这项工作是由自然科学与工程理事会探索项目（美国：298915）的支持，该基金去RECHERCHE魁北克 - 桑特（CSBN），和加拿大研究教席计划（美国）。

1。动物所有大鼠被视为按照加拿大动物保护协会的指导方针和批准所有的实验程序被授予由Concordia大学动物研究伦理委员会。 <ol><li>获得大鼠在275-300克（男性）或225-250克（女）。房子老鼠成对直到手术在标准的塑料笼中含玉米芯床上用品和碎纸。 </li><li>大鼠维持在一个颠倒光暗周期（上午9:30灯熄灭）。 </li><li>确保食物和水，可自由采食 ，除了在禁欲期。我们使用一个普通大鼠饲料（20.9％蛋白质，67.2％的碳水化合物和11.8％的脂肪）。 </li></ol> 2。导管和连接器<ol><li>使导管散装，并根据需要在一段时间下高压灭菌长时间使用。 </li><li>切硅橡胶管12厘米长的小段。 <ol><li>用牙签，把一个小降硅的导管周围3厘米的小费。 </li><li>让硅干燥24小时，然后高压灭菌和存储导管。 </li></ol></li><li>弯曲的“10式”套管，将作为一种连接器，在一个直角的塑料座的长管​​，然后进行高压灭菌和储存。 </li><li>装配，在无菌条件下，在手术当天的导管，通过推动硅橡胶管在“10式”套管，大约有一半的方式向塑料基座的弯曲金属管的“长”边。 <ol><li>通过聚乙烯管和减弱22号针头的1ml注射器填充用无菌生理盐水连接的“10式”管。 </li><li>通过导管冲洗盐水，以确保通畅流动。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3。静脉置管术<ol><li>手术前允许在动物护理设施（ACF）驯化后一周的老鼠。不要对大鼠体重进行手术低超过300-325克（男性）或250-275克（女）。 </li><li>术前体重及麻醉大鼠用氯胺酮/甲苯​​噻嗪混合物（一十三分之九十毫克/千克，IP）。 <ol><li>刮胡子，然后清洁头部和右肩的区域（靠近脖子的基地）用酒精和手术擦洗。 </li><li>注射青霉素（45万IU /只，SC），以防止感染，和2 ml生理盐水（SC）的水化。适用撕裂凝胶老鼠的眼睛，防止干燥引起的麻醉。 </li></ol></li><li>将大鼠在其腹部和做一个切口，用手术刀，在头顶，眼睛之间，和尾侧对大鼠的耳朵。 </li><li>将大鼠在其背面带有贴在表面上的前臂。提起皮肤切口区域，只是吻到锁骨，用血管钳，使1厘米的纵向切割用小剪刀。 </li><li>使用两连败钳，分离脂肪等组织，直到颈外VEIn被暴露出来。 </li><li>直推钳提示静脉与周围组织提起并分离静脉下。从任何粘附的组织仔细清理静脉，然后插入弯钳静脉下保持它抬起并稍微拉长。 </li><li>做一个小的，v形，切断对静脉的上表面上使用小弹簧剪刀。 <ol><li>持有使用血管扩张器切割开，推进“短”，3厘米导管尖端插入对心脏的静脉，直至硅降在切口处。 </li><li>栓导管向静脉用3缝合：1尽量尾越好，1只是喙与硅氧烷下降，而第三个远喙越好。 </li><li>通过下面的每个缝合导管传递生理盐水，以确保它仍然通畅，而缝线不能过紧。 </li></ol></li><li>取下胶带绕臂和下放置鼠腹侧。 <ol><li>插入止血钳吨hrough头部切口的尾侧推至肌肤从底层组织分开来创建一个皮下“口袋”。 </li><li>指导对上插入导管处的肩膀开幕皮肤下的止血钳。 </li><li>用止血钳通过结缔组织突破，并紧紧夹住导管在最喙点，的基础下“10行动”。 </li></ol></li><li>卸下“10行动”，并在皮肤和出位于老鼠的头顶部的切口螺纹导管的长端。 <ol><li>用剪刀剪去下面那里的止血钳被夹住导管并重新连接的长端“10行动”。 </li><li>沿着“10行动”一路塑料底座的金属轴拉导管。通过传递生理盐水，以确保自由流动。 </li></ol></li><li>放置在它的后面的老鼠，只缝合锁骨附近的切口。头部切口应REMA在开放的。 </li><li>将大鼠在立体定位仪。拉扯皮肤走在切口处用头牛头犬夹和干净的顶部和干颅骨表面。 </li><li>使用手动钻头，钻四点五十六孔入颅并插入机器螺丝插入孔中，作为脚手架的头盖。 <ol><li>将螺丝之间的“10式”连接器和掖导管的多余长度到皮下的“口袋”以前用止血钳进行。 </li></ol></li><li>用牙科水泥贴上“10行动”的头骨的顶部。从立体定位仪中取出大鼠后的水泥被完全干燥。 </li><li>给大鼠术后护理，其中包括酮洛芬（止痛; 5毫克/公斤，SC）和2毫升生理盐水（SC）。管理酮洛芬额外2天后手术，以帮助进行疼痛管理。 </li><li>开始48小时手术后，每天冲洗大鼠瓦特肝素和庆大霉素的无菌生理盐水的第i个的混合物（7.5 IU + 12微克; 0.2 - 0.3毫升）贯穿〜2天内恢复时期，并通过海洛因自我管理的阶段。 </li></ol> 4。行为过程时间轴海洛因求的限食引起隆胸的过程是在图1。 <ol><li>操作性条件反射室。 <ol><li>房子大鼠分别在操作性条件反射腔封装在声音衰减配备了一个风扇的木制车厢。 </li><li>各室由不锈钢金属网格地板，正面和背面的有机玻璃墙和两个金属板侧壁。山2伸缩杆9厘米上面右侧壁的地板，并找到一个提示灯每杆上面。响应于该药物配成对（有源）杠杆激活的输液泵，而在非药物配对的（无效）杠杆响应没有可编程的后果。&lt;/ LI&gt; <li>找到一个音模块（2.9千赫）主动杆上面，并在左侧壁的顶部中心位置的红房​​子光。 </li><li>通过液体的旋转和Tygon管与金属弹簧保护连接药物泵导管。此外，装备各室与食物料斗和一个水瓶，允许无限制地获得食物和水。 </li></ol></li><li>每天习惯： <ol><li>下面从手术后恢复将大鼠操作性的培训室，并允许24小时习惯的时期。 </li><li>不要连接到大鼠的金属弹簧和不激活cue-light/tone复杂。 </li><li>确保活动的杆保持缩回，但保证不活跃杆延伸，以帮助在训练两杆之间的歧视。 </li></ol></li><li>海洛因自身给药： <ol><li> 5式连接器连接到聚乙烯管和附加金属弹簧。 </li><li>让大鼠自ADMinister海洛因在3小时的时间间隔分隔的三个3小时的会议（0.1毫克/千克/输液）为10天。 </li><li>开始每次会议后发病的黑暗阶段（上午9:30左右在我们的实验室）的活动和非活动杆的延伸，以及屋内光线和激活cue-light/tone为复杂的照明30秒。 </li><li>在此期间，屋内灯被关闭，该球杆光/音调复杂的主动杆以上是对主动杆结果在活化的药物泵（5秒0.13毫升/注射），以及一个20秒的超时周期起始的反应激活（FR-1，20秒超时）。在超时期间，积极杠杆的反应被记录，但不会增强。暂无营业杠杆的反应被记录，但没有可编程的后果。 </li><li>下列每3小时会议，主动杆缩回，而无效的杠杆保持伸出，直到1个小时第二天的第一届会议之前。 </li></ol></li><li>禁欲和食品的限制： <ol><li>下面的自我管理训练，从操作性条件反射腔取出大鼠及个别安置他们在ACF，并给予不受限制地获得食物和水一药物洗脱一天。 </li><li>划分大鼠分为两组：食物限制（FDR）或吃饱，根据体​​重，跨越最后5天的训练输液和主动杆响应的数目匹配。 </li><li>随着药物洗脱天，取出罗斯福老鼠的食物，喂它们约15g大鼠饲料的下午1:30。调整食物的量跨越禁欲14天，以保持罗斯福大鼠体重（BW），以自己的基线体重的约90％。 </li></ol></li><li>寻求药物试验：在禁欲14天早上，返回大鼠的操作性条件反射腔，并将其连接到金属弹簧。使用1小时或3小时的会话期间有效和无效的杆响应具有相同的后果S IN自我管理训练，不包括药物（ 即在灭绝条件）的可用性。 </li></ol>

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批准所有的实验程序被授予由Concordia大学动物研究伦理委员会，按照加拿大动物保护协会的指导方针。作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。 FS和TD同样促成了这里，并在稿件的写作提出了程序的开发。

这里所描述的过程具有很强的表面效度，因为1）它允许自愿服药及以上药品监督管理部门控制，2）它采用的给药途径是人类共同的吸毒者，3）它反映了（相对）延长药物暴露的时期和禁欲，和4）避免了寻求药物测试是不可或缺的恢复过程，但在人类成瘾者14很少观察到之前的灭绝培训。此外，该过程模型考虑热量限制对觅药5的影响时，被认为是至关重要的一个延长食品的限制?...

其中一个在戒毒治疗中的主要困难是复发率很高，即使在禁欲1,2长时间。在研究人类成瘾者已经确定的环境挑战的重要贡献，如接触到药物相关的离散线索或环境3和应激性生活事件4，复发。被发现有吸毒和渴求的影响的共同的环境挑战是长期的粮食限制。例如，已经报道，慢性热量限制与增加卷烟吸烟5相关联。 &#160;此外，节食的严重程度（限制热量）是积极与使用毒品的年轻女性6患病率增加相关。但是，基本的脑机制尚不完全清楚。 由于涉及到人类的研究，动物模型小时实用和伦理方面的考虑AVE已经发展到确定相关的神经机制。我们以前使用的复职程序7,8展示复牌熄灭觅药大鼠暴露在急性（24-48小时）食物匮乏9,10。然而，恢复过程的一个组成部分是消光周期不是药物成瘾治疗11的共同特征（但参见Epstein 等人12年的恢复过程的有效性进行全面的讨论）。此外，在人类中，只有长期的粮食限制，但不严重的粮食匮乏的饮食操作的具体情况，结果表明，以有效地提高吸毒5,13。 因此，我们提出了“节欲程序”14，允许长期粮食限制觅药的影响的研究。使用这种方法，我们最近展示了h的稳健增强eroin寻求戒断大鼠暴露于轻度限食15 14天。

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			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Catalogue Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Ketamine (Vetalar, 100 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bioniche Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Obtained through local distributer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Xylazine (Rompun, 100 mg/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Obtained through local distributer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="111">
			<td height="111" style="height:111px;width:177px;">Heroin HCl</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">National Institute for Drug Abuse, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA</td>
			<td style="width:252px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="137">
			<td height="137" style="height:137px;width:177px;">Anafen injection 1 mg/ml Vial/20 ml</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">CDMV, Canada</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:252px;">12868</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;"></td>
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			<td height="35" style="height:35px;">Equipment</td>
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			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Catalogue Number</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="137">
			<td height="137" style="height:137px;width:177px;">Silastic tubing (ID 0.02, OD 0.037)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">1118915A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">GE marine silicon</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">GE</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">SE-1134</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="137">
			<td height="137" style="height:137px;width:177px;">Tygon tubing (ID 0.02, OD 0.060)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">63018-044</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">Cannulae (22 G, 5-up)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Plastics One</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">C313G-5up</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Liquid swivels, plastic, 22 G</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Lomir Biomedical, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">RSP1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="137">
			<td height="137" style="height:137px;width:177px;">Fixed speed infusion pump (3.3 rpm)</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">A73-01-3.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">Rat test cage</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H10-11R-TC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Stainless steal grid floor</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H10-11R-TC-SF</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">House light-rat</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H11-01R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Single high-bright cue-rat</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H11-03R</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Tone module 2.9 kHz</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H12-02R-2.9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">Retractable lever-rat</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H23-17RA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:177px;">Balance arm</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H29-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Sound attenuation boxes</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Concordia University</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">Home made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">System controller 2</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">SYS CTRL 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="69">
			<td height="69" style="height:69px;width:177px;">System power base</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H01-01</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Habitest Universal Linc</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H02-08</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="137">
			<td height="137" style="height:137px;width:177px;">Environment connection board &#38; Linc cable</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">H03-04</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="103">
			<td height="103" style="height:103px;width:177px;">Graphic State Notation 3</td>
			<td style="width:411px;">Coulbourn Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:252px;">GS3</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a procedure to study the effect of prolonged food restriction on heroin seeking in abstinent rats

在人类的吸毒者，接触到药物相关线索或以前与吸毒相关的环境中也能戒酒过程中引发复发。此外，各种环境挑战可能加剧这种效果，以及持续增加药物摄入。 我们在这里描述的过程凸显了一个共同的环境挑战，食物限制，对药物的渴求被表示为觅药戒断大鼠的增强的影响。 大鼠植入慢性静脉静脉导管，然后训练按下一个杠杆 四海洛因一段10-12天。继海洛因自我管理相大鼠从操作性条件反射室取出并​​安置在动物护理设施，为期至少14天。当一组是根据不受限制地访问食品（吃饱集团）维护，第二组（FDR组）暴露于英里LD食物限制方案，结果在它们的体重保持在90％的不受限制的体重。在限食14天的大鼠被调回药物的培训环境，以及寻求药物测试消光条件下运行（ 即 。杠杆压力机不会导致海洛因交付）。 这里介绍的方法导致海洛因寻求的高度可靠的隆胸考试当天在食品的限制作用。此外，相比我们之前已经使用了严重的粮食匮乏的操作，目前的程序是更多的临床相关模型的热量限制在寻求药物的影响。此外，它可能是更接近人类生存条件的大鼠不需要寻求药物测试，这是受欢迎的恢复过程的一个组成部分之前，要经过一个灭绝培训阶段。

随着时间的推移体重 ：典型的结果表明，体重在整个海洛因自身给药训练保持稳定。在禁欲，大鼠不受限制地访问州城增加他们的体重，而那些被限制的食物减少他们的体重，以自己的原体重的约90％或吃饱大鼠体重的75-80％（ 图2） 。 输液，在培训活动和非活动杆反应 ：输液和主动杆响应增幅比训练日，而无效的杠杆回应不（ 图3）。?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats at JoVE.com

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

一个程序，可以让药物在寻求食物限制大鼠强大隆胸的示范说明。继海洛因自身给药训练，大鼠经过一个禁欲时期，在一个无毒品的环境，在此期间，他们是温和的食物限制。觅药，然后在药物相关的环境中进行测试。

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

a-procedure-to-study-effect-prolonged-food-restriction-on-heroin

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.0K 次观看.  Concordia University. 一个程序，可以让药物在寻求食物限制大鼠强大隆胸的示范说明。继海洛因自身给药训练，大鼠经过一个禁欲时期，在一个无毒品的环境，在此期间，他们是温和的食物限制。觅药，然后在药物相关的环境中进行测试。 

视频: A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

A Novel Procedure for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Tastants in Laboratory Rats: Operant Intraoral Self-administration

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste reactivity with the behavioral aspects of operant self-administration of drugs. Under very brief general anaesthesia, rats are implanted with an intraoral (IO) cannula that allows delivery of test solutions directly in the oral cavity. Animals are then tested in operant self-administration chambers whereby they can press a lever to receive IO infusions of test solutions. IO self-administration has several advantages over experimental procedures that involve drinking a solution from a spout&#160;or operant responding for solid pellets or solutions delivered in a receptacle. Here, we show that IO self-administration can be employed to study self-administration of high fructose corn syrup (HFCS). Rats were first tested for self-administration on a progressive ratio (PR) schedule, which assesses the maximum amount of operant behavior that will be emitted for different concentrations of HFCS (i.e.&#160;8%, 25%, and 50%). Following this test, rats self-administered these concentrations on a continuous schedule of reinforcement (i.e.&#160;one infusion for each lever press) for 10 consecutive days (1 session/day; each lasting 3 hr), and then they were retested on the PR schedule. On the continuous reinforcement schedule, rats took fewer infusions of higher concentrations, although the lowest concentration of HFCS (8%) maintained more variable self-administration. Furthermore, the PR tests revealed that 8% had lower reinforcing value than 25% and 50%. These results indicate that IO self-administration can be employed to study acquisition and maintenance of responding for sweet solutions. The sensitivity of the operant response to differences in concentration and schedule of reinforcement makes IO self-administration an ideal procedure to investigate the neurobiology of voluntary intake of sweets.

The current study evaluates a novel procedure for assessing the reinforcing effects of palatable solutions in laboratory rats: intraoral self-administration. To this end, operant responding (i.e.&#160;lever pressing) for intraoral infusions of sweet solutions at different concentrations was measured on continuous and progressive ratios schedules of reinforcement.

一种新的方法为评估味质的实验室大鼠的补强性能：操作性口腔自我管理

This paper describes a novel method for studying the bio-behavioral basis of addiction to food. This method combines the surgical component of taste ...

科研

行为学

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate drug-seeking behavior and prompt relapse in abstinent drug users. We have developed a procedure to study the behavioral and neural processes that mediate the impact of context on alcohol-seeking behavior in rats. Following acclimation to the taste and pharmacological effects of 15% ethanol in the home cage, male Long-Evans rats receive Pavlovian discrimination training (PDT) in conditioning chambers. In each daily (Mon-Fri) PDT session, 16 trials each of two different 10 sec auditory conditioned stimuli occur. During one stimulus, the CS+, 0.2 ml of 15% ethanol is delivered into a fluid port for oral consumption. The second stimulus, the CS-, is not paired with ethanol. Across sessions, entries into the fluid port during the CS+ increase, whereas entries during the CS- stabilize at a lower level, indicating that a predictive association between the CS+ and ethanol is acquired. During PDT each chamber is equipped with a specific configuration of visual, olfactory and tactile contextual stimuli. Following PDT, extinction training is conducted in the same chamber that is now equipped with a different configuration of contextual stimuli. The CS+ and CS- are presented as before, but ethanol is withheld, which causes a gradual decline in port entries during the CS+. At test, rats are placed back into the PDT context and presented with the CS+ and CS- as before, but without ethanol. This manipulation triggers a robust and selective increase in the number of port entries made during the alcohol predictive CS+, with no change in responding during the CS-. This effect, referred to as context-induced renewal, illustrates the powerful capacity of contexts associated with alcohol consumption to stimulate alcohol-seeking behavior in response to Pavlovian alcohol cues.

A procedure to study the capacity of an alcohol associated environmental context to trigger the renewal of alcohol-seeking behavior in rats is described.

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including autism. Behavior analytic interventions for the treatment of feeding difficulties oftentimes include escape extinction as a primary component of treatment. The use of escape extinction, while effective, may be problematic as it is also associated with the emergence of challenging behavior (e.g., extinction burst). Such challenging behavior may be an acceptable side effect in treatment cases where feeding problems are severe and chronic (e.g., failure to thrive). However, in more acute cases (e.g., selective eating), the negative side effect may be unwarranted and undesired. More recent research on the behavioral treatment of food selectivity has begun to evaluate treatments for feeding difficulties that do not include escape extinction (e.g., demand fading, behavioral momentum), with some success. However, research to date reveals individual differences in responsiveness to such treatments and no clear preferable treatment has emerged. This manuscript describes a multi-component treatment package that includes shaping, sequential presentation and simultaneous presentation, for the treatment of food selectivity in four young children with developmental delays. This treatment package extends the literature on the behavioral treatment for food selectivity and offers a multi-component treatment protocol that may be clinically applicable across a range of treatment scenarios and settings.

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods require saccharin/sucrose fading, water deprivation and/or extended training to initiate operant responding in rats. This paper describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol that is convenient for experimenters and does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading, thus eliminating the potential confound of using sweeteners in ethanol operant self-administration studies. With this method, Wistar rats typically acquire and maintain self-administration of a 20% ethanol solution in less than two weeks of training. Furthermore, blood ethanol concentrations and rewards are positively correlated for a 30 min self-administration session. Moreover, naltrexone, an FDA-approved medication for alcohol dependence that has been shown to suppress ethanol self-administration in rodents, dose-dependently decreases alcohol intake and motivation to consume alcohol for rats self-administering 20% ethanol, thus validating the use of this new method to study the reinforcing properties of alcohol in rats.

This protocol describes a novel and efficient method to quickly initiate operant responding for ethanol in rats that, contrary to standard methods, does not require water deprivation or saccharin/sucrose fading to initiate responding.

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）：建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

Reinstatement of Drug-seeking in Mice Using the Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to acquire a conditioned place preference in a drug-paired compartment, and after the post-conditioning test, they perform several sessions to extinguish the established preference. The CPP permits the evaluation of the conditioned rewarding effects of drugs related to environmental cues. Then, the extinguished CPP can be robustly reinstated by the non-contingent administration of a priming dose of the drug, and by exposure to stressful stimuli. Both methods will be explained here. When the animal reinitiates the behavioral response, a reinstatement of the conditioned reward is considered to have taken place.
The main advantages of this protocol are that it is non-invasive, inexpensive, and simple with good validity criteria. In addition, it allows the study of different environmental manipulations, such as stress or diet, which can modulate relapse into drug seeking behaviors. However, one limitation is that if the researcher aims to explore the motivation and primary reinforcing effects of the drug, it should be complemented with self-administration procedures, as they involve operant responses of animals.

This protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse. This procedure permits the measurement of relapse in laboratory animals, considering the impact of drug-associated environmental cues as craving and relapse in abstaining addicts is currently the focus of drug-abuse treatment programs.

用条件位置偏好范式恢复小鼠药物寻毒作用

The present protocol describes the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) as a model of relapse in drug addiction. In this model, animals are first trained to ...

Tickling, a Technique for Inducing Positive Affect When Handling Rats

Handling small animals such as rats can lead to several adverse effects. These include the fear of humans, resistance to handling, increased injury risk for both the animals and the hands of their handlers, decreased animal welfare, and less valid research data. To minimize negative effects on experimental results and human-animal relationships, research animals are often habituated to being handled. However, the methods of habituation are highly variable and often of limited effectiveness. More potently, it is possible for humans to mimic aspects of the animals&#39; playful rough-and-tumble behavior during handling. When applied to laboratory rats in a systematic manner, this playful handling, referred to as tickling, consistently gives rise to positive behavioral responses. This article provides a detailed description of a standardized rat tickling technique. This method can contribute to future investigations into positive affective states in animals, make it easier to handle rats for common husbandry activities such as cage changing or medical/research procedures such as injection, and be implemented as a source of social enrichment. It is concluded that this method can be used to efficiently and practicably reduce rats&#39; fearfulness of humans and improve their welfare, as well as reliably model positive affective states.

This article demonstrates the standardized application of playful handling, a tickling technique designed to mimic rat rough-and-tumble play. This technique is effective at reducing fearful reactions to humans and generating positive affect when rats are handled for common husbandry activities and medical and research procedures such as injection.

痒, 一种诱发大鼠正向影响的技术

Handling small animals such as rats can lead to several adverse effects. These include the fear of humans, resistance to handling, increased injury risk ...

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

The present protocol describes a novel conflict task as a model of inhibitory control in rats. In this model, a natural rewarding stimulus (sexual stimulus) that represents a high-value reward, and the aversive stimuli (pins), are concurrently presented. The male rats have to climb or jump over the obstacle full of pins to approach and investigate the sexual partner. If the animal persists in their approaching behavior regardless of the aversive stimuli, it is considered as a maladaptive or risky reward-seeking behavior. The conflict task permits the evaluation of deficit in inhibitory control resulting from exposure to abused drug, such as morphine, or a stressful event. 
The main advantage of this model is that it provides a simple and quick way to discover the deficit in inhibitory control after exposure to opiate drugs or other stressful events. In addition to opiates, this behavioral model would also be useful for quickly discovering the inhibitory control deficits induced by other addictive drugs. However, the limitation is that the male rats' performance may be subject to exercising effects with repeated testing under this conflict task. In the future, one can hope that the individuals with the compulsive phenotype of reward-seeking behavior after exposure to opiates will be identified based on modifying this conflict model.

This conflict model is used to measure the impairment of inhibitory control after exposure to addictive drugs, or other factors that may influence inhibitory control. A sexual stimulus and an aversive obstacle are concurrently presented, thus male rats have to conquer the obstacle to approach the sexual reward.

雄性大鼠寻救行为的冲突模型

The present protocol describes a novel conflict task as a model of inhibitory control in rats. In this model, a natural rewarding stimulus (sexual ...

Assessing the Coherence of Parents' Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with parents. This paper focuses on such a method, namely Five-Minute Speech Sample-Coherence (FMSS-Coherence). In this method, a parent is asked to speak for five uninterrupted minutes about her/his child and their relationship. The resulted narrative is coded for coherence, namely the extent to which the parent provides&#160;in the narrative&#160;a clear, consistent, multidimensional and well-supported portrayal of the child. FMSS-Coherence is based on attachment research that shows that the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives is indicative of the quality of the parent-child relationship and child adjustment. It overcomes the limitations of attachment narrative measures which are typically labor intensive. FMSS-Coherence is less nuanced than extant attachment narrative measures. Yet, studies of families from different cultural backgrounds, across different child ages and in the context of typically developing children as well as children with special needs suggest that coherence can be reliably evaluated using the FMSS procedure. Furthermore, parents&#8217; FMSS-Coherence is associated with parenting quality and children&#8217;s socio-emotional adjustment. Thus, it holds promise for researchers and practitioners who seek a relatively time- and cost-effective method for assessing the coherence of parents&#8217; narratives regarding their child.

Assessing the Coherence of Parents&#039; Short Narratives Regarding their Child Using the Five-Minute Speech Sample Procedure

This paper introduces a method for assessing the coherence of parents' short narratives regarding their child and their relationship using the five-minute speech sample procedure.

使用五分钟言语样本程序评估家长对孩子的简短叙述的一致性

Valid and efficient measures for assessing the quality of parent-child relationships are needed to facilitate research and evidence-based practice with ...