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1。设备制造<ol><li>设计光掩模的图案化中，第一表面声波（SAW）层，和第二的聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）微流道模具。 <ol><li>的第一光掩模具有一对相对的叉指式换能器（叉指换能器），也被称为一个SAW延迟线和信道对应的标记和空间参考，在显微镜。在我们的标准设备，我们有单电极叉指换能器与P = 10微米，孔径为750微米，25个直手指对手指 ​​的宽度。产生所得到的IDT的声表面波的波长为λ= 4 p值=40μm的相应的工作频率F O = C SAW /λ≈100 MHz的128°YX铌酸锂（LN）。每个IDT的宽度应该是两倍以上的宽度的微粘结层的同时，以减少任何未对准的影响。 IDT设计参数进行了讨论COMPRehensively几本书9-11。我们说只有一个IDT（通道出口下）是必要的驱动声逆流的通道中流体进入，但图案形成一个完整的延迟线有助于在设备测试。 </li><li>第二个有一个简单的微通道结构SAW延迟线，形成一个微腔的通道入口沿。在我们的典型设备中，通道的宽度 w = 300毫米，长度为5毫米。作为一般规则，该通道的宽度应至少为10λ，以避免在微通道中的声表面波的传播期间的衍射效应，但是在我们的测试中，我们发现，宽度为7〜λ不会显着影响表面波传播通道内的。 </li></ol></li><li>开始LN晶圆切割是2厘米×2厘米的样品。为了进行发送显微镜有必要使用一个双面抛光晶片。请注意，LN是一个标准的，它的生物相容性和SAW沿长轴方向的极化和压电耦合系数，但其他的压电材料可用于与适当的设计考虑因素。 </li><li>漂洗，在丙酮，2 - 丙醇，用氮气枪干燥，清洁基材。 </li><li> 1分钟，以4,000 rpm的转速下旋涂样品与希普利S1818。 </li><li>软烤，在90℃的热板上，持续1分钟。 </li><li> SAW图层蒙版，使用掩模对准对准样品暴露在紫外线照射下，用了55兆焦耳/厘米2。护理时，应采取的IDT的LN基板沿长轴方向对齐。 </li><li>冲洗样品的Microposit MF319开发，持续30秒，除去未曝光的光致抗蚀剂。 </li><li>停止发展，样品在去离子水中漂洗，并干燥，用氮气枪。 </li><li>沉积10 nm厚的钛膜，其次是100纳米厚的金层通过热蒸发。 </li><li>通过超声的s执行升空充足的在丙酮中，然后用清水冲洗在2 - 丙醇和干燥的，用氮气枪。 </li><li> Silanize器件表面的疏水性，使其在微通道区域12。 <ol><li>掩盖了微腔面积与AR-N-4340负光阻通过光学光刻技术，根据制造商的资料。 </li><li>激活的样品表面，2分钟的氧等离子体（甘贝蒂Kenologia Srl的，科利柏）0.14毫巴的压力和100瓦的电源提供的偏置电压约450 V。 </li><li>混合35毫升十六烷，15毫升四氯化碳（CCl 4自由基 ），和20微升十八烷基三氯硅烷（OTS）到一个烧杯中，在通风橱内。将设备放置在该溶液中，留下覆盖了两个小时。 </li><li>用2 - 丙醇冲洗设备和干燥，用氮气枪。 </li><li>检查的表面上的水的接触角是90°以上。如果接触角是不够的，清洁的样品，然后重新执行的步骤在1.11。 </li><li>消除在样品上残留的抗蚀剂，在丙酮，2 - 丙醇漂洗和干燥用氮气枪。 </li></ol></li><li>样品安装在印刷电路板与射频波导和标准的同轴连接器（RF-PCB），在样品上的边缘，然后把声吸收器（初聚合物）联系，并通过引线接合或使用弹簧单高跷连接器连接的IDT。 </li><li>沟道层的主模图案到一小块硅（Si）晶圆使用标准光学光刻SU-8。 SU-8的类型和光刻配方将依赖于最终PDMS内部通道所需的高度。 </li><li>铸造PDMS模具<ol><li> PDMS与固化剂按10:1的比例混合。 </li><li>的PDMS离心2分钟，在1320×g离心脱气。 </li><li>倒入的PDMS轻轻地放在对SU-8模具在培养皿中，以总的PDMS上的顺序为1毫米的高度。打开的陪替氏培养皿可放置在真空干燥器中干燥约30分钟奥德呃脱气的PDMS进一步。 </li><li>脱气后，通过加热至80℃下进行1小时的烘箱中固化的PDMS。需要注意的是，烘烤时间和温度可能会影响硅橡胶的机械性能。 </li></ol></li><li>准备固体硅橡胶层<ol><li>周围的通道使用手术刀片切割，小心不要损坏SU8主，并把它剥开。 </li><li>副本的边缘，然后用刀片留下至少2毫米间隙侧的通道，在通道出口和无间隙斩不断完善和理顺。 </li><li>打一个洞在使用哈里斯UNICORE冲床微腔形成的流体加载入口。 </li></ol></li><li>债券的PDMS通道LN基板通过简单的形粘接。在这样的债券将持有整个流体测试阶段，而其余可逆的。 <ol><li>两面前清洗用压缩氮气空气吹走任何多余的碎片加盟。这是critical连接件时，根据所述图案化的对准标记的对准中的信道的长轴对LN。 </li></ol></li><li> 图1中所示的完整的器件原理图。存储完成的设备在清洁环境中，直到使用。 </li></ol> 注意：重要的是，所有的制造步骤都在洁净室环境中进行，以避免污染该装置在使用前。 注意：在任何的光学光刻步骤由用户优选的方法可能会被取代。 注意：可以被取代的硅烷化过程中的优选的疏水性涂层的方法13。 2。无线设备测试<ol><li>您的RF-PCB开路/短路波导校准网络或频谱分析仪。 </li><li> SAW延迟线连接到频谱分析仪的端口和测量的散射矩阵设备。的发送为单电极换能器的一对将类似于上面的操作频率为中心的IDT一个sinc函数的绝对值。在反射谱中观察到一浸（最小）在相同的频率9-11。在我们的工作频率在100兆赫的设备沿长轴的典型值是在S11和S22的-15分贝和-10分贝的S 12（没有PDMS频道）。 </li></ol> 3。微流体和粒子流的动力学可视化实验与分析<ol><li>将样品在显微镜下。的具体的光学装置取决于对SAW的微流体被观察到的现象。例如，一个简单的反射显微镜配备了4倍的目标和30 fps的视频摄像头将适用于研究流体灌浆动态。为了研究更复杂的微粒的动力学，可能有必要使用显微镜用20X物镜和100 fps或更高的摄像机。这是重要的吨，无论是客观和帧速率高，足以捕捉到任何空间和时间上的重要的流动特性。 </li><li>在前面的通道出口的IDT连接到的RF信号发生器，并在谐振频率处观察到的散射矩阵测量操作。声逆流实验的典型工作功率为20 dBm。如果有必要，使用高功率的UHF放大器。声流和雾化现象都没有声逆流而观察设备运行在低功率：，通常声流再循环开始在0 dBm和雾化出现上述14 dBm的。 </li><li> 60微升的液体装入到微室中，用微量。流体，因此被动地扩散到微室。如果有必要，轻轻一推就微腔表面，以有利于微腔充盈。 <ol><li>为了形象化的流动，有必要添加到流体的微珠。请注意，为了避免粒子CLUST化工e圈，将实验前的颗粒悬浮液超声。为了避免颗粒粘附在基板上应用0 dBm的信号设备，同时加载。 </li></ol></li><li>开始录制的视频通过显微镜观察，提高运行功率，以观察声逆流。将由输入功率，芯片设计和粒径不同的流量计划。 <ol><li>为了定性地捕捉动态，流体流动的通道填充使用的空间参考的标记在不同的阶段，要被记录在靠近弯液面和入口。 </li><li>为了进行定量测量的粒子动力学由微颗粒图像测速（μPIV）14,15或时空图像相关光谱（STICS）16,17，流体流动有要被记录在一个固定的兴趣点的视场至少100帧的帧速率施加粒子动力学。 </li></ol></li><li>分析视频图像处理软件。要使用该软件的选择取决于利益的现象。例如，要量化的粒度分布，空间雾化液滴粒子积累周期，或手动跟踪摊薄颗粒，简单的免费的图像分析软件，如斐济适合18，而为了获得简化和速度场测量，定制MPIV 19或STICS的20码是必需的。在我们的分析中定制STICS代码是用MATLAB编写，但首选的另一种编码语言，可能是同样可以接受。 </li></ol>

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微社区所面临的最大挑战之一是实现真正的便携式点护理设备驱动平台。其中所提出的集成微型泵23，基于表面声波（声表面波）是特别有吸引力，因为其相关功能流体混合，雾化和粒子浓度和分离4。在本文中，我们已经演示了如何制作和运行流体芯片上的实验室设备是在一个封闭的PDMS微流芯片上集成转向执行器SAW首次描述切基尼等。8。 关于...

微社会面临的一个持续挑战是需要有一个高效的抽水机制，可以小型化，融入真正的便携式微计分析系统（μTAS）。标准的宏观泵送系统根本无法提供所需的可移植性μTAS，由于体积流速的不利缩放通道的大小减小到微米范围内或低于。相反，锯已获得了越来越大的兴趣，流体驱动机制，并出现一些这些问题1,2的解决方案作为一个有前途的途径。 锯进行能源运输到流体3提供了非常高效的机制。到一个压电基片上， 例如铌酸锂（LN） ​​的SAW传播时，波将被辐射到的任何流体在其路径中以一个角度被称为瑞利角θR =罪722 1（三F / C），由于在衬底中，C S，流体C F声速的不匹配。这种辐射泄漏到流体中产生的压力波在流体驱动声流 。根据适用于该设备上的设备的几何形状和功率，这种机制被示出致动片上的过程，如流体混合，颗粒的分选，雾化，抽水1,4各种各样的。尽管SAW微流体驱动的简单性和有效性，也有只有少数锯驱动微泵机制已被证明日期。第一个示范的免费的液滴放置在表面声波传播路径上的压电基片3的简单的翻译。这种新方法产生了很大兴趣在使用锯作为一种微流体驱动方法，但仍然是一个需要流体被驱动通过封闭的渠道，更艰巨的任务。 Tan 等人泵内的微通道，激光烧蚀成在压电基片直接显示。的几何与通道和IDT尺寸修改，他们能够表现出均匀混合流5。 Glass 等人最近展示了移动，作为一个示范，值得信赖的小型化流行的实验室上的一个CD概念6,7组合SAW驱动旋转离心力的微流体通过微流体和微流体元件的方法。然而，唯一的完全封闭的声表面波驱动泵送机构已被证明仍然是切基尼等。的SAW驱动声逆流8此影片的焦点。它利用流体的雾化和聚结了的传播方向相对的方向通过一个封闭的通道泵波coustic。该系统可以产生令人惊讶的复杂微通道内流动。此外，根据设备的几何形状，它可以提供流量计划的范围内，从层流的涡流和颗粒积累域的特征在于，更复杂的制度。设备内部流动特性的能力，很容易影响显示了先进的片上粒子操纵的机会。 在这个协议中，我们希望澄清实用的基于SAW的微流体设备制造，实验操作，和流量可视化的主要方面。虽然我们明确说明这些程序驱动的SAW声逆流设备的制造和操作，这些部分可以很容易地修改他们的应用的范围SAW驱动微政权的。

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double side polished 128&#176; YX lithium niobate wafer</td>
			<td>Crystal Technology, LLC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicon wafer</td>
			<td>Siegert Wafers</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We use &#60;100&#62;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IDT Optical lithography mask with alignment marks (positive)</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Channel Optical lithography mask (negative)</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive photoresist</td>
			<td>Shipley</td>
			<td>S1818</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Positive photoresist developer</td>
			<td>Microposit</td>
			<td>MF319</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative tone photoresist</td>
			<td>Allresist</td>
			<td>AR-N-4340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Negative tone photoresist developer</td>
			<td>Allresist</td>
			<td>AR 300-475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SU8 thick negative tone photoresist</td>
			<td>Microchem</td>
			<td>SU-8 2000 Series</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SU8 thick negative tone photoresist developer</td>
			<td>Microchem</td>
			<td>SU-8 developer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hexadecane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H6703</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>107344</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>104817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone CMOS grade</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>40289</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-propanol CMOS grade</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>40301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td>99.9% purity</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gold</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td>99.9% purity</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>Sylgard 184 silicone elastomer kit with curing agent</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mm ID Harris Uni-Core multi-purpose coring tool</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z708895</td>
			<td>Any diameter greater than 2 mm is suitable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acoustic absorber</td>
			<td>Photonic Cleaning Technologies</td>
			<td>First Contact regular kit</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RF-PCB</td>
			<td>Any vendor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinner</td>
			<td>Laurell technologies corporation</td>
			<td>WS-400-6NPP</td>
			<td>Any spinner can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV Mask aligner</td>
			<td>Karl Suss</td>
			<td>MJB 4</td>
			<td>Any aligner can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal evaporator</td>
			<td>Kurt J. Lesker</td>
			<td>Nano 38</td>
			<td>Any thermal, e-beam evaporator or sputtering system can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen plasma asher</td>
			<td>Gambetti Kenologia Srl</td>
			<td>Colibr&#236;</td>
			<td>Any plasma asher or RIE machine can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5810 R</td>
			<td>Any centrifuge can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wire bonder</td>
			<td>Kulicke &#38; Soffa</td>
			<td>4523AD</td>
			<td>Any wire bonder can be used if the PCB is used without pogo connectors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Contact Angle Meter</td>
			<td>KSV</td>
			<td>CAM 101</td>
			<td>Any contact angle meter can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrum analyzer</td>
			<td>Anristu</td>
			<td>56100A</td>
			<td>Any spectrum or network analyzer can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RF signal generator</td>
			<td>Anristu</td>
			<td>MG3694A</td>
			<td>Any RF signal generator can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RF high power amplifier</td>
			<td>Mini Circuits</td>
			<td>ZHL-5W-1</td>
			<td>Any RF high power amplifier can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microbeads suspension</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L3280</td>
			<td>Depending on the experimental purpose different suspension of different diameter and different material properties can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Ti-Eclipse</td>
			<td>Any optical microscope with spatial resolution satisfying experimental purposes can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera</td>
			<td>Basler</td>
			<td>A602-f</td>
			<td>Any video camera that has enough frame rate and sensitivity satisfying experimental purposes can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera acquisition software</td>
			<td>Advanced technologies</td>
			<td>Motion Box</td>
			<td>Any software enabling high and controlled frame rate acquisition can be used</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication, operation and flow visualization in surface-acoustic-wave-driven acoustic-counterflow microfluidics

表面声波（声表面波）可用于驱动便携式微流体芯片中的液体通过声学逆流现象。在这个视频中，我们提出了一个多层的SAW声逆流装置的制造协议。该设备制作从铌酸锂（LN）的图案化基板上两个叉指式换能器（叉指换能器）和适当的标记。聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）通道蒙上上SU8主的模具终于结合图案的衬底上。随着制造过程中，我们显示技术，让声逆流装置以液体泵通过的PDMS通道电网的特性和操作。我们终于提出的程序可视化的通道中的液体流。该协议是用于显示根据不同的流型，其特征在于由涡流和颗粒堆积域的层流和更加复杂的动态芯片上的流体排出。

图2示出的移动设备的RF测试之前采取对LN层键合到微通道层的有代表性的结果：典型的S 11和S 12光谱分别面板a）和b）中报告。在S 11的频谱的中心频率的谷的深度相关的RF功率转换效率，声表面波的机械功率。因此，对于IDT手指对固定数量的，在山谷中的最低的减少将导致操作设备所需的功率减少。在这个最低的频率，该装置将最有效...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics at JoVE.com

Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

在这段视频中，我们首先描述的表面声波（SAW）声逆流装置的制造和运行程序。然后，我们证明实验装置，允许流量可视化进行定性和定量分析复杂的流量泵送装置内的SAW。

制造，操作和表面声波驱动声逆流微流体流动可视化

Surface acoustic waves (SAWs) can be used to drive liquids in portable microfluidic chips via the acoustic counterflow phenomenon. In this video we ...

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16.9K 次观看.  Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia. 在这段视频中，我们首先描述的表面声波（SAW）声逆流装置的制造和运行程序。然后，我们证明实验装置，允许流量可视化进行定性和定量分析复杂的流量泵送装置内的SAW。

视频: Fabrication, Operation and Flow Visualization in Surface-acoustic-wave-driven Acoustic-counterflow Microfluidics

Synthesis and Operation of Fluorescent-core Microcavities for Refractometric Sensing

This paper discusses fluorescent core microcavity-based sensors that can operate in a microfluidic analysis setup. These structures are based on the formation of a fluorescent quantum-dot (QD) coating on the channel surface of a conventional microcapillary. Silicon QDs are especially attractive for this application, owing in part to their negligible toxicity compared to the II-VI and II-VI compound QDs, which are legislatively controlled substances in many countries. While the ensemble emission spectrum is broad and featureless, an Si-QD film on the channel wall of a capillary features a set of sharp, narrow peaks in the fluorescence spectrum, corresponding to the electromagnetic resonances for light trapped within the film. The peak wavelength of these resonances is sensitive to the external medium, thus permitting the device to function as a refractometric sensor in which the QDs never come into physical contact with the analyte. The experimental methods associated with the fabrication of the fluorescent-core microcapillaries are discussed in detail, as well as the analysis methods. Finally, a comparison is made between these structures and the more widely investigated liquid-core optical ring resonators, in terms of microfluidic sensing capabilities.

Fluorescent-core microcavity sensors employ a high-index quantum-dot coating in the channel of silica microcapillaries. Changes in the refractive index of fluids pumped into the capillary channel cause shifts in the microcavity fluorescence spectrum that can be used to analyze the channel medium.

折光传感荧光芯微腔的合成和操作

This paper discusses  fluorescent core microcavity-based sensors that can operate in a microfluidic  analysis setup. These structures are based on the ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication and Visualization of Capillary Bridges in Slit Pore Geometry

A procedure for creating and imaging capillary bridges in slit-pore geometry is presented. High aspect ratio hydrophobic pillars are fabricated and functionalized to render their top surfaces hydrophilic. The combination of a physical feature (the pillar) with a chemical boundary (the hydrophilic film on the top of the pillar) provides both a physical and chemical heterogeneity that pins the triple contact line, a necessary feature to create stable long but narrow capillary bridges. The substrates with the pillars are attached to glass slides and secured into custom holders. The holders are then mounted onto four axis microstages and positioned such that the pillars are parallel and facing each other. The capillary bridges are formed by introducing a fluid in the gap between the two substrates once the separation between the facing pillars has been reduced to a few hundred micrometers. The custom microstage is then employed to vary the height of the capillary bridge. A CCD camera is positioned to image either the length or the width of the capillary bridge to characterize the morphology of the fluid interface. Pillars with widths down to 250 &#181;m and lengths up to 70 mm were fabricated with this method, leading to capillary bridges with aspect ratios (length/width) of over 1001.

A procedure for creating and imaging capillary bridges in slit-pore geometry is presented. The creation of capillary bridges relies on the formation of pillars to provide a directional physical and chemical heterogeneity to pin the fluid. Capillary bridges are formed and manipulated using microstages and visualized using a CCD camera.

狭缝孔几何中毛细金香桥的制造和可视化

A procedure for creating and imaging capillary bridges in slit-pore geometry is presented. High aspect ratio hydrophobic pillars are fabricated and ...

Fabrication and Testing of Microfluidic Optomechanical Oscillators

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including microresonators. However, because of the increased acoustic radiative losses during direct liquid immersion of optomechanical devices, almost all published optomechanical experiments have been performed in solid phase. This paper discusses a recently introduced hollow microfluidic optomechanical resonator. Detailed methodology is provided to fabricate these ultra-high-Q microfluidic resonators, perform optomechanical testing, and measure radiation pressure-driven breathing mode and SBS-driven whispering gallery mode parametric vibrations. By confining liquids inside the capillary resonator, high mechanical- and optical- quality factors are simultaneously maintained.

Parametric optomechanical excitations have recently been experimentally demonstrated in microfluidic optomechanical resonators by means of optical radiation pressure and stimulated Brillouin scattering. This paper describes the fabrication of these microfluidic resonators along with methodologies for generating and verifying optomechanical oscillations.

制造和微流控光机振荡器测试

Cavity optomechanics experiments that parametrically couple the phonon modes and photon modes have been investigated in various optical systems including ...

Taking Advantage of Reduced Droplet-surface Interaction to Optimize Transport of Bioanalytes in Digital Microfluidics

Digital microfluidics (DMF), a technique for manipulation of droplets, is a promising alternative for the development of &#8220;lab-on-a-chip&#8221; platforms. Often, droplet motion relies on the wetting of a surface, directly associated with the application of an electric field; surface interactions, however, make motion dependent on droplet contents, limiting the breadth of applications of the technique.
Some alternatives have been presented to minimize this dependence. However, they rely on the addition of extra chemical species to the droplet or its surroundings, which could potentially interact with droplet moieties. Addressing this challenge, our group recently developed Field-DW devices to allow the transport of cells and proteins in DMF, without extra additives.
Here, the protocol for device fabrication and operation is provided, including the electronic interface for motion control. We also continue the studies with the devices, showing that multicellular, relatively large, model organisms can also be transported, arguably unaffected by the electric fields required for device operation.

The protocol for fabrication and operation of field dewetting devices (Field-DW) is described, as well as the preliminary studies of the effects of electric fields on droplet contents.

以减少液滴表面的相互作用来优化Bioanalytes运输中的数字微流体

Digital microfluidics (DMF), a technique for manipulation of droplets, is a promising alternative for the development of &#8220;lab-on-a-chip&#8221; ...

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological and physical sciences over the past few decades. The progress made in this field invites further study of even smaller systems and at a larger scale, with tools that could be distributed more easily and made more widely available. Unfortunately, the fundamental laws of diffraction limit the minimum size of the focal spot of a laser beam, which makes particles smaller than a half-wavelength in diameter hard to trap and generally prevents an operator from discriminating between particles which are closer together than one half-wavelength. This precludes the optical manipulation of many closely-spaced nanoparticles and&#160;limits the&#160;resolution of optical-mechanical systems. Furthermore, manipulation using focused beams requires beam-forming or steering optics, which can be very bulky and expensive. To address these limitations in the system scalability of conventional optical trapping our lab has devised an alternative technique which utilizes near-field optics to move particles across a chip. Instead of focusing laser beams in the far-field, the optical near field of plasmonic resonators produces the necessary local optical intensity enhancement to overcome the restrictions of diffraction and manipulate particles at higher resolution. Closely-spaced resonators produce strong optical traps which can be addressed to mediate the hand-off of particles from one to the next in a conveyor-belt-like fashion. Here, we describe how to design and produce a conveyor belt using a gold surface patterned with plasmonic C-shaped resonators and how to operate it with polarized laser light to achieve super-resolution nanoparticle manipulation and transport. The nano-optical conveyor belt chip can be produced using lithography techniques and easily packaged and distributed.

The scalability and resolution of conventional optical manipulation techniques are limited by diffraction. We circumvent the diffraction limit and describe a method of optically transporting nanoparticles across a chip using a gold surface patterned with a path of closely spaced C-shaped plasmonic resonators.

一个纳米光输送带的制作和操作

The technique of using focused laser beams to trap and exert forces on small particles has enabled many pivotal discoveries in the nanoscale biological ...

Fabrication and Operation of Acoustofluidic Devices Supporting Bulk Acoustic Standing Waves for Sheathless Focusing of Particles

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must be smaller than the incident wavelength of sound and the width of the fluidic channels are typically tens to hundreds of micrometers across, acoustofluidic devices typically use ultrasonic waves generated from a piezoelectric transducer pulsating at high frequencies (in the megahertz range). At characteristic frequencies that depend on the geometry of the device, it is possible to induce the formation of standing waves that can focus particles along desired fluidic streamlines within a bulk flow. Here, we describe a method for the fabrication of acoustophoretic devices from common materials and clean room equipment. We show representative results for the focusing of particles with positive or negative acoustic contrast factors, which move towards the pressure nodes or antinodes of the standing waves, respectively. These devices offer enormous practical utility for precisely positioning large numbers of microscopic entities (e.g., cells) in stationary or flowing fluids for applications ranging from cytometry to assembly.

Acoustofluidic devices use ultrasonic waves within microfluidic channels to manipulate, concentrate and isolate suspended micro and nanoscopic entities. This protocol describes the fabrication and operation of such a device supporting bulk acoustic standing waves to focus particles in a central streamline without the aid of sheath fluids.

制造和Acoustofluidic设备的运营支撑体声波驻波的聚焦鞘颗粒

Acoustophoresis refers to the displacement of suspended objects in response to directional forces from sound energy. Given that the suspended objects must ...

Fabrication of Polymer Microspheres for Optical Resonator and Laser Applications

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, interface precipitation, and mini-emulsion. In all methods, well-defined, micrometer-sized spheres are obtained from a self-assembling process in solution. The vapor diffusion method can result in spheres with the highest sphericity and surface smoothness, yet the types of the polymers able to form these spheres are limited. On the other hand, in the mini-emulsion method, microspheres can be made from various types of polymers, even from highly crystalline polymers with coplanar, &#960;-conjugated backbones. The photoluminescent (PL) properties from single isolated microspheres are unusual: the PL is confined inside the spheres, propagates at the circumference of the spheres via the total internal reflection at the polymer/air interface, and self-interferes to show sharp and periodic resonant PL lines. These resonating modes are so-called "whispering gallery modes" (WGMs). This work demonstrates how to measure WGM PL from single isolated spheres using the micro-photoluminescence (&#181;-PL) technique. In this technique, a focused laser beam irradiates a single microsphere, and the luminescence is detected by a spectrometer. A micromanipulation technique is then used to connect the microspheres one by one and to demonstrate the intersphere PL propagation and color conversion from coupled microspheres upon excitation at the perimeter of one sphere and detection of PL from the other microsphere. These techniques, &#181;-PL and micromanipulation, are useful for experiments on micro-optic application using polymer materials.

Protocols for the synthesis of microspheres from polymers, the manipulation of microspheres, and micro-photoluminescence measurements are presented.

用于光学谐振器和激光应用的聚合物微球的制造

This paper describes three methods of preparing fluorescent microspheres comprising &#960;-conjugated or non-conjugated polymers: vapor diffusion, ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

用斜角沉积法制备高吸收介质的超薄彩色薄膜

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...

Flow-assisted Dielectrophoresis: A Low Cost Method for the Fabrication of High Performance Solution-processable Nanowire Devices

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of nanowires. DEP is used for nanowire analysis, characterization, and for solution-based fabrication of semiconducting devices. The method works by applying an alternating electric field between metallic electrodes. The nanowire formulation is then dropped onto the electrodes which are on an inclined surface to create a flow of the formulation using gravity. The nanowires then align along the gradient of the electric field and in the direction of the liquid flow. The frequency of the field can be adjusted to select nanowires with superior conductivity and lower trap density. 
In this work, flow-assisted DEP is used to create nanowire field effect transistors. Flow-assisted DEP has several advantages: it allows selection of nanowire electrical properties; control of nanowire length; placement of nanowires in specific areas; control of orientation of nanowires; and control of nanowire density in the device. 
The technique can be expanded to many other applications such as gas sensors and microwave switches. The technique is efficient, quick, reproducible, and it uses a minimal amount of dilute solution making it ideal for the testing of novel nanomaterials. Wafer scale assembly of nanowire devices can also be achieved using this technique, allowing large numbers of samples for testing and large-area electronic applications.

In this paper, flow assisted dielectrophoresis is demonstrated for the self-assembly of nanowire devices. The fabrication of a silicon nanowire field effect transistor is shown as an example.

流动辅助介: 一种低成本的制备高性能溶液可纳米线器件的方法

Flow-assisted dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an efficient self-assembly method for the controllable and reproducible positioning, alignment, and selection of ...

Experimental Investigation of the Flow Structure over a Delta Wing Via Flow Visualization Methods

It is well known that the flow field over a delta wing is dominated by a pair of counter rotating leading edge vortices (LEV). However, their mechanism is not well understood. The flow visualization technique is a promising non-intrusive method to illustrate the complex flow field spatially and temporally. A basic flow visualization setup consists of a high-powered laser and optic lenses to generate the laser sheet, a camera, a tracer particle generator, and a data processor. The wind tunnel setup, the specifications of devices involved, and the corresponding parameter settings are dependent on the flow features to be obtained.
Normal smoke wire flow visualization uses a smoke wire to demonstrate the flow streaklines. However, the performance of this method is limited by poor spatial resolution when it is conducted in a complex flow field. Therefore, an improved smoke flow visualization technique has been developed. This technique illustrates the large-scale global LEV flow field and the small-scale shear layer flow structure at the same time, providing a valuable reference for later detailed particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement.
In this paper, the application of the improved smoke flow visualization and PIV measurement to study the unsteady flow phenomena over a delta wing is demonstrated. The procedure and cautions for conducting the experiment are listed, including wind tunnel setup, data acquisition, and data processing. The representative results show that these two flow visualization methods are effective techniques for investigating the three-dimensional flow field qualitatively and quantitatively.

Here, we present a protocol to observe unsteady vortical flows over a delta wing using a modified smoke flow visualization technique and investigate the mechanism responsible for the oscillations of the leading-edge vortex breakdown locations.

基于流动可视化方法的三角洲机翼流动结构实验研究

It is well known that the flow field over a delta wing is dominated by a pair of counter rotating leading edge vortices (LEV). However, their mechanism is ...