liver sections (section 6). Such analysis regimen has to be conducted at several times after initiation of the disease in order to prove the chronic nature of the model. The magnitude of the immune response characterized by the frequency and activity of hCYP2D6-specific T and/or B cells and the degree of the liver damage and fibrosis have to be assessed for a subsequent evaluation of possible treatments to prevent, delay or abrogate the autodestructive process of the liver.

Infection of mice with an Adenovirus expressing the major human autoantigen cytochrome P450 2D6 (hCYP2D6) recognized by sera of patients suffering from type 2 autoimmune hepatitis results in a persistent form of autoimmune-mediated liver disease characterized by extensive hepatitis, fibrosis and generation of a CYP2D6-specific immune response.

CYP2D6动物模型:如何诱导小鼠自身免疫性肝炎

Autoimmune hepatitis is a rare but life threatening autoimmune disease of the liver of unknown etiology1,2. In the past many attempts have been made to ...

科研

医学

A Mouse Tumor Model of Surgical Stress to Explore the Mechanisms of Postoperative Immunosuppression and Evaluate Novel Perioperative Immunotherapies

Surgical resection is an essential treatment for most cancer patients, but surgery induces dysfunction in the immune system and this has been linked to the development of metastatic disease in animal models and in cancer patients. Preclinical work from our group and others has demonstrated a profound suppression of innate immune function, specifically NK cells in the postoperative period and this plays a major role in the enhanced development of metastases following surgery. Relatively few animal studies and clinical trials have focused on characterizing and reversing the detrimental effects of cancer surgery. Using a rigorous animal model of spontaneously metastasizing tumors and surgical stress, the enhancement of cancer surgery on the development of lung metastases was demonstrated. In this model, 4T1 breast cancer cells are implanted in the mouse mammary fat pad. At day 14 post tumor implantation, a complete resection of the primary mammary tumor is performed in all animals. A subset of animals receives additional surgical stress in the form of an abdominal nephrectomy. At day 28, lung tumor nodules are quantified. When immunotherapy was given immediately preoperatively, a profound activation of immune cells which prevented the development of metastases following surgery was detected. While the 4T1 breast tumor surgery model allows for the simulation of the effects of abdominal surgical stress on tumor metastases, its applicability to other tumor types needs to be tested. The current challenge is to identify safe and promising immunotherapies in preclinical mouse models and to translate them into viable perioperative therapies to be given to cancer surgery patients to prevent the recurrence of metastatic disease.

A mouse tumor model of surgical stress is used to explore how postoperative immune suppression promotes metastatic disease and to evaluate immunostimulatory perioperative therapies.

手术应激探索术后免疫抑制的机制和评估新围手术期免疫疗法的小鼠肿瘤模型

Surgical resection is an essential treatment for most cancer patients, but surgery induces dysfunction in the immune system and this has been linked to ...

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urogenital tract. Intravesical injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is the gold standard treatment for the high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, since the treatment-related side effects are relevant, newer biological response modifiers with a better benefit/side effects ratio are needed.
The tumour microenvironment can influence both tumour development and therapy efficacy. In order to obtain a good model, it is desirable to implant tumour cells in the organ from which the cancer originates.
In this protocol, we describe a method for establishing a tumour in the bladder cavity of female mice and subsequent delivery of therapeutic agents; the latter are exemplified by our use of Helicobacter pylori neutrophil activating protein (HP-NAP). A preliminary chemical burn of the mucosa, followed by the injection of mouse urothelial carcinoma cell line MB49 via urethral catheterization, enables the cells to attach to the bladder mucosa. After a period, required to allow an initial proliferation of the cells, mice are treated with HP-NAP, administrated again via catheterization. The anti-tumour activity of HP-NAP is evaluated comparing the tumour volume, the extent of necrosis and the degree of vascularization between vehicle- and HP-NAP-treated animals.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of the H. pylori Protein HP-NAP as a Therapeutic Tool for Treatment of Bladder Cancer in an Orthotopic Murine Model

Here the method to establish a syngeneic mouse model of orthotopic bladder tumour to evaluate the anti-tumour efficacy of the bacterial protein HP-NAP is described.

评价疗效<em&gt;小时。幽门螺杆菌</em&gt;蛋白HP-NAP为膀胱癌的治疗在原位小鼠模型的治疗工具

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies of the urogenital tract. Intravesical injection of Bacillus Calmette-Gu&#233;rin (BCG) is the gold ...

Bioluminescence Imaging of an Immunocompetent Animal Model for Glioblastoma

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and histopathologic features of the human disease. When GL261 cells are implanted intracranially in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, the model has the added advantage of maintaining an intact immune microenvironment. Stable expression of luciferase in GL261 cells allows non-invasive cost effective bioluminescence monitoring of intracranial tumor growth. We have recently demonstrated that luciferase expression in GL261 cells does not affect the tumor growth properties, tumor cell immunomodulatory cytokine expression, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor, or overall survival of animals bearing the intracranial tumor. Therefore, it appears that the GL261 luciferase glioma model can be useful in the study of novel chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic modalities. Here we report the technique for generating stable luciferase expression in GL261 cells and how to study the in vitro and in vivo growth of the tumor cells by bioluminescence imaging.

GL261 glioma cells provide a useful immunocompetent animal model of glioblastoma. The goals of this protocol are to demonstrate proper techniques for monitoring intracranial tumor growth using in vivo bioluminescence imaging, and to verify the utility of luciferase-modified GL261 cells for studying tumor immunology and immunotherapeutic approaches for treating glioblastoma.

免疫活性动物模型胶质母细胞瘤的生物发光成像

In contrast to commonly reported human glioma xenograft animal models, GL261 murine glioma xenografts recapitulate nearly all relevant clinical and ...

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) has been introduced as a method to evaluate and modify organ function. NEVLP has many advantages in comparison to hypothermic and subnormothermic perfusion including reduced preservation injury, restoration of normal organ function under physiologic conditions, assessment of organ performance, and as a platform for organ repair, remodeling, and modification. Both murine and porcine NEVLP models have been described. We demonstrate a rat model of NEVLP and use this model to show one of its important applications &#8212; the use of a therapeutic molecule added to liver perfusate. Catalase is an endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger and has been demonstrated to decrease ischemia-reperfusion in the eye, brain, and lung. Pegylation has been shown to target catalase to the endothelium. Here, we added pegylated-catalase (PEG-CAT) to the base perfusate and demonstrated its ability to mitigate liver preservation injury. An advantage of our rodent NEVLP model is that it is inexpensive in comparison to larger animal models. A limitation of this study is that it does not currently include post-perfusion liver transplantation. Therefore, prediction of the function of the organ post-transplantation cannot be made with certainty. However, the rat liver transplant model is well established and certainly could be used in conjunction with this model. In conclusion, we have demonstrated an inexpensive, simple, easily replicable NEVLP model using rats. Applications of this model can include testing novel perfusates and perfusate additives, testing software designed for organ evaluation, and experiments designed to repair organs.

A Small Animal Model of Ex Vivo Normothermic Liver Perfusion

There is a significant liver donor shortage, and criteria for liver donors have been expanded. Normothermic ex vivo liver perfusion (NEVLP) has been developed to evaluate and modify organ function. This study demonstrates a rat model of NEVLP and tests the ability of pegylated-catalase, to mitigate liver preservation injury.

体外常温肝灌注的小动物模型

There is a significant shortage of liver allografts available for transplantation, and in response the donor criteria have been expanded. As a result, ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

用线 Myography 测定小鼠肠系膜动脉的等轴收缩力

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain barrier. However, there have been few reports regarding not only the quantitative analysis but also optimal administration conditions and dosing regimens for investigations of nose-to-brain delivery. The limited progress in research on nose-to-brain pathway mechanisms using rodents represents a significant impediment in terms of designing nose-to-brain delivery systems for candidate drugs.
To gain some headway in this regard, we developed and evaluated two novel methods of stable intranasal administration under inhalation anesthesia for experimental animals. We also describe a method for the evaluation of drug distribution levels in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway using radio-labeled [14C]-inulin (molecular weight: 5,000) as a model substrate of water-soluble macromolecules.
Initially, we developed a pipette-based intranasal administration protocol using temporarily openable masks, which enabled us to perform reliable administration to animals under stable anesthesia. Using this system, [14C]-inulin could be delivered to the brain with little experimental error.
We subsequently developed an intranasal administration protocol entailing reverse cannulation from the airway side through the esophagus, which was developed to minimize the effects of mucociliary clearance (MC). This technique led to significantly higher levels of [14C]-inulin, which was quantitatively detected in the olfactory bulb, cerebrum, and medulla oblongata, than the pipette method. This appears to be because retention of the drug solution in the nasal cavity was substantially increased by active administration using a syringe pump in a direction opposite to the MC into the nasal cavity.
In conclusion, the two methods of intranasal administration developed in this study can be expected to be extremely useful techniques for evaluating pharmacokinetics in rodents. The reverse cannulation method, in particular, could be useful for evaluating the full potential of nose-to-brain delivery of drug candidates.

Here, we describe two novel methods of stable intranasal administration under inhalation anesthesia with minimal physical stress for experimental animals. We also describe a method for quantitative evaluation of drug distribution levels in the brain via the nose-to-brain pathway using radiolabeled [14C]-inulin as a model substrate of water-soluble macromolecules.

吸入麻醉下鼻内给药评价鼻腔给脑药物的新方法

Intranasal administration has been reported to be a potential pathway for nose-to-brain delivery of therapeutic agents that circumvents the blood-brain ...

A Mouse Model of Incompletely Resected Soft Tissue Sarcoma for Testing (Neo)adjuvant Therapies

Surgery is often the first treatment for many solid tumors. However, local relapses frequently occur following primary tumor resection, despite adjuvant or neo-adjuvant therapies. This occurs when surgical margins are insufficiently tumor-free, resulting in residual cancer cells. From a biological and immunological perspective, surgery is not a null event; the wound healing environment is known to induce both pro- and anti-tumorigenic pathways. As a consequence, preclinical models for drug development aimed at preventing local relapse should incorporate surgical resection when testing new (neo)adjuvant therapies, to model the clinical settings in patients treated with surgery.
Here, we describe a mouse model of incomplete surgical resection of WEHI 164 soft tissue sarcoma that allows testing of (neo)adjuvant therapies in the setting of a wound healing response. In this model, 50% or 75% of the tumor is removed, leaving behind some cancer tissue in situ to model gross residual disease after surgery in the clinical setting. This model allows testing therapies in the context of surgery while also considering the wound healing response, which may affect the efficacy of (neo)adjuvant treatments. The incomplete surgical resection results in reproducible regrowth of the tumor in all mice in the absence of adjuvant therapy. Adjuvant treatment with checkpoint blockade results in reduced tumor regrowth. This model is thus appropriate for testing therapies in the context of debulking surgery and its associated wound healing response and can be extended to other types of solid cancer.

A Mouse Model of Incompletely Resected Soft Tissue Sarcoma for Testing Neoadjuvant Therapies

In this protocol, we describe a mouse model of incomplete surgical resection of soft tissue sarcoma for testing (neo)adjuvant therapies.

用于测试（新）辅助疗法的不完全切除软组织肉瘤的小鼠模型

Surgery is often the first treatment for many solid tumors. However, local relapses frequently occur following primary tumor resection, despite adjuvant ...

Functional Assessment of the Donor Heart During Ex Situ Perfusion: Insights from Pressure-Volume Loops and Surface Echocardiography

Heart transplantation remains the gold standard treatment for advanced heart failure. However, the current critical organ shortage has resulted in the allocation of a growing number of donor hearts with extended criteria. These marginal grafts are associated with a high risk of primary graft failure and may benefit from ex situ perfusion before transplant. This technology allows for extended organ preservation using warm oxygenated blood perfusion with continuous metabolic monitoring. The only NESP device currently available for clinical practice perfuses the organ in an unloaded non-working state, which does not allow for functional assessment of the beating heart. We therefore developed an original platform of NESP in working mode conditions with adjustment of left ventricular preload and afterload. This protocol was applied in porcine hearts. Ex situ functional assessment of the heart was achieved with intracardiac conductance catheterization and surface echocardiography. Along with a description of the experimental protocol, we herein report the main results, as well as pearls and pitfalls associated with the acquisition of pressure-volume loops and myocardial power during NESP. Correlations between hemodynamic findings and ultrasound variables are of major interest, especially for further rehabilitation of donor hearts before transplantation. This protocol aims to improve the assessment of donor hearts to both increase the donor pool and reduce the incidence of primary graft failure.

Functional Assessment of the Donor Heart During Ex Situ Perfusion: Insights from Pressure-Volume Loops and Surface Echocardiography

A reliable noninvasive approach for functional assessment of the donor heart during normothermic ex situ heart perfusion (NESP) is lacking. We herein describe a protocol for ex situ assessment of myocardial performance using the epicardial echocardiography and conductance catheter method.

非原位灌注期间供体心脏的功能评估:来自压力-容量环和表面超声心动图的见解

Heart transplantation remains the gold standard treatment for advanced heart failure. However, the current critical organ shortage has resulted in the ...

Partial Sciatic Nerve Ligation: A Mouse Model of Chronic Neuropathic Pain to Study the Antinociceptive Effect of Novel Therapies

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. Chronic neuropathic pain results from lesions or diseases in the somatosensory system. To investigate potential therapies with reduced side effects, animal pain models are the gold standard in preclinical studies. Therefore, well-characterized and well-described models are crucial for the development and validation of innovative therapies. 
Partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (pSNL) is a procedure that induces chronic neuropathic pain in mice, characterized by mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, ongoing pain, and changes in limb temperature, making this model a great fit to study neuropathic pain preclinically. pSNL is an advantageous model to study neuropathic pain as it reproduces many symptoms observed in humans with neuropathic pain. Furthermore, the surgical procedure is relatively fast and straightforward to perform. Unilateral pSNL of one limb allows for comparison between the ipsilateral and contralateral paws, as well as evaluation of central sensitization. 
To induce chronic neuropathic hypersensitivity, a 9-0 non-absorbable nylon thread is used to ligate the dorsal third of the sciatic nerve. This article describes the surgical procedure and characterizes the development of chronic neuropathic pain through multiple commonly used behavioral tests. As a plethora of innovative therapies are now being investigated to treat chronic pain, this article provides crucial concepts for standardization and an accurate description of surgeries required to induce neuropathic pain.

Partial sciatic nerve ligation induces long-lasting chronic neuropathic pain, characterized by exaggerated responses to thermal and mechanical stimuli. This mouse model of neuropathic pain is commonly used to study innovative therapies for pain management. This article describes in detail the surgical procedure to improve standardization and reproducibility.

部分坐骨神经结扎术:慢性神经性疼痛的小鼠模型，用于研究新疗法的抗伤害感受作用

Management of chronic pain remains challenging to this day, and current treatments are associated with adverse effects, including tolerance and addiction. ...