我们想承认博士菲利克斯卡斯特拉诺（BGSU）的意见和有价值的讨论和NR尼尔。我们非常感谢OBOR“重大网络”计划和博林格林州立大学的财政支持。部分支持这项工作是由美国国家科学基金会下奖CHE - 1112227。

1。合成硒化锌的核心纳米晶8 <ol><li> “地点7.0克ODA和一个磁性搅拌棒放入三颈烧瓶中。 </li><li>在一个单独的烧瓶中，结合0.063克Se和2.4毫升TOP，加入磁力搅拌棒。 TOP和硒的混合物应在真空下脱气30分钟。 </li><li>德加的官方发展援助的90分钟，在120°C下氩气流量，然后把宽的玻璃排气。 </li><li>热至300°C的官方发展援助，并注入硒的混合物。让温度返回到300℃。 </li><li> 1.0毫升的Et 2锌（10％（重量）的己烷溶液）注入到反应烧瓶中，允许反应在265℃下约3分钟，或直至该激子吸收峰转移到所希望的波长（λ= 350-400 nm）时，在其取出烧瓶从加热套。 </li><li>一旦反应烧瓶中的温度下降到〜60℃，加入12毫升甲醇和之间的分裂两个15-ml离心管，用甲醇平顶。离心5分钟，倒出液相中。再溶解沉淀的纳米晶体在甲苯和重复。 </li></ol> 2。硒化锌磁芯的CdS棒上生长9 <ol><li>结合自置居所津贴0.080克O​​DPA0.280克，3.0克TOPO和0.090克的CdO的，加入磁力搅拌棒的三颈烧瓶中。 </li><li>在一个单独的烧瓶中，结合0.120克S，和4.0毫升的最佳的，加入磁力搅拌棒。 </li><li>德加CdO的解决方案为45分钟，在150°C和TOP 45分钟，在120°C，然后在氩气流量与广泛的玻璃排出的废气。 </li><li> CDO的解决方案，加热到380°C，直到CDO是溶解和解决方案是无色透明的。同时，S溶液加热至120℃，直到S被溶解，该混合物是无色透明的。 </li><li>所有添加的ZnSe从步骤1到S溶液。 </li><li>加入2.0毫升的最佳的Cd的溶液中，并让温度返回到380℃。一旦达到380°C，立即注入的溶液放入CD的解决方案。 </li><li>允许棒长为6-9分钟，包括温度恢复时间，并取下烧瓶从加热套。溶液留在热的时间越长，越长的棒将。 </li><li>产品可以是绿色的凝胶，加氯仿，液化和分成两小瓶。 </li><li>沉淀物在乙醇中的纳米晶体，倒出的液体相，并再溶解在氯仿中析出的纳米晶体。 </li></ol> 3。铂提示的增长上的CdS杆10 <ol><li>结合OA，0.2毫升0.2毫升油胺，10毫升二苯基醚，和43毫克1,2 - 十六烷，并在烧瓶中添加一个磁搅拌棒。 </li><li>脱气的混合物1小时，在80℃下，然后把氩气流量下，提高温度至200℃。 </li><li>添加的CdS棒在氯仿中，20毫克铂（II），乙酰丙酮的混合物。 5-7分钟后，反应混合物在190℃下，该溶液将变成黑色。将烧瓶中的热量。 </li><li>在一个1沉淀纳米晶体○时03分的混合物的甲醇中，氯仿用离心分离机，倒出的液体的相。重新溶解沉淀的晶体，在氯仿中，并重复。 </li></ol> 4。配体交换与MUA 11 <ol><li>于小瓶中，分散在10毫升氯仿中的纳米棒。 </li><li>加入0.1克MUA MUA溶解，直到所有的纳米棒的解决方案和超声。 </li><li>在一个单独的小瓶中，溶解在20毫升三蒸水（TDW）0.1克KOH。 </li><li>加入约5.0毫升的TDW解决纳米棒的解决方案，并剧烈震荡。 </li><li>混合物从步骤8.8是在6000 rpm离心1分钟，以分离水相和有机相。 </li><li>收藏报错顶端（水相），并添加甲醇来实现的解决方案，是3:1的甲醇水。 </li><li>离心混合物从步骤9.2是在6000 rpm持续2分钟以沉淀纳米晶体。倒出的液体相和再分散析出的结晶，通过声波处理在TDW。 </li><li>如果o- 无相在步骤4.5仍然保留了一些原来的纳米溶液的颜色，重复步骤4.4至4.7。 </li></ol> 5。合成硫化铅芯的（改编自文献12） <ol><li>合并的PbO，0.49克ODE18毫升，和1-16毫升OA（根据所需的尺寸，更OA产生较大的颗粒），加入磁力搅拌棒的三颈烧瓶中。 </li><li>在另一个烧瓶中，加入10毫升ODE和磁搅拌棒。 </li><li>德加两个烧瓶1小时，在120℃下，然后将氩气流量下。 </li><li>的Pb溶液加热至135℃。同时，冷却的烧瓶中只包含ODE至室温。 </li><li>添加0.21毫升TMS至室温的ODE，然后注入到铅溶液的混合物在135℃下</li><li>加热该混合物，在135℃下1-5分钟（取决于所需的大小，较长的加热产量较大的颗粒），并放入冰浴中，以便淬灭反应。 </li><li>在蒸馏水中丙酮沉淀纳米晶，倒f为液相，并再溶解在甲苯中的沉淀的晶体。重复2次以上。 </li></ol> 6。硫化铅芯生长的CdS壳牌13 <ol><li>结合纳米CdO，1.0克OA6毫升，和15ml ODE，加入磁力搅拌棒的三颈烧瓶中。 </li><li>在一个单独的烧瓶中，添加20-40毫克溶解在甲苯中，磁力搅拌棒的PbS芯。 </li><li> CDO的解决方案，加热到280°C，直至溶液是无色透明的，然后冷却到100°C。 </li><li>的PbS溶液加热至110℃，不超过5分钟，煮沸掉多余的，但不是所有的，溶剂中，然后注入Cd的溶液。 </li><li>缓慢加热反应混合物至120-160℃（取决于所需的壳的厚度）。对于较薄的壳（1-2单层）紧接在注射后的Cd溶液淬灭反应。 </li><li>一旦达到所期望的温度，骤冷的反应，通过将烧瓶置于冰浴中。 </li><li>在乙醇中，POU的沉淀出结晶r关液相中，并再溶解在甲苯中沉淀的晶体。重复两次。在最后的清洗周期，重新溶解并存储在无水辛烷的晶体。 </li></ol> 7。 FTO /玻璃基板上制备二氧化钛<ol><li>手洗FTO镀膜玻璃，洗涤剂（Alconox），用去离子水冲洗。 </li><li>在甲醇，丙酮，然后isoproponal的超声清洗玻璃，每次5分钟，干燥，氩气流量。 </li><li> 75 mM的四氯化钛中，在去离子水和加热（空气中）的浴中30分钟，在70℃放置在玻璃</li><li>冲洗的玻璃在450℃下1小时，用去离子水和干燥，用Ar，然后加热（空气中），放凉至室温。 </li><li>虽然玻璃冷却时，松油醇溶解二氧化钛DYESOL粘贴在以3:1的重量比。 </li><li>地点3滴的TiO 2的混合物处理过的与TiCl 4的中心上侧的干燥的载玻片上的FTO二维自旋在700rpm，在2,000 rpm和1分钟，持续6秒。 </li><li>退火的幻灯片在空气中于450〜500°C，直到的电影变成棕色，然后明确。 </li></ol> 8。旋涂PBS / CD转换成的电影<ol><li>全部旋涂的步骤被执行，在氩气的手套箱。 </li><li>将4-5滴的PBS / CdS的辛烷值（10毫克/毫升），从第7步到静止的幻灯片，让蔓延，直到该中心开始干，然后旋转600转，持续5秒，然后15秒在2,500转每分钟。 </li><li>将10滴的1:3 MPA：甲醇溶液在幻灯片上，完全覆盖面和旋转在600转，然后在2,500转每分钟15秒，持续5秒。 </li><li>用甲醇洗净表面，10滴在幻灯片上，在2,500 rpm转速和旋转在600转，持续5秒，15秒。 </li><li>用相同的方法，在步骤8.4，洗净表面与辛烷。 </li><li>为每个后续层的薄膜，重复步骤8.2-8.5。 </li><li>每一个第三层，在150℃下进行15分钟退火后的膜。的FI信号的膜应该具有1.5附近的吸光度的波长处的峰值的NC。 </li></ol> 9。浸镀层PBS / CdS薄膜<ol><li>准备大到足以完全淹没样品的烧杯中的80毫升甲醇中的溶液为0.43克醋酸镉。 </li><li>准备硫化钠九水合物（的Na 2 S·9H 2 O）的溶液，在80毫升甲醇中在大到足以完全淹没样品的烧杯中。 </li><li>样品浸入1分钟，在镉浴，用甲醇冲洗。然后浸入1分钟的硫浴，并用甲醇冲洗。 </li><li>重复步骤9.3直到毛孔都充满（一般为4-8倍）。 </li><li>退火的样品在150℃下进行15分钟。 </li></ol> 10。治疗薄膜的CTAB 14 <ol><li>放置0.25毫升对十六烷基三甲基溴化铵，溶于甲醇中，在从步骤9中的浓度为10毫克/毫升，在胶片上，并静置1分钟，然后在2,500 rpm的旋转，持续30秒。 </李&gt; <li>冲洗用10滴，直至干燥的甲醇和自旋滑动。 </li><li>重复一次，10.1和10.2。 </li></ol> 11。代表性的成果对应于ZnSe的在每个步骤中的合成/ CdS的/铂纳米的吸收和发射光谱在图1中被跟踪的演变。可以看出， 图1b表示在〜350 nm和〜450，分别的ZnSe和CdS的特征吸收峰，并且，最值得注意的是，现在显示的发作的FL〜550nm的峰值。这佛罗里达州的功能是一个横跨在ZnSe / CdS的接口发射的激子的衰变结果。这种类型II域间FL然后骤冷的Pt尖端（ 图1c），由于迅速注入到金属部分的离域电子的生长。此超快速的电荷分离使利用电子的光催化还原水。亲水MUA然后加入配位体，以便第Ê来自ZnSe域的孔移除，增加的半导体芯通过抑制氧化的稳定性，允许太阳能H 2（ 图2）的持续减少。作为孔清除的结果，有机配位体变得容易受到光劣化，但是这可以简单地减轻通过加入新鲜的配位体，如在图2中看出。因此，引入亲水性配体不仅呈现NCS溶于水，但他们还可以调整系统的能量保护的成本价格低廉，易于更换的纳米结构有机表面活性剂。 对于硫化铅/ CdS纳米晶固体， 图3a和3b示出的制造工序的示意性的和最终设备的核/壳纳米晶体的TEM图像， 图3c中 ，示出的CdS浸润周围均匀的PbS核心。被证明是相对自由的毛孔中的纳米晶体固体图3d中，一个设备的横截面的SEM图像。壳的生长，可观察的结果之一，是中的吸光度和发射峰的蓝移。这种转变是由于萎缩，Cd离子渗透到核心进一步的PbS核心，并且可以看出，在图4中 。甲中的排放量的大幅增加，也可以在图4中可以看出，由于增强的量子限制所提供的CdS壳。 CdS层不仅增加了排放，它​​也保护核心，增加的热稳定性的固体，至将近200°C，几乎50℃高于使用PbS纳米晶体固体单独。太阳能电池使用这种纳米固体结构不仅表现出较好的热稳定性，而且也被证明具有较高的开路电压（高达0.7 V）比相关有机地联系在一起的电影。这些影片也表现出了更高的耐受低氧气氛，持续时间为s许多研究天在正常大气条件下，没有退化。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/4296/4296fig1.jpg" /> 图1。光学性质的制作heteronanocrystals。 （一）。硒化锌纳米晶的激子特性，在λ= 390 nm处的吸光度。绷带排放未观察到这些样品。 （b）所示。硒化锌/硒化锌核心纳米CdS纳米棒生长的排放和吸收。 （c）所示。铂沉积的ZnSe / CdS纳米棒后的吸光度。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/4296/4296fig2.jpg" /> 图2。的氢生产MUA演变上限硒化锌/硫化镉/铂heteronanocrystals的的。产氢后，加入新的配体，在ZnSe / Pt纳米颗粒/ CdS的恢复。 H2产率（新实验曲线的斜率）加入新鲜配体后（8-12<html>小时）之前的初始降解（0-8小时）是大致相同的。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/4296/4296fig3.jpg" /> 图3的（a）制造纳米晶固体中所涉及的步骤和（b）的最后的光电转换装置的示意图。下面是SEM图像（三）硫化铅/ CdS核/壳纳米晶体和（d）的纳米晶体固体的侧视图。 <img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/4296/4296fig4.jpg" /> 图4的变化在从阳离子交换的PbS核心的萎缩（底部）的吸收和发射（顶端的PbS纳米晶导致约1单层，CdS的壳从沉积。作为≈150 nm的移动在这两个反射光谱。硫化铅的荧光强度增强由于1型异质结的形成。 ve_content的“Fo：保持together.within”页面=“总是”&gt; <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/4296/4296fig5.jpg" /> 图5（a）中的ZnSe / CdS的铂/核心/棒/尖端结构示意图能量水平对齐和（b）碲化锌/硫化镉/铂核心/棒/尖端结构。选择适当的材料，在这些装置中的最重要的是，碲化锌种子结构作为空穴从坐在的能量电平，使行驶的配位体不利。

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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colloidal+PbS+Nanocrystals+with+Size-Tunable+Near-Infrared+Emission:+Observation+of+Post-Synthesis+Self-Narrowing+of+the+Particle+Size+Distribution.">Colloidal PbS Nanocrystals with Size-Tunable Near-Infrared Emission: Observation of Post-Synthesis Self-Narrowing of the Particle Size Distribution.</a> Adv. Mater. 15, 1844-1849 (2003).</li><li>Pietryga, J. M., Werder, D. J., Williams, D. J., Casson, J. L., Schaller, R. D., Klimov, V. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilizing+the+Lability+of+Lead+Selenide+to+Produce+Heterostructured+Nanocrystals+with+Bright,+Stable+Infrared+Emission.">Utilizing the Lability of Lead Selenide to Produce Heterostructured Nanocrystals with Bright, Stable Infrared Emission.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 4879-4885 (2008).</li><li>Tang, J., Kemp, K. W., Hoogland, S., Jeong, K. S., Liu, H., Levina, L., Furukawa, M., Wang, X., Debnath, R., Cha, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colloidal-quantum-dot+photovoltaics+using+atomic-ligand+passivation.">Colloidal-quantum-dot photovoltaics using atomic-ligand passivation.</a> Nat. Mat. 10, 765-771 (2011).</li></ol>

没有利益冲突的声明。

这项研究表明，如何可以被用来实现一个空间分离的光生电荷的无机纳米晶体的复合体系结构。特别是，这些复合材料的允许跨越两个域，然后可用来执行无论是光催化或光电功能的分配的收费的微调。例如，高效光催化剂，可如果供体和受体纳米晶域建立​​一个单一纳米粒子。在图5中示出这样的系统的能量。同时，堆叠供体和受体的纳米薄膜可以导致光伏材料。 <p class="jove_co...

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 的试剂的名称 </td><td> 公司 </td><td> 目录编号 </td><td> 评论（可选） </td></tr><tr><td>十八胺（ODA），90％ </td><td>费舍尔</td><td> AC12932-0050 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>硒（Se），200目</td><td> ACROS </td><td> AC19807-2500 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>三正辛基（TOP），97％ </td><td> STREM </td><td> 15-6655 </td><td>空气敏感</td></tr><tr><td>二乙基锌（Et2Zn），10％（重量）。 </td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 22080 </td><td>易受空气污染，光敏感</td></tr><tr><td>甲醇，99.8％，无水</td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 179337 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>甲苯，99.8％，无水</td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 244511 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>三正-octylphosph的INE氧化物（TOPO），99％ </td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 223301 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>正十八烷基膦酸（ODPA），98％ </td><td> PCI合成</td><td> 104224 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>己基次膦酸（HPA），98％ </td><td> PCI合成</td><td> 4721-24-8 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氧化镉（CdO），99.99％ </td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 202894 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>硫（S），99.999％ </td><td> ACROS </td><td> AC19993-0500 </td><td>强烈的气味</td></tr><tr><td> 11 - 巯基十一酸（MUA），95％的</td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 450561 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氢氧化钾（KOH） </td><td> ACROS </td><td> AC13406-0010 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氯仿</td><td> VWR </td><td> EM-CX1059-1 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>氧化铅（PbO）的，99.999％ </td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td>32306-1KG </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1 - 十八碳烯（ODE），90％的</td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> O806-25ML </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>油酸（OA），90％ </td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> O1008-1G </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>双（三甲基甲硅烷基）硫醚（TMS），合成级</td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 283134-25G </td><td>对空气敏感，强烈的气味，高反应性</td></tr><tr><td>丙酮</td><td> EMD化学品</td><td> AX0118-2 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>醋酸镉</td><td> ACROS </td><td> AC31713-5000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>硫化钠水合物（的Na 2 S·9H 2 O），98％ </td><td>阿法埃莎</td><td> CB1100945 </td><td>光敏感</td></tr><tr><td>溴化十六烷基三甲基铵（CTAB），99％的</td><td>西格玛</td><td> H6269-100G </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>油胺，70％; </td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> O7805-5G </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>二苯醚</td><td>阿尔法（天津）化学有限公司</td><td> 101-84-8 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 1,2 - 十六烷</td><td> TCI </td><td> 6920-24-7 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>铂（Ⅱ）乙酰丙酮化物，97％的</td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 282782-5G </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>异丙醇，99.8％，无水</td><td> ACROS </td><td> AC32696-0025 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>四氯化钛（四氯化钛），99.9％ </td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 697079-25G </td><td>非常易受空气污染影响</td></tr><tr><td>二氧化钛，DSL 90T </td><td> DYESOL </td><td> DSL 90T </td><td></td></tr><tr><td>松油醇</td><td> MP生物医学</td><td> 98-55-5 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 3 - 巯基丙酸（MPA），99％的</td><td>阿法埃莎</td><td> A10435 </td><td>强烈的气味</td></tr><tr><td>辛烷，无水，99％ </td><td> Aldrich公司</td><td> 412236 </td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

harvesting solar energy by means of charge-separating nanocrystals and their solids

交接不同的半导体材料，在一个单一的纳米复合材料提供新颖光电材料的发展，提供了优越的控制跨材料界面的空间分布的电荷载体的合成装置。这项研究表明，给体-受体纳米晶（NC）域在一个单一纳米粒子的组合可以导致实现高效的光催化1-5材料，而供体和受体，如纳米晶体薄膜的层状组装产生了光伏材料。 最初专注于复合无机纳米晶的合成，包括线性堆叠的ZnSe，CdS和PT领域，共同推动光诱导电荷分离。这些结构用于水在太阳辐射下的光催化性能的影响，从而导致在水溶液中的H 2气体的生产中。为了提高光致分离收费，纳米棒的形态使用源自电场的特性的线性梯度5。域间的能量，然后优化，以驱动光生电子朝向的Pt的催化位点，而排出孔的表面的ZnSe域牺牲再生（通过甲醇）。在这里，我们表明，唯一有效的方式来产生氢气是使用给电子配体，以钝化表面状态，通过调整在的半导体配体界面的能量水平对齐。稳定，高效的还原水所允许的事实，即它们的价带中的半导体域补空缺，防止精力充沛空穴从降解它由于这些配体。具体而言，我们表明，该孔的能量被转移到的配体部分，离开半导体域功能。这使我们能够返回整个纳米晶体的配体系统到正常状态，当配体的退化，通过简单地添加新鲜的配体系统4。 为了推动光伏电荷分离，我们使用了两三层实木复合硫化铅和TiO 2薄膜。在此配置中，光生电子被注入到TiO 2的，并随后由FTO电极，而空穴被引导到Au电极经由含PbS层6。发展后者，我们引入了纳米晶半导体矩阵封装的阵列 （SMENA）战略，允许粘接硫化铅纳米CdS半导体到周围的矩阵。作为一个结果，制成固体表现出优异的热稳定性，归因于异质外延结构的纳米晶体矩阵接口，和显示在原型太阳能电池7迫使捕光性能。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids at JoVE.com

Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

一般的电荷分离半导体纳米复合材料的太阳能生产部署的发展战略。我们表明，装配在一个单一纳米粒子的几何形状引起的光催化功能，给体 - 受体纳米晶域，大量异质结的给体 - 受体纳米晶薄膜可用于光伏发电的能量转换。

通过电荷分离纳米晶及其固体收获太阳能

Conjoining different semiconductor materials in a single nano-composite provides synthetic means for the development of novel optoelectronic materials ...

harvesting-solar-energy-means-charge-separating-nanocrystals-their

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

14.0K 次观看.  Bowling Green State University. 一般的电荷分离半导体纳米复合材料的太阳能生产部署的发展战略。我们表明，装配在一个单一纳米粒子的几何形状引起的光催化功能，给体 - 受体纳米晶域，大量异质结的给体 - 受体纳米晶薄膜可用于光伏发电的能量转换。

视频: Harvesting Solar Energy by Means of Charge-Separating Nanocrystals and Their Solids

Characterization of Surface Modifications by White Light Interferometry: Applications in Ion Sputtering, Laser Ablation, and Tribology Experiments

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. From the measured surface, 3D topographic maps can be subsequently analyzed using a variety of software packages to extract the information that is needed.
In this article we describe how white light interferometry, and optical profilometry (OP) in general, combined with generic surface analysis software, can be used for materials science and engineering tasks. In this article, a number of applications of white light interferometry for investigation of surface modifications in mass spectrometry, and wear phenomena in tribology and lubrication are demonstrated. We characterize the products of the interaction of semiconductors and metals with energetic ions (sputtering), and laser irradiation (ablation), as well as ex situ measurements of wear of tribological test specimens.
Specifically, we will discuss:
<ol class="lroman">
	<li>Aspects of traditional ion sputtering-based mass spectrometry such as sputtering rates/yields measurements on Si and Cu and subsequent time-to-depth conversion.</li>
	<li>Results of quantitative characterization of the interaction of femtosecond laser irradiation with a semiconductor surface. These results are important for applications such as ablation mass spectrometry, where the quantities of evaporated material can be studied and controlled via pulse duration and energy per pulse. Thus, by determining the crater geometry one can define depth and lateral resolution versus experimental setup conditions.</li>
	<li>Measurements of surface roughness parameters in two dimensions, and quantitative measurements of the surface wear that occur as a result of friction and wear tests.</li>
</ol>
Some inherent drawbacks, possible artifacts, and uncertainty assessments of the white light interferometry approach will be discussed and explained.

White light microscope interferometry is an optical, noncontact and quick method for measuring the topography of surfaces. It is shown how the method can be applied toward mechanical wear analysis, where wear scars on tribological test samples are analyzed; and in materials science to determine ion beam sputtering or laser ablation volumes and depths.

白光干涉表面改性中的应用离子溅射，激光烧蚀，与摩擦学实验表征

In materials science and engineering it is often necessary to obtain quantitative measurements of surface topography with micrometer lateral resolution. ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

Nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, density and stoichiometry by a proper control of the plasma plume expansion dynamics. Such versatility can be exploited to produce nanostructured films from compact and dense to nanoporous characterized by a hierarchical assembly of nano-sized clusters. In particular we describe the detailed methodology to fabricate two types of Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films as transparent electrodes in photovoltaic devices: 1) at low O2 pressure, compact films with electrical conductivity and optical transparency close to the state of the art transparent conducting oxides (TCO) can be deposited at room temperature, to be compatible with thermally sensitive materials such as polymers used in organic photovoltaics (OPVs); 2) highly light scattering hierarchical structures resembling a forest of nano-trees are produced at higher pressures. Such structures show high Haze factor (&gt;80%) and may be exploited to enhance the light trapping capability. The method here described for AZO films can be applied to other metal oxides relevant for technological applications such as TiO2, Al2O3, WO3 and Ag4O4.

We describe the experimental method to deposit nanostructured oxide thin films by nanosecond Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas. By using this method Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films, from compact to hierarchically structured as nano-tree forests, can be deposited.

制备纳米设计的脉冲激光沉积透明导电氧化物

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Making Record-efficiency SnS Solar Cells by Thermal Evaporation and Atomic Layer Deposition

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent thermal evaporation, and it absorbs visible light strongly. However, for a long time the record power conversion efficiency of SnS solar cells remained below 2%. Recently we demonstrated new certified record efficiencies of 4.36% using SnS deposited by atomic layer deposition, and 3.88% using thermal evaporation. Here the fabrication procedure for these record solar cells is described, and the statistical distribution of the fabrication process is reported. The standard deviation of efficiency measured on a single substrate is typically over 0.5%. All steps including substrate selection and cleaning, Mo sputtering for the rear contact (cathode), SnS deposition, annealing, surface passivation, Zn(O,S) buffer layer selection and deposition, transparent conductor (anode) deposition, and metallization are described. On each substrate we fabricate 11 individual devices, each with active area 0.25 cm2. Further, a system for high throughput measurements of current-voltage curves under simulated solar light, and external quantum efficiency measurement with variable light bias is described. With this system we are able to measure full data sets on all 11 devices in an automated manner and in minimal time. These results illustrate the value of studying large sample sets, rather than focusing narrowly on the highest performing devices. Large data sets help us to distinguish and remedy individual loss mechanisms affecting our devices.

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication procedure of the SnS solar cells employing atomic layer deposition, which yields 4.36% certified power conversion efficiency, and thermal evaporation which yields 3.88%.

通过热蒸发和原子层沉积使记录效率的SnS太阳能电池

Tin sulfide (SnS) is a candidate absorber material for Earth-abundant, non-toxic solar cells. SnS offers easy phase control and rapid growth by congruent ...

Integration of Light Trapping Silver Nanostructures in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells by Transfer Printing

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly known as plasmonic effects, play an important role. Research in this field has, however, been impeded owing to the difficulty of fabricating devices containing the desired functional metal nanostructures. In order to provide a viable strategy to this issue, we herein show a transfer printing-based approach that allows the quick and low-cost integration of designed metal nanostructures with a variety of device architectures, including solar cells. Nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamps were fabricated from a commercially available nanohole plastic film as a master mold. On this nanopatterned PDMS stamps, Ag films were deposited, which were then transfer-printed onto block copolymer (binding layer)-coated hydrogenated microcrystalline Si (&#181;c-Si:H) surface to afford ordered Ag nanodisk structures. It was confirmed that the resulting Ag nanodisk-incorporated &#181;c-Si:H solar cells show higher performances compared to a cell without the transfer-printed Ag nanodisks, thanks to plasmonic light trapping effect derived from the Ag nanodisks. Because of the simplicity and versatility, further device application would also be feasible thorough this approach.

A viable transfer printing-based methodology to introduce plasmonic metal nanostructures in solar cells is described. Using nanopillar poly(dimethylsiloxane) stamps, an Ag-based ordered nanodisk array was integrated with standard hydrogenated microcrystalline Si solar cells, which led to improved device performances due to plasmonic light trapping.

灯光诱杀银纳米结构通过转移印花在氢化微晶硅太阳能电池集成

One of the potential applications of metal nanostructures is light trapping in solar cells, where unique optical properties of nanosized metals, commonly ...

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation

In this work, a combination of amplitude-modulated non-contact atomic force microscopy and atomic force spectroscopy is applied for instrumented hardness measurements on an Au(111) surface with atomistic resolution of single plasticity events. A careful experimental procedure is described that includes the force sensor selection, its calibration, the calibration of the cantilever deflection detection system, and the minimization of instrumental drift for accurate and reproducible force-distance measurements. Also, a method for the data analysis is presented that allows the extraction of force-penetration curves from recorded force-distance curves. A typical curve displays a clear elastic deformation regime up to the first plasticity event, or pop-in, with a length in the range of one to two Burger's vectors. Later plasticity events exhibit the same magnitude. The work of plasticity is further extracted from the measurements. Finally, the hardness is determined in combination with the indentation curve using non-contact atomic force microscopy images of the remaining indents.

This experimental protocol describes how atomic force microscopy can be used to measure hardness at the true nanometer scale and to detect single atomistic plasticity events.

通过仪表AFM压痕硬度定量测量

In this work, a combination of amplitude-modulated non-contact atomic force microscopy and atomic force spectroscopy is applied for instrumented hardness ...

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical properties. The possibility of doping was investigated by adding monovalent cation halides with similar ionic radii to Pb2+, including Cu+, Na+, and Ag+. A shift in the Fermi level and a remarkable decrease of sub-bandgap optical absorption, along with a lower energetic disorder in the perovskite, was achieved. An order-of-magnitude enhancement in the bulk hole mobility and a significant reduction of transport activation energy within an additive-based perovskite device was attained. The confluence of the aforementioned improved properties in the presence of these cations led to an enhancement in the photovoltaic parameters of the perovskite solar cell. An increase of 70 mV in open circuit voltage for AgI and a 2 mA/cm2 improvement in photocurrent density for NaI- and CuBr-based solar cells were achieved compared to the pristine device. Our work paves the way for further improvements in the optoelectronic quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite and subsequent devices. It highlights a new avenue for investigations on the role of dopant impurities in crystallization and controls the electronic defect density in perovskite structures.

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Here, we present a protocol to adjust the properties of solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3 through the incorporation of monovalent cation additives in order to achieve highly efficient perovskite solar cells.

CH的单价阳离子兴奋剂<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; NH<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;碘化铅<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt;对钙钛矿型高效太阳能电池

Here, we demonstrate the incorporation of monovalent cation additives into CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite in order to adjust the optical, excitonic, and electrical ...

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia (YSZ) Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) scaffolds with tunable specific surface areas up to 80 m2&#183;g-1. An aqueous solution of a zirconium salt, yttrium salt, and glucose is mixed with propylene oxide (PO) to form a gel. The gel is dried under ambient conditions to form a xerogel. The xerogel is pressed into pellets and then sintered in an argon atmosphere. During sintering, a YSZ ceramic phase forms and the organic components decompose, leaving behind amorphous carbon. The carbon formed in situ serves as a hard template, preserving a high surface area YSZ nanomorphology at sintering temperature. The carbon is subsequently removed by oxidation in air at low temperature, resulting in a porous, nanostructured YSZ scaffold. The concentration of the carbon template and the final scaffold surface area can be systematically tuned by varying the glucose concentration in the gel synthesis. The carbon template concentration was quantified using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the surface area and pore size distribution was determined by physical adsorption measurements, and the morphology was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Phase purity and crystallite size was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD). This fabrication approach provides a novel, flexible platform for realizing unprecedented scaffold surface areas and nanomorphologies for ceramic-based electrochemical energy conversion applications, e.g. solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) electrodes.

High Temperature Fabrication of Nanostructured Yttria-Stabilized-Zirconia YSZ Scaffolds by In Situ Carbon Templating Xerogels

A protocol for fabricating porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ) scaffolds at temperatures between 1,000 &#176;C and 1,400 &#176;C is presented.

通过纳米氧化钇稳定的二氧化锆（YSZ）的支架的高温加工<em&gt;原位</em&gt;碳模板干凝胶

We demonstrate a method for the high temperature fabrication of porous, nanostructured yttria-stabilized-zirconia (YSZ, 8 mol% yttria - 92 mol% zirconia) ...

Well-aligned Vertically Oriented ZnO Nanorod Arrays and their Application in Inverted Small Molecule Solar Cells

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule (SMPV1) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM), by utilizing ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO NRs that grew on both a sputtered and sol-gel processed AZO seed layer are fabricated. Compared with the AZO thin film prepared by the sol-gel method, the sputtered AZO thin film exhibits better crystallization and lower surface roughness, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscope (AFM) measurements. The orientation of the ZnO NRs grown on a sputtered AZO seed layer shows better vertical alignment, which is beneficial for the deposition of the subsequent active layer, forming better surface morphologies. Generally, the surface morphology of the active layer mainly dominates the fill factor (FF) of the devices. Consequently, the well-aligned ZnO NRs can be used to improve the carrier collection of the active layer and to increase the FF of the solar cells. Moreover, as an anti-reflection structure, it can also be utilized to enhance the light harvesting of the absorption layer, with the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells reaching 6.01%, higher than the sol-gel based solar cells with an efficiency of 4.74%.

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted SMPV1:PC71BM solar cells with ZnO nanorods (NRs) grown on a high quality Al-doped ZnO (AZO) seed layer. The well-aligned vertically oriented ZnO NRs exhibit high crystalline properties. The power conversion efficiency of solar cells can reach 6.01%.

定向定向 ZnO 纳米阵列及其在倒小分子太阳电池中的应用

This manuscript describes how to design and fabricate efficient inverted solar cells, which are based on a two-dimensional conjugated small molecule ...

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass (ADG) Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is composed of two materials, a plastic and an elastomer, whose dispersion characteristics (refractive index variation with wavelength) are different. We first designed the lens geometry and then used ray-tracing simulation, based on the Monte Carlo method, to analyze its performance from the point of view of both optical efficiency and the maximum attainable concentration. Afterwards, ADG Fresnel lens prototypes were manufactured using a simple and reliable method. It consists of a prior injection of plastic parts and a consecutive lamination, together with the elastomer and a glass substrate to fabricate the parquet of ADG Fresnel lenses. The accuracy of the manufactured lens profile is examined using an optical microscope while its optical performance is evaluated using a solar simulator for concentrator photovoltaic systems. The simulator is composed of a xenon flash lamp whose emitted light is reflected by a parabolic mirror. The collimated light has a spectral distribution and an angular aperture similar to the real Sun. We were able to assess the optical performance of the ADG Fresnel lenses by taking photographs of the irradiance spot cast by the lens using a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and measuring the photocurrent generated by several types of multi junction (MJ) solar cells, which have been previously characterized at a solar simulator for concentrator solar cells. These measurements have demonstrated the achromatic behavior of ADG Fresnel lenses and, as a consequence, the suitability of the modelling and manufacturing methods.

Indoor Experimental Assessment of the Efficiency and Irradiance Spot of the Achromatic Doublet on Glass ADG Fresnel Lens for Concentrating Photovoltaics

The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens makes use of two materials with differing dispersion to reduce chromatic aberration and increase attainable concentration. In this paper, a protocol for the complete characterization of the ADG Fresnel lens is presented.

玻璃 (ADG) 菲涅耳透镜对聚光光伏的效率和辐照点的室内实验评价

We present a method to characterize achromatic Fresnel lenses for photovoltaic applications. The achromatic doublet on glass (ADG) Fresnel lens is ...

Developing High Performance GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cells

To improve the efficiency of Si-based solar cells beyond their Shockley-Queisser limit, the optimal path is to integrate them with III-V-based solar cells. In this work, we present high performance GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with a high Si minority-carrier lifetime and high crystal quality of epitaxial GaP layers. It is shown that by applying phosphorus (P)-diffusion layers into the Si substrate and a SiNx layer, the Si minority-carrier lifetime can be well-maintained during the GaP growth in the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). By controlling the growth conditions, the high crystal quality of GaP was grown on the P-rich Si surface. The film quality is characterized by atomic force microscopy and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. In addition, MoOx was implemented as a hole-selective contact that led to a significant increase in the short-circuit current density. The achieved high device performance of the GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells establishes a path for further enhancement of the performance of Si-based photovoltaic devices.

Here, we present a protocol to develop high-performance GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells with a high Si minority-carrier lifetime.

研制高性能的 gap-硅异构太阳能电池

To improve the efficiency of Si-based solar cells beyond their Shockley-Queisser limit, the optimal path is to integrate them with III-V-based solar ...