我们感谢"哈利·弗兰克·古根海姆基金会和自然科学与工程研究理事会，加拿大赠款，支持SMP，研究这些方法​​的发展。

1。设备和室内设置<ol><li>播放箱装置，是一种透明的有机玻璃盒测量50厘米X 50厘米X 50厘米1-2厘米的标准玉米芯床上用品。 </li><li>所有的拍摄是在黑暗中进行，通过手持式摄录一体机在夜间拍摄选项。 </li><li>被放置在一个45°角朝下向播放盒在三脚架上的摄像机。所有的四角必须是可见的拍摄，获得设备的完整视图。 </li></ol> 2。方法<ol><li>动物之间日龄的断奶21日至23日。根据实验设计，动物可以被容纳在组2-4中的所需的男性和女性的组合一起。 </li><li>游戏测试过程中出现的动物的光周期，，测试虽然发生在一个黑暗的房间。必须是黑暗的入口前的动物试验室。 </li><li>三，连续30分钟，会议服务，在测试之前，习惯于住在一起的群体ING后如果被测试（见2.5）相同的序列。 </li><li>习惯之后，对被单独隔离24小时前测试，以最大限度地提高俏皮的相互作用（参见2.5节）。 </li><li>动物被输送到一个黑暗的测试室中，然后，单独放置在播放装置中，作为对测试10分钟。的主题，然后删除，并在自己的笼子放在一起。 </li><li>每次玩会话，床上用品将被丢弃，并彻底清洗使用的防腐剂卫康消毒剂（或等值）的游乐器具。这是一个优越的用于清洁从先前对大鼠气味剂，它不会留下强烈和持续的气味酒精擦拭或喷雾剂。量喷雾也可以用于屏蔽由受试者发出任何气味。然后添加新的床上用品。 </li><li>重复步骤（2.4-2.6）额外的试验。 </li></ol> 3。行为分析:考核内容的游戏首先，将独特的竞争老鼠在两个严重的战斗目标和发挥战斗使这个物种，特别是宝贵的学习发挥作为研究对象，升级从俏皮的激烈战斗，可以明确地检测在体内转变的目标35。其次，对颈背的合作伙伴发起的攻击的数量可以衡量的。第三，由于队伍的攻击防御是防御性攻击的收件人，相对可以衡量的攻击辩护的比例。第四，当一个颈背攻击防御，收件人可以使用多种策略之一，以保护他们的颈背从他们的合作伙伴的吻部，15，25，26或中解脱出来。这些策略可分为两大类。 <ol><li>在逃避，防守方可以走，跑，跳跃或闪避了（ 图2a），并通过这样做，它不仅将其颈背远离它的攻击，但也结束了面对它的攻击距离（ 回避的高清视频<html>恩瑟）。 </li><li>在面对防守，后卫转身面对它的攻击，从而不仅撤回其颈背远，但它的牙齿也并列之间的颈背和攻击者的鼻。面对防御分为两个主要类别:旋转主体和旋转的纵向轴线的周围，水平，绕一垂直轴线（通常的臀部和中期体之间，虽然这可以两性27）之间的不同。此外，身体的纵向轴线周围的旋转可以采取两种形式之一。 </li></ol><ol class="lalpha"><li>完整的旋转涉及的老鼠，把从站立的姿势完全仰卧位（ 图2B）。局部旋转涉及的大鼠，将其前躯，但离开它的后爪中的一者或两者与地面接触（ 图2C中，视频显示充分旋转和局部旋转的区别 ）。 </li></ol>2"佛:内容的宽度="5英寸的FO:src ="/ files/ftp_upload/4288/4288fig2highres.jpg"SRC ="/ files/ftp_upload/4288/4288fig2.jpg"/&gt; 图2。在响应一个俏皮的颈背攻击的防御在61天的雄性大鼠（AC）三种类型。 A.回避。按照攻击者的弓步在颈背（一，二），后卫突然转向远离其攻击者（三）。 B.完整的旋转。从后面的一个颈背接触（一）导致的后卫转动（B，C），直到它被仰卧和阻止攻击者与它伸出爪子（D）。 C.部分旋转。攻击者的弓步其合作伙伴的颈背从侧面（一，b）是随后由一个旋转的头部，颈部和肩膀的防守者，所以撤销其颈背其攻击者的口鼻部，而维护支持在地面上用它的后腿脚（c）所示。从Pellis 等26 S.卡尔格公司，巴塞尔许可转载。 <ol class="lalpha" start="2"><li>绕垂直轴的必需参数的水平旋转ES后卫将其臀部离它的攻击，同时将其头部向它的合作伙伴（ 图3，水平旋转视频 ）。 </li><li>在其直接绕其垂直轴或绕其纵轴部分，中后卫可以抚养反推其合作伙伴，显示的结果，当使用这两种战术，可以是相似的。混杂战术配合的结果，更引人注目的当考虑全部和部分旋转。当一名防守执行一个完整的旋转，动作的流畅-如果在一个标准的30帧记录，旋转完全平卧需要2-3帧的运动是连续的（ 视频 ）录像。 </li><li>部分旋转也可以结束在一个完全仰卧位，但是这通常涉及到一致行动的攻击。在这种情况下，防守方可以部分地旋转它的前躯，保持身体水平，甚至接触的地面上，但攻击者就可以按体重上的后卫。持久性紧迫和深远的颈背的攻击，防守者越来越多，旋转，直至完全仰卧。出现这样的"强迫"仰卧在断奏的方式，增量旋转的身体，可以大幅超过3视频帧（ 视频呈现出局部旋转导致的捍卫者采用仰卧位 ）。 </li></ol>由于多数研究有兴趣的科目具体操作上的影响，这是最好的得分战术，试图通过这个问题，而不是最终的结果可能会被迫通过其合作伙伴的行动。这样的判断可以通过检查内的后卫的防守动作开始（突出的前2-3帧，一帧一帧的视频）第2-3帧的运动。 <ol start="3"><li>俏皮的攻击时，可以测量的吻一只老鼠或者合作ntacts或在1-2厘米，其合作伙伴的颈背（ 视频显示一个俏皮攻击附近的合作伙伴大鼠相比，的非俏皮的运动 ）。 </li></ol><ol class="lalpha"><li>如上所述，在防守战术的收件人可以分为前几帧的袭击之后。一个新的序列开始，一种新的攻击（ 视频显示扩展俏皮会议的相比单独的俏皮攻击 ）。 </li><li>在扩展俏皮的角力，如在图1所示的，老鼠可以反击，一旦他们成功地为自己辩护，但这些类型的攻击更难以得分，特别是在考虑到合作伙伴的防御反应。因为反击是高度相关的，不会被计分的频率发起攻击，16的相互作用，这些更复杂的阶段，除非有很好的理由这样做23。发起攻击的得分和战术使用版，抵御这样的攻击足以捕获的相对差异在嬉闹和防御行为的影响在不同的实验条件下，26日，29。 </li></ol><img alt="图3" fo:content-width="3.23in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/4288/4288fig3highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/4288/4288fig3.jpg" /> 图3。面对防守涉及一名后卫转身面对攻击，而旋转它的后腿在水平面上围绕垂直轴（A，B）。从这个位置，防守方可以阻止到其颈背（C）的访问，并发动反击（D）。从Pellis 等 。25，调整和许可APA转载。 最好玩的互动开始用俏皮的攻击，这种攻击的绝对数量来衡量的时间内的测试试验。我们的研究试验的最佳大小有EEN 10分钟后，24小时的社会隔离15，16。短暂的社会隔离，增加了动力，从事社会发挥类似的效果，而不必对其他社会行为，如社会调查9。虽然任何数量的隔离具有这种作用，发挥隔离的影响接近渐近线的24小时27左右。虽然5分钟的试验可以检测到这种隔离引起的变化，他们太短，检测到细微的差别，如两性之间由于天花板效应 - 在这个例子中，发挥更倾向于男性大多出现后的第5分钟。即便如此，15分钟，动物出现审美疲劳，大力发挥，因此，试验持续10分钟，是一个很好的折衷协议和经济能力检测实验效果，15，16，27。无论是在光或暗的老鼠的每日循环阶段测试，我们的经验是，增加的发挥，如果日Ë大鼠的测试，在红光下，而不是白色光15，16。随着摄像机夜拍能力，在黑暗中拍摄是可能的，这也增加了量的打法进行的测试试验29。 <ol start="4"><li>由于防御上的攻击发生，防卫应得的比例导致防御的攻击。同样，任何特定类型的防御是偶然发生的免责辩护，得分类型的防御，也应该在条款的比例（ 例如 ，所发生的抗辩，X％是完整的旋转）。作为一个绝对的衡量得分防御可能会产生误导。例如，低频率可能出现的，因为低利率的攻击或完整的旋转，因为在这特定的实验条件下的主体使用的完整的旋转，即使很少，他们已经被攻击，正如经常为在控制条件下的动物。 </li></ol><ol claSS ="lalpha"&gt; <li>因此，当得分发挥，是一个连续的分析:推出的科目（数/单位时间）多少攻击，多少攻击的抵御（ 即概率防御 ），而在防守时，什么是可能的使用不同的防守战术（战术）。 </li></ol> 4。行为分析:使用，发挥评估的内容播放合作伙伴关系随着青春期的到来，是打打架，40量的整体下降。这是，因为他们的他们的颈背攻击的发射频率降低，但维持相同的，概率高防御17。在雄性大鼠中，游戏的格局被修改的发展优势的关系，凝聚在青春期37。这体现在防守战术的使用。 <ol><li>在男性，青春期的到来，有一个相对的在使用下降完整的旋转策略（ 在上面的部分显示不同的视频全旋转 ），并在使用局部旋转策略（ 在上面的部分显示不同的视频部分旋转 ）的增加，与其他战术保持在大约相同的所有16岁的频率。 </li><li>然而，在下属的男性，它是依赖于他们的合作伙伴，他们将使用这些策略。当玩另一个下属的男性或女性，下属雄性大鼠是最有可能受到攻击时，使用局部旋转战术，但播放时的男性占主导地位的殖民地，它更可能使用完整的轮换战术攻击时，18 ，19，24，36。因此，与发病的统治关系，相对使用的战术是一个很好的标记，以监测变化的大鼠实验下属的社会关系12。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pre-juvenile+onset+of+play+fighting+in+rats+(Rattus+norvegicus.">The pre-juvenile onset of play fighting in rats (Rattus norvegicus.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 31, 193-205 (1997).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+play+fighting+of+rats+in+comparative+perspective:+A+schema+for+neurobehavioral+analyses.">The play fighting of rats in comparative perspective: A schema for neurobehavioral analyses.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 23, 87-101 (1998).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Playful+Brain.">The Playful Brain.</a> Venturing to the Limits of Neuroscience. , (2009).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+levels+of+complexity+in+the+playfighting+by+muroid+rodents+appear+to+result+from+different+levels+of+intensity+of+attack+and+defense.">Different levels of complexity in the playfighting by muroid rodents appear to result from different levels of intensity of attack and defense.</a> Aggress. Behav. 15, 297-310 (1989).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., McKenna, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Some+subordinates+are+more+equal+than+others:+Play+fighting+amongst+adult+subordinate+male+rats.">Some subordinates are more equal than others: Play fighting amongst adult subordinate male rats.</a> Aggress. Behav. 19, 385-393 (1993).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., McKenna, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+feminine+dimension+in+the+play+fighting+of+rats+(Rattus+norvegicus)+and+its+defeminization+neonatally+by+androgens.">A feminine dimension in the play fighting of rats (Rattus norvegicus) and its defeminization neonatally by androgens.</a> J. Comp. Psych. 108, 68-73 (1994).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+cortex+in+play+fighting+by+rats:+Developmental+and+evolutionary+implications.">The role of the cortex in play fighting by rats: Developmental and evolutionary implications.</a> Brain Behav. Evol. 39, 270-284 (1992).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Field, E. F., Smith, L. K., Pellis, V. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+differences+in+the+play+fighting+of+male+and+female+rats.+Implications+for+the+causes+and+functions+of+play.">Multiple differences in the play fighting of male and female rats. Implications for the causes and functions of play.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21, 105-120 (1997).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Pellis, V. C., Pierce, J. D., Dewsbury, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disentangling+the+contribution+of+the+attacker+from+that+of+the+defender+in+the+differences+in+the+intraspecific+fighting+of+two+species+of+voles.">Disentangling the contribution of the attacker from that of the defender in the differences in the intraspecific fighting of two species of voles.</a> Aggress. Behav. 18, 425-435 (1992).</li><li>Pellis, S. M., Hastings, E., Shimizu, T., Kamitakahara, H., Komorowska, J., Forgie, M. L., Kolb, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+orbital+frontal+cortex+damage+on+the+modulation+of+defensive+responses+by+rats+in+playful+and+non-playful+social+contexts.">The effects of orbital frontal cortex damage on the modulation of defensive responses by rats in playful and non-playful social contexts.</a> Behav. Neurosci. 120, 72-84 (2006).</li><li>Reinhart, C. J., Pellis, S. M., McIntyre, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+play+fighting+in+kindling-prone+(FAST)+and+kindling-resistant+(SLOW)+rats:+How+does+the+retention+of+phenotypic+juvenility+affect+the+complexity+of+play.">The development of play fighting in kindling-prone (FAST) and kindling-resistant (SLOW) rats: How does the retention of phenotypic juvenility affect the complexity of play.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 45, 83-92 (2004).</li><li>Reinhart, C. J., Metz, G., Pellis, S. M., McIntyre, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Play+fighting+between+kindling-prone+(FAST)+and+kindling-resistant+(SLOW)+rats.">Play fighting between kindling-prone (FAST) and kindling-resistant (SLOW) rats.</a> J. Comp. Psych. 120, 19-30 (2006).</li><li>Siviy, S. M., Panksepp, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+modulation+of+juvenile+play+in+rats.">Sensory modulation of juvenile play in rats.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 20, 39-55 (1987).</li><li>Siviy, S. M., Baliko, C. N., Bowers, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rough-and-tumble+play+behavior+in+Fischer-344+and+buffalo+rats:+Effects+of+social+isolation.">Rough-and-tumble play behavior in Fischer-344 and buffalo rats: Effects of social isolation.</a> Physiol. Behav. 61, 597-602 (1997).</li><li>Siviy, S. M., Love, N. J., DeCicco, B. M., Giordano, S. B., Seifert, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relative+playfulness+of+juvenile+Lewis+and+Fischer-344+rats.">The relative playfulness of juvenile Lewis and Fischer-344 rats.</a> Physiol. Behav. 80, 385-394 (2003).</li><li>Smith, L. K., Fantella, S. -. L., Pellis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Playful+defensive+responses+in+adult+male+rats+depend+upon+the+status+of+the+unfamiliar+opponent.">Playful defensive responses in adult male rats depend upon the status of the unfamiliar opponent.</a> Aggress. Behav. 25, 141-152 (1999).</li><li>Smith, L. K., Forgie, M. L., Pellis, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+underlying+the+absence+of+the+pubertal+shift+in+the+playful+defense+of+female+rats.">Mechanisms underlying the absence of the pubertal shift in the playful defense of female rats.</a> Dev. Psychobiol. 33, 147-156 (1998).</li><li>Takahashi, L. K., Lore, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Play+fighting+and+the+development+of+agonistic+behavior+in+male+and+female+rats.">Play fighting and the development of agonistic behavior in male and female rats.</a> Aggress. Behav. 9, 217-227 (1983).</li><li>Taylor, G. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fighting+in+juvenile+rats+and+the+ontogeny+of+agonistic+behavior.">Fighting in juvenile rats and the ontogeny of agonistic behavior.</a> J. Comp. Physiol. Psych. 94, 953-961 (1980).</li><li>Thor, D. H., Holloway, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Play+solicitation+behavior+in+juvenile+male+and+female+rats.">Play solicitation behavior in juvenile male and female rats.</a> Anim. Learn. Behav. 11, 173-178 (1983).</li><li>Thor, D. H., Holloway, W. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+analysis+of+social+play+behavior+in+juvenile+rats.">Developmental analysis of social play behavior in juvenile rats.</a> Bull. Psychon. Soc. 22, 587-590 (1984).</li><li>Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J., Niesink, R. J. M., van Ree, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+neurobiology+of+play+behavior+in+rats.">The neurobiology of play behavior in rats.</a> Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 21, 309-326 (1997).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Kolb, B., Tees, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+decorticate+rat.">The decorticate rat.</a> Cerebral cortex of the rat. , 239-268 (1990).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

游戏的战斗是一个复杂的，动态的互动中，参与者不断地影响彼此的行为。其结果是，那些动态和执行的动作然性质是敏感的一个评分机制是必要的。本文中概述的计划已经证明是成功的跨性别，个体差异比较，通过研发，的应变差异和实验性的治疗4，14，16，20，24，29，30，31，32，32，36。此外，该计划可用于为骨架的建立精炼。例如，在大鼠的距离响应攻击者的方法可以影响的类型和?...

大鼠最繁忙的动物已经在实验室研究打10，21，41，和几个已经尝试开发计分计划，以衡量影响的实验性治疗上发挥战斗8，9，37，38， 39。然而，虽然这些计划取得了一些成功，监测频率的比赛，他们是不太适合的方法来监测的发挥，由于他们缺乏灵敏度的动态的相互作用13中的内容发生变化。主要的问题是一个合作伙伴，在战斗中，战术的运用往往是队伍的表现特别的战术等2，15。我们已经制定了一个评分机制，需要考虑的相互作用的动态，因此更适合于检测和表征在播放过程中发生的微妙的变化，实验操作16，20，26。在本文中，我们重点测量的防守战术执行的收件人俏皮的攻击。 在激烈战斗中，动物的攻击，捍卫特定的身体指标，用种典型武器系统5。在大鼠中，主要武器是牙齿，是用来咬的侧面和背部2。这种严重的战斗很容易表现在居民入侵者的背景下，在一个陌生的成年男性被引入到笼子里的居民的成年男性，15。由于严重的战斗，在游戏中的战斗，动物也竞争，另1获得一些优势。大鼠，例如，攻击和防御的颈背颈部15，如果接触的吻11，32，轻轻地蹭着。因此，可以看出俏皮的攻击进取的攻击不仅基于物理相互作用的方式（亲昵在一起和咬），而且还对身体的攻击目标（颈背与侧面和较低的背部）。此外，俏皮爱抚不应该混淆与社会调查或相互理毛。社会调查涉及的嗅探的合作伙伴，最常见于面部及肛门生殖器区域。由于这些行为的出现，以配合俏皮的行为，因此可能会被认为是俏皮的相互作用方面，它已被证明，这些社会互动游戏行为之前。此外，在从事社会调查的动机是独立的类似的变化在播放9。有几个特点，区分理毛从打20个 。首先，理毛，通常会出现当老鼠挤在一起了漫长的玩。二，俏皮的攻击集中在颈背，理毛可能涉及许多地方的伴侣的身体接触，虽然它有时是专注于颈背。第三，这个修饰包括温和的剪切和拉的T他的合作伙伴的皮毛与牙齿。第四，不像理毛，最好玩的攻击，颈背辩护的收件人，从而导致摔跤复杂的序列。 本文的主要焦点是显示什么可以卓有成效地在这些复杂的序列，包括摔跤的比赛，可以测量的。如下图所示，使用各种战术的后卫，以保护其颈背导致不同的可能结果。这些成果，在地面上，如摔跤，拳击或追逐，在一些研究中被作为独立的行为模式计量，但我们发现，在大多数情况下，这些结果取决于通过收件人的防守战术颈背攻击15。例如，回避战术往往会导致追逐，滚来滚去到后面，导致摔跤。因此，结果测量，如拳击和摔跤，实际上是两个参与者的行动所产生的复合材料。使用动态的方法，我们的框架提供了一个装置相互作用中的得分的时刻测量的动作时，是由于只有一个参与者28，一种方法，将是更明显的读者一次给出的实施例的使用如何测量框架。 正如图1中所示，大鼠在左边被看作接近另一个从后部（一），然后猛扑朝向颈背其颈部（二）。然而，在接触时，防守方绕其体（c）至面对其攻击者（四）的纵向轴线。由于攻击者不断向前发展，中后卫推到它的边（E），然后翻转到其背后的攻击者继续达到其颈背（FH）。从仰卧位，后卫启动的攻击朝其合作伙伴的颈背（I），但被阻止通过其合作伙伴的后脚（J，K）。另一企图获得其合作伙伴的颈背，老鼠在TOP是被关闭（L）仰卧动物的后腿（M），从而使原始的后卫重新站稳脚跟（n）和弓步攻击其合作伙伴的颈背（O）。 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/4288/4288fig1.jpg" alt="图1"/> 图1。对幼年雄性大鼠的过程中发挥战斗的进攻和防守的颈背。从Pellis＆Pellis 15的John Wiley＆Sons出版许可转载。

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 设备 </td><td> 评论（可选） </td></tr><tr><td>索尼DCR-DVD103摄像机</td><td>光学变焦20倍，夜拍 见下面</td></tr><tr><td>播放设备</td><td> 50 X 50 X 50CM有机玻璃</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> *所有摄像机会记录，虽然希望优化变焦光学变焦20倍或以上。 </td></tr></tbody></table>

peering into the dynamics of social interactions: measuring play fighting in rats

播放战斗在大鼠的攻击和防御的脖子颈背，如果接触的吻，轻轻地蹭着。因为一个动物的变动所抵消其合作伙伴的行动，打打架是一个复杂的，动态的互动。这种动态的复杂性提出了什么分数实验研究方法上的问题。我们提出了一个得分架构执行的动作的相关性质是敏感的。打打架的频率可以计算俏皮的颈背单位时间内发生的攻击的数量来衡量。然而，俏皮的防守，因为它只能发生在响应攻击，必然是一项措施，是最佳的百分比来衡量（＃攻击辩护/总数＃的攻击×100％）。特定的攻击是如何抵御可能涉及的几个策略之一，而这些都是队伍在防守上发生，因此，防守的类型也是最好的表达然一个百分比。两个实验说明了如何将这些测量结果可以用来玩格斗检测的脑损伤的影响，即使当没有影响整体嬉闹。也就是说，这里介绍的模式，设计，检测和评价的实验性治疗后，在播放的内容 。

<html>两项研究说明了如何多方位的得分方案，我们已经开发出可用于诊断上发挥战斗作用的影响，实验操作。首先表明，该方法可以用来查明改变的实验操作和所述第二显示如何使用该方法可用于测量的关系的变化的实验操作后的特定成分发挥。 （1）新生儿剥脱术的影响彻底清除皮质可导致成年大鼠，可以在实验室环境中42，然而，由于假定的作?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Peering into the Dynamics of Social Interactions: Measuring Play Fighting in Rats at JoVE.com

Peering into the Dynamics of Social Interactions: Measuring Play Fighting in Rats

播放战斗在大鼠的攻击和防御的脖子颈背，如果接触的吻，轻轻地蹭着。因为一个动物的变动所抵消其合作伙伴的行动，打打架是一个复杂的，动态的互动。这种动态的复杂性提出了什么分数实验研究方法上的问题。我们提出了一个得分架构执行的动作的相关性质是敏感的。两个实验说明了如何将这些测量结果可以用来玩格斗检测的脑损伤的影响，即使当没有影响整体嬉闹。也就是说，这里提出的模式被设计为检测和评估变化<em&gt;内容</em，发挥下列一种实验性治疗。

窥视到社会相互作用的动力学测量打打架的影响

Play fighting in the rat involves attack and defense of the nape of the neck, which if contacted, is gently nuzzled with the snout. Because the movements ...

peering-into-dynamics-social-interactions-measuring-play-fighting

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

15.2K 次观看.  University of Lethbridge. 播放战斗在大鼠的攻击和防御的脖子颈背，如果接触的吻，轻轻地蹭着。因为一个动物的变动所抵消其合作伙伴的行动，打打架是一个复杂的，动态的互动。这种动态的复杂性提出了什么分数实验研究方法上的问题。我们提出了一个得分架构执行的动作的相关性质是敏感的。两个实验说明了如何将这些测量结果可以用来玩格斗检测的脑损伤的影响，即使当没?...

视频: Peering into the Dynamics of Social Interactions: Measuring Play Fighting in Rats

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression and defensive behavior in a semi natural setting. The most important behavioral elements performed by the resident and the intruder are demonstrated in the video and illustrated using artistic drawings. The use of the resident intruder paradigm for acute and chronic social stress experiments is explained as well. Finally, some brief tests and criteria are presented to distinguish aggression from its more violent and pathological forms.

This video shows the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to measure offensive aggression, defensive behavior and violence in a semi-natural setting. The use of the paradigm for social stress experiments is explained as well.

驻地入侵者范式:一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

科研

行为学

Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.

The goal of the protocol presented here is to describe procedures to expose rats to moderate levels of alcohol during prenatal brain development and to quantify resulting alterations in social behavior during adulthood.

适度的产前酒精暴露在成年大鼠社会行为的量化

Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several ...

The Modified Hole Board - Measuring Behavior, Cognition and Social Interaction in Mice and Rats

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure multiple dimensions of unconditioned behavior in small laboratory mammals (e.g., mice, rats, tree shrews and small primates). This paradigm is a valuable alternative for the use of a behavioral test battery, since a broad behavioral spectrum of an animal&#8217;s behavioral profile can be investigated in one single test.
The apparatus consists of a box, representing the &#8216;protected&#8217; area, separated from a group compartment. A board, on which small cylinders are staggered in three lines, is placed in the center of the box, representing the &#8216;unprotected&#8217; area of the set-up. The cognitive abilities of the animals can be measured by baiting some cylinders on the board and measuring the working and reference memory. Other unconditioned behavior, such as activity-related-, anxiety-related- and social behavior, can be observed using this paradigm. Behavioral flexibility and the ability to habituate to a novel environment can additionally be observed by subjecting the animals to multiple trials in the mHB, revealing insight into the animals&#8217; adaptive capacities.
Due to testing order effects in a behavioral test battery, na&#239;ve animals should be used for each individual experiment. By testing multiple behavioral dimensions in a single paradigm and thereby circumventing this issue, the number of experimental animals used is reduced. Furthermore, by avoiding social isolation during testing and without the need to food deprive the animals, the mHB represents a behavioral test system, inducing if any, very low amount of stress.

This protocol describes the modified hole board, which is a behavioral test set-up that comprises the characteristics of an open field and a traditional hole board. This set-up enables the differential analysis of unconditioned behavior of small laboratory mammals as well as the analysis of cognitive abilities.

修改后的孔板 - 测量行为，认知和社会互动小鼠和大鼠

This protocol describes the modified hole board (mHB), which combines features from a traditional hole board and open field and is designed to measure ...

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and stability of the networks and relationships that define societies. For animals, such as mice, recognition of conspecifics may be important for maintaining social hierarchy and for mate choice 1.
A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by disruptions in social behavior and social recognition, including depression, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and schizophrenia. Studies of humans as well as animal models (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus) have identified genes involved in the regulation of social behavior 2. To assess sociability in animal models, several behavioral tests have been developed (reviewed in 3). Integrative research using animal models and appropriate tests for social behavior may lead to the development of improved treatments for social psychopathologies.
The three-chamber paradigm test known as Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty protocol has been successfully employed to study social affiliation and social memory in several inbred and mutant mouse lines (e.g. 4-7). The main principle of this test is based on the free choice by a subject mouse to spend time in any of three box's compartments during two experimental sessions, including indirect contact with one or two mice with which it is unfamiliar. To quantitate social tendencies of the experimental mouse, the main tasks are to measure a) the time spent with a novel conspecific and b) preference for a novel vs. a familiar conspecific. Thus, the experimental design of this test allows evaluation of two critical but distinguishable aspects of social behavior, such as social affiliation/motivation, as well as social memory and novelty. "Sociability" in this case is defined as propensity to spend time with another mouse, as compared to time spent alone in an identical but empty chamber 7. "Preference for social novelty" is defined as propensity to spend time with a previously unencountered mouse rather than with a familiar mouse 7. This test provides robust results, which then must be carefully analyzed, interpreted and supported/confirmed by alternative sociability tests. In addition to specific applications, Crawley's sociability test can be included as an important component of general behavioral screen of mutant mice.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for examination of sociability in mice by using Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty test. We describe the advantages and possible applications for this procedure, including critical details important for correct interpretation of the results.

社会交往行为的评估

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and ...

神经科学

Quantifying Social Motivation in Mice Using Operant Conditioning

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered shuttle boxes were equipped with two operant levers (left and right) and a food receptacle in one chamber, which was then divided from the second chamber by an automated guillotine door covered by a wire grid. Different stimulus mice, rotated across testing days, served as a social stimulus behind the wire grid, and were only visible following the opening of the guillotine door. Test mice were trained to lever press in order to open the door and gain access to the stimulus partner for 15 sec. The number of lever presses required to obtain the social reward progressively increased on a fixed schedule of 3. Testing sessions ended after test mice stopped lever pressing for 5 consecutive minutes. The last reinforced ratio or breakpoint can be used as a quantitative measure of social motivation. For the second paradigm, test mice were trained to discriminate between left and right lever presses in order to obtain either a food reward or the social reward. Mice were rewarded for every 3 presses of each respective lever. The number of food and social rewards can be compared as a measurement of the value placed upon each reward. The ratio of each reward type can also be compared between mouse strains and the change in this ratio can be monitored within testing sessions to measure satiation with a given reward type. Both of these operant conditioning paradigms are highly useful for the quantification of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

This article describes a new protocol for the quantitative measurement of social motivation in mice using operant conditioning for a social reward. The protocol is useful for the measurement of social motivation in mouse models of autism and other disorders of social behavior.

量化的社会动机小鼠使用操作条件反射

In this protocol, social motivation is measured in mice through a pair of operant conditioning paradigms. To conduct the experiments, two-chambered ...

Tickling, a Technique for Inducing Positive Affect When Handling Rats

Handling small animals such as rats can lead to several adverse effects. These include the fear of humans, resistance to handling, increased injury risk for both the animals and the hands of their handlers, decreased animal welfare, and less valid research data. To minimize negative effects on experimental results and human-animal relationships, research animals are often habituated to being handled. However, the methods of habituation are highly variable and often of limited effectiveness. More potently, it is possible for humans to mimic aspects of the animals&#39; playful rough-and-tumble behavior during handling. When applied to laboratory rats in a systematic manner, this playful handling, referred to as tickling, consistently gives rise to positive behavioral responses. This article provides a detailed description of a standardized rat tickling technique. This method can contribute to future investigations into positive affective states in animals, make it easier to handle rats for common husbandry activities such as cage changing or medical/research procedures such as injection, and be implemented as a source of social enrichment. It is concluded that this method can be used to efficiently and practicably reduce rats&#39; fearfulness of humans and improve their welfare, as well as reliably model positive affective states.

This article demonstrates the standardized application of playful handling, a tickling technique designed to mimic rat rough-and-tumble play. This technique is effective at reducing fearful reactions to humans and generating positive affect when rats are handled for common husbandry activities and medical and research procedures such as injection.

痒, 一种诱发大鼠正向影响的技术

Handling small animals such as rats can lead to several adverse effects. These include the fear of humans, resistance to handling, increased injury risk ...

A System for Tracking the Dynamics of Social Preference Behavior in Small Rodents

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and observer-independent manner. Since the beginning of the millennium, the three-chamber test has been widely used as a standard paradigm to evaluate sociability (social preference) and social novelty preference in small rodents. However, this test suffers from multiple limitations, including its dependence on spatial navigation and negligence of behavioral dynamics. Presented and validated here is a novel experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test, while also solving some of its caveats. The system requires a simple and affordable experimental apparatus and publicly available open-source analysis system, which automatically measures and analyzes multiple behavioral parameters at individual and population levels. It allows detailed analysis of the behavioral dynamics of small rodents during any social discrimination test. We demonstrate the efficiency of the system in analyzing the dynamics of social behavior during the social preference and social novelty preference tests as performed by adult male mice and rats. Moreover, we validate the ability of the system to reveal modified dynamics of social behavior in rodents following manipulations such as whisker trimming. Thus, the system allows for rigorous investigation of social behavior and dynamics in small rodent models and supports more accurate comparisons between strains, conditions, and treatments.

Described here is a novel automated experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test and also solves several caveats. This system supplies multiple behavioral parameters that enable rigorous analysis of small rodent behavioral dynamics during the social preference and social novelty preference tests.

跟踪小啮齿动物社会偏好行为动态的系统

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and ...

A Complex Diving-For-Food Task to Investigate Social Organization and Interactions in Rats

For many species, where status is a vital motivator that can affect health, social hierarchies influence behavior. Social hierarchies that include dominant-submissive relationships are common in both animal and human societies. These relationships can be affected by interactions with others and with their environment, making them difficult to analyze in a controlled study. Rather than a simple dominance hierarchy, this formation has a complicated presentation that allows rats to avoid aggression. Status can be stagnant or mutable, and results in complex societal stratifications. Here we describe a complex diving-for-food task to investigate rodent social hierarchy and behavioral interactions. This animal model may allow us to assess the relationship between a wide range of mental illnesses and social organization, as well as to study the effectiveness of therapy on social dysfunction.

This protocol describes a method of examining social hierarchy in a rat model. Rats perform a complex diving-for-food task in which they form a distinct hierarchy according to their willingness to dive underwater and swim to obtain a food pellet. This method is used to understand decision making and social relationships among highly social animals in small groups.

调查大鼠社会组织和互动的复杂潜水换食物任务

For many species, where status is a vital motivator that can affect health, social hierarchies influence behavior. Social hierarchies that include ...

Assessing Dominant-Submissive Behavior in Adult Rats Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Competition over resources such as food, territory, and mates significantly influences relationships within animal species and is mediated through social hierarchies that are often based on dominant-submissive relationships. The dominant-submissive relationship is a normal behavioral pattern among the individuals of a species. Traumatic brain injury is a frequent cause of social interaction impairment and the reorganization of dominant-submissive relationships in animal pairs. This protocol describes submissive behavior in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats after the induction of traumatic brain injury using a fluid-percussion model compared to naive rats through a series of dominant-submissive tests performed between 29 days and 33 days after induction. The dominant-submissive behavior test shows how brain injury can induce submissive behavior in animals competing for food. After traumatic brain injury, the rodents were more submissive, as indicated by them spending less time at the feeder and being less likely to arrive first at the trough compared to the control animals. According to this protocol, submissive behavior develops after traumatic brain injury in adult male rats.

The present protocol describes a rat model of fluid percussion-induced traumatic brain injury followed by a series of behavioral tests to understand the development of dominant and submissive behavior. Using this model of traumatic brain injury in conjunction with specific behavioral tests enables the study of social impairments following brain injury.

评估创伤性脑损伤后成年大鼠的显性顺从行为

Competition over resources such as food, territory, and mates significantly influences relationships within animal species and is mediated through social ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>对小鼠的早期生活创伤进行建模以研究 PTSD 和社交回避行为

Chronic Social Defeat Stress in Early Adolescent Male Mice

Physical abuse and trauma in childhood is reported in as many as 1 in 7 children and is a major risk factor for the development of psychiatric diseases, such as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), in adolescence and adulthood. Hallmark behavioral symptoms of PTSD include avoidance of cues and contexts associated with trauma. The ability to model long-lasting changes in the brain due to early life trauma is critical to determine potential circuit and molecular targets for the modulation of resultant symptoms. This manuscript describes a protocol for modeling early life physical and psychological trauma in early adolescent male mice that produces socially avoidant behavior. Adolescent male mice are exposed to repeated aggressive encounters followed by overnight housing, which provides an added dimension of psychological stress, with an adult male aggressor every day for 10 days. Repeated social defeat paired with overnight housing by the aggressor in early adolescence produces robust social avoidance behavior that lasts throughout adulthood. Social avoidance can be readily quantified in early adolescents, adolescents, and adults using open field social interaction testing. Early adolescent social defeat robustly produces more than 60% susceptible animals in adulthood.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>青春期早期雄性小鼠的慢性社交挫败应激

This protocol details how to perform 10 day chronic social defeat stress in early adolescent male mice to produce long-lasting social avoidance in adulthood in more than 60% of mice.

青春期早期雄性小鼠的慢性社交挫败应激

Physical abuse and trauma in childhood is reported in as many as 1 in 7 children and is a major risk factor for the development of psychiatric diseases, ...