作者要感谢佛罗里达国际大学和中心儿童和家庭的支持。

该协议遵循家长/监护人任何治疗开始之前与人类受试者和研究同意佛罗里达国际大学的准则始终得到。此外，从治疗开始前医生获得许可。 注:尽管具体的年龄范围和各个变量没有被经验验证，该协议已在临床上用于儿童2-7岁患有自闭症和发育迟缓。参加者应提交由他们照顾者的行为干预和医学专业。有关喂养的筛查资格的行为干预方案，以解决粮食选择性的一部分，任何医疗或身体潜在的问题提出明确的参与者。 1.会话结构和临床环境<ol><li>开展在门诊治疗的设置疗程，二和四之间的时间每周S，每节大约1小时。在治疗室配备了桌子，椅子进行会话和项目都在吃饭（ 即盘子，餐巾纸和餐具）中使用。此外，将玩具和其他有形物品进入房间作为增强剂出整个干预过程。 </li></ol> 2.前处理评估<ol><li>偏好评估。 </li><li>通过简短，非正式的偏好评估在每届会议开始时，确定可作为增强剂该届会议期间遵守有形物品。目前玩具阵列上的表和给孩子选择的机会，他/她想要工作的那一天的玩具。 </li><li>食品评估<ol><li>向父母或护理者以指示食品，孩子是可能吃100％的提供时的时间，80％的时间，60％的时间，等等往下到那些食物子不会接受（0 ％） 一世ñ百分之二十递增。 </li><li>开始干预这些食物孩子可能吃（所提供到时候100％），并着手更困难的食物，孩子从来没有尝试过。 注:包括一个优选的（100％）的食品，在第一干涉条件的目的是最初培育符合需求衰落步骤。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.会议和程序<ol><li>在基线提出的每一个还没有被暴露在干预一个白色盘子在孩子面前说，目标的食物咬一口"吃这个。"不提供取决于基线期间发出任何响应的任何后果。 </li><li>如果孩子吃的食物，然后让他们有时间来消耗它，然后呈现下一个咬了一口。如果孩子没有10秒后，所吃的食物的审判结束，然后呈现下一个食物。 注:存在于每个食物应在5次baseliNE交替顺序。开展前开始干预任何目标的食物至少2基线会话。继续探测每周基线的至少一个时间的剩余食物。 </li><li>确认孩子的饮食偏好的母公司报告上的白色板将一种食物从每个类别（ 即 ，100％，80％ 等 ），在孩子面前，说:"吃这个。"目前各食品五次交替次序。如果孩子吃的食物，在移动到下一个试验。如果孩子没有10秒后，所吃的食物，从板块中删除，并显示下一个食品项目。如果孩子抛出的食物或说，他们不希望它移动到下一个食品项目如果不解决这个问题的行为。 注:只使用这些食物都与父报表干预相一致。如果有食物不匹配父报告，例如父报告该孩子吃一个项目时的20％的第二，他们在此阶段吃它的时候100％，不包括这种食物作为干预目标。 </li><li>干预会话。 </li><li>开展所有疗程为试验（而不是基于时间的）和会话包括五个试验。当目标食品被放置在定位垫和指令传递的试用开始。试用结束取决于遵守或不遵守的10秒后。变化会话每1小时的访问取决于儿童变量和特性，包括遵守指令期间完成的数量。 注:掌握标准在干预每一步都符合跨连续两个交易日的80％或更高。遵守的定义是从指令被递送的时间完成在10秒内所提出的任务。 </li></ol> 4.治疗套餐注:治疗包包括整形和顺序，并同时呈现的PROCE的既定程序。 <ol><li>成型<ol><li>实现每个目标的食品，其中连续逼近吃饭被强化的成形过程。成形过程是由七个步骤;一）把食物在治疗师的手，B）去碰食品对孩子的脸颊，C）触摸食物鼻子; D）接触食品的嘴唇; E）触摸食物舌; F）咬下来的食物; G）吃的食物（ 如口腔清洁[吞咽的食物，这样它没有一个留在孩子的嘴里]）。 注:在每一步的孩子有独立完成目标的行为（ 例如 ，孩子把食物在治疗师的手）。 </li></ol></li><li>顺序演示<ol><li>使用含有两种不同颜色的圆作为顺序介绍程序的视觉表示一个餐垫。始终把目标食物上右侧的定位垫的左侧和较少优选的食品。 注:此presentation被设计以促进预测性的方法，并获得刺激控制，以符合呈现在左侧的食物。 </li><li>此外，将优先有形物品右侧的餐垫。使用提示，"您是第[成形工序]→[中首选食品，摸得着名]"引进指令顺序演示程序。例如，"先摸豌豆你的鼻子，然后你可以有你的cookie和蜡笔。​​" </li></ol></li><li>同时呈现<ol><li>本优选的和非优选的食品一起同时过程期间两者。具体地说，放置在的优选食品（ 例如 ，米粒被放置在芯片的顶部）顶部的非优选的食品和放置在定位垫的左侧这种组合。 </li><li>地点首选有形的和食用的物品右侧的餐垫，由于是连续的过程中完成的。慢慢INCrease非优选食品放置在该优选的食品顶部，直到非优选的和优选的食品等量的量被呈现。 </li><li>目前在一口大小件的所有食品。使用足够小，孩子可以用一个咬消费它，但足够大的作品，使孩子需要吞咽前咀嚼了好几遍。现在的食物或不依赖于个人需要的器具。要求与会者在所有会议养活自己。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5.干预<ol><li>培训阶段（首选食品） 注意:在训练阶段的最优选的食物（ 即确定为最有可能的食物可以吃的食品的评估时间100％），旨在促进熟悉和遵守的整形序列的步骤。 <ol><li>开始训练阶段与放置食物在检查者的手和的初始步骤继续进行，直到孩子达到掌握标准（ 即至少80％连续跨越两个交易日合规）的最后一步（ 即吃）。 </li></ol></li><li>整形和顺序演示<ol><li>使用在食品的评估确定了今后的食物干预的这个阶段（当提供孩子可能吃80％的时间）。在每个环节中，参与者和治疗师并排坐在桌旁。 </li><li>放置在儿童和所有食品和有形物品前餐垫放在旁边的桌子上的治疗师。 </li><li>通过将目标上的食物餐垫的左侧和右侧的潜在增强剂开始每次试验。治疗师则提供了一则提示。 </li><li>然在合规性，让孩子有机会获得强化材料（的首选食品，并获得消费有形物品约30秒）。取决于违规（未完成目标在10秒内或投掷目标的食品）的行为，代表了第一则提示。 </li><li>开始这一阶段的整形方法（把食物在治疗师的手）的第1步，并告诉与会者"先放___in我的手，然后你可以有（增强剂）。"继续，直到掌握criteriais满足（80％或更高的合规性跨连续两届）。 </li><li>移动整形过程的第2步（去碰食品给孩子的脸颊），当满足条件的掌握。继续以这种方式连接，直到吃的食物的最后一步被掌握。介绍确定在这一点上的下一个食品开始的成形过程的步骤1和所述重复成形步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>整形，顺序，并同时呈现 注:整形和顺序介绍不能有效增加遵守为在s的最后一步时介绍在实例的同时呈现相哈平序列（ 即口腔清洁）。 <ol><li>通过首先组合两个食物，使得非优选食品是不可见的孩子开始这一阶段。例如，将非优选的食品内的优选的和放置在定位垫，使孩子不能看到非优选的食品。 </li><li>系统地增加的非优选的食品的大小，并降低了优选的食物，直到非优选食品单独呈现。的两种食物的比例（ 即首选和非首选）时，符合达到80％或连续跨越好两会的系统性变化。继续使用餐垫和一流的提示，然​​后在这个阶段。 </li></ol></li></ol> 6.数据<ol><li>记录是或符合每个试验的数据。当如果 - 则提示递送和遵守的定义是从提示被呈现在时间发起在10秒内的行为的试验开始。 </li><li>让separa德图的每个目标的食物与独立变量为会话（ 即 ，5项试验）和因变量的百分比为遵守会议。为了在电子表格中创建会话数据的图形显示输入的百分比遵守电子表格。将数据输入列。 </li><li>然后选择数据，单击插入然后表。当图表选项呈现选中标记线图的选择。绘制过程的相位之间的垂直线。插入与标签"基线"以上为基准的会话的数据的文本框。 </li><li>插入文本框与对应于该过程的在该图的过程的每个步骤的顶部的步骤的数目。放置一个标签，在显示其食品是表示图表的顶部（ 例如 ，"100％的食物"，"80％的食物）。复制并粘贴到第一个图表一个空白页面的顶部，并复制并粘贴下面的图表以后才能。</li>
</ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

本文提出了一种治疗包，已经证明成功增加粮食验收谁表现出选择性的食物儿童先行操作组成。值得注意的是，本文提出了一套可在不使用逃脱灭绝的有效的程序。这些方法都与以往的文献一致（彭洛德等，2012）这表明，一个整形过程可以被用来增加食品的接受与谁搞活动的拒食的孩子（ 如投掷食物和作呕），而无需执行灭绝逃生程序。 该协议的一个关键组成...

食物选择，定义为基于不愿对食品的某些方面尝试新的食物（ 例如 ，质地，颜色，或演示文稿）经常刻画幼儿自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）和其他发育迟缓2的摄食行为， 4,7,10。 虽然谁表现出选择性的食物孩子们经常吃一些食物，这些食物都经常受到限制的品种（ 如小吃和碳水化合物），可能无法提供足够的营养。食物选择性可能永远不会导致总拒食需要医疗关注（ 例如 ，发育停滞或胃饲管的插入的诊断）然而，儿童食品选择性的有限的食物全集可导致营养不足。 一种有效的干预，以增加儿童急性食物选择食物验收逃脱灭绝，在不搬迁的形式勺子和/或物理指导1,6,11。 谁搞严重适应不良饮食行为的儿童经常搞粮食总拒绝，导致有限的体重增加和增长，可能需要使用胃管喂养。当一个孩子的喂养行为是影响其发展，逃脱灭绝可能是至关重要的快速增加食物的接受。例如，库珀和他的同事发现，5逃脱这是灭绝在3 4谁所有展出穷人的经济增长和从事发脾气参与者的行为（ 如 ，作呕，随地 ​​吐痰和尖叫）治疗包的必要组成部分，当食物被提出。 逃脱灭绝已被反复证明在治疗包小儿慢性喂养问题，但一个重要组件;这些程序可能没有必要为儿童谁从事较轻摄食行为（ 即 ，食物selectiv性）。谁搞严重的摄食行为的儿童可能不同于谁从事食品选择性的孩子，在严重的摄食行为可能涉及总拒食，其中儿童食品的选择性可能会消耗一些食物，但在有限的范围和营养价值。 食物即使是数量有限的一致食用，会导致儿童被响应加固为基础的干预，不需要增加逃生灭绝。对于自闭症儿童，积极强化过程被视为最佳实践9，应在食品选择性的治疗来实现，当孩子的行为可能无法保证使用逃脱灭绝。对使用前因操作和积极的强化方法尽可能替代使用逃生灭绝的最近的研究表明，这些方法可能是有效的一些孩子谁表现出选择性的食物-3,11,12- </s向上&gt;。 研究评价使用前因操作来治疗食物选择性已将各种程序，包括高-对序列6,11,12和顺序和同时食品介绍1,8,13。研究评估这些程序的结果表明，先行操作可有效增加粮食验收谁搞食品的选择性12,14的孩子。例如，彭洛德和他的同事12有效地增加了粮食消费的两个孩子确诊为自闭症谁从事食品主动拒绝（ 例如 ，随地 ​​吐痰，作呕，呕吐），使用治疗套装包 ​​括一个高-P序列和需求衰减的过程。 的方式，优选的和非优选的食物呈现（ 例如 ，顺序与同时呈现）也可能有助于治疗包谁从事的有效性为儿童食物的选择性。两个连续的（即，呈现所述非优选的食品随后优选食品）和同步（即，结合的非优选的和优选的食品在一起）上介绍的方法已经证明在提高食品的接受13,14一些成功。例如，广场等 13发现，同时演示过程中，没有逃脱灭绝是有效地增加食物的接受3 4的参与者和顺序介绍是无效的2人参加。相比之下，皮佐和他的同事14成功用于治疗由包介绍顺序和食欲操纵，以增加食物的接受一个16岁的男孩与ASD。而在何种程度上这些演示程序成功不加逃生灭绝不清;一些研究表明，这些程序可以是一种有效的前因操作对于一些儿童。更多resear通道必须确定的两个在治疗产品的连续和同时的程序不包括一个转义消光成分的效用。 在对谁从事食品选择性儿童设计的治疗套餐，考虑谁吃的食物数量有限的孩子和那些谁搞总拒食，因为这可能会影响反应干预之间的差异是很重要的。对于谁搞食品选择性的孩子，父母和医生可能不太愿意实施侵入逃生灭绝程序，因为他们可能无法查看孩子的行为是严重的，足以保证这些干预措施。 Tarbox，希夫和Najdowski 15表明轶事报告表明，逃逸灭绝过程可能是困难的家长接受。这组作者提出，这可能是评价其他行为治疗程序的有效性，可能是​​较少干扰的情况下非常有用在这里逃脱灭绝可能由父母来不被接受。 从结果评价的研究提供的证据表明，先行操作是治疗包食物选择的重要和强大的组件。先行操作可采取多种形式（ 例如 ，高-对序列和顺序和同时食品介绍），它是重要的研究主要集中在其上的组件可在治疗产品的结合，以有效地提高食品的接受不加入逃逸灭绝;因为这些措施可能会提供较少干扰的替代品时，逃生灭绝程序是没有必要的。这份手稿描述了一个处理包，结合整形，顺序和同步演示程序。当与其它先行操作相组合，但以前没有被组合在治疗包，这些程序已经有效地提高食品的接受。目前原COL通过包括他们在一个处理包，可作为治疗的第一线，可以由家长，教师，医生和有限的培训寻求更多的强化治疗前实施一个整形过程的延伸，并连续同时呈现手续文献。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Small table</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We have these at our site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>small chairs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We have these at our site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>paper plates</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We have these at our site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>plastic silverware</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We have these at our site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We have these at our site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>placemat</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We have these at our site</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a treatment package without escape extinction to address food selectivity

喂养困难，进食障碍是年幼的孩子，发育迟缓包括自闭症儿童特别普遍发生的问题。行为分析干预的喂养困难的治疗常常包括逃避灭绝作为治疗的主要成分。使用逃脱灭绝的，而有效的，可能是有问题的，因为它也与挑战性的行为（ 例如 ，消光突发）的出现有关。这种具有挑战性的行为可能是在治疗情况下，喂养问题是严重的和慢性的（ 例如 ，生长迟滞）可接受的副作用。然而，在更急性情况下（ 例如 ，选择性的饮食），负的副作用可以是无端的和不希望的。更近的行为治疗食物选择性的研究已经开始，以评估治疗用于供给不包括逃逸灭绝的困难（ 例如 ，需求衰落，行为momentuM），取得了一些成功。然而，研究至今显露对这样的处理在反应的个体差异并没有明确的治疗最好已经出现。这份手稿描述了一个多组分的治疗包，包括整形，连续介绍和演示的同时，对粮食选择性的四个年幼的孩子发育迟缓的治疗。这种治疗包扩展在行为治疗食物选择性文献，并提供了多组分的治疗方案，可能是在一系列的治疗方案，并设置临床应用。

<html>整形和顺序呈现所述可导致初始遵守与进食行为的过程（ 例如 ，触摸食物），可以通过使用加强和成形的加强。通过加强逐次逼近（整形步骤）的行为，可以慢慢成形，直至达到进食的目标行为。结果示于图1表明，成形的技术能够增加符合食品的接受并在这最终会导致饮食的协议的步骤的。结果还表明，同时呈现过程可以是在增加符合有效时成形技术是无效的。这些结?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity at JoVE.com

A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

Feeding difficulties and feeding disorders are a commonly occurring problem for young children, particularly children with developmental delays including ...

a-treatment-package-without-escape-extinction-to-address-food

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

11.4K 次观看.  Florida International University. Feeding difficulties are a common problem for children with developmental disorders, including autism, and behavioral interventions often include escape extinction. Recent research has begun to evaluate treatments that do not include escape extinction. This manuscript describes a multicomponent treatment package that does not use escape extinction to treat feeding difficulties.

视频: A Treatment Package without Escape Extinction to Address Food Selectivity

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during abstinence. Moreover, various environmental challenges can exacerbate this effect, as well as increase ongoing drug intake.
The procedure we describe here highlights the impact of a common environmental challenge, food restriction, on drug craving that is expressed as an augmentation of drug seeking in abstinent rats.
Rats are implanted with chronic intravenous i.v. catheters, and then trained to press a lever for i.v. heroin over a period of 10-12 days. Following the heroin self-administration phase the rats are removed from the operant conditioning chambers and housed in the animal care facility for a period of at least 14 days. While one group is maintained under unrestricted access to food (sated group), a second group (FDR group) is exposed to a mild food restriction regimen that results in their body weights maintained at 90% of their nonrestricted body weight. On day 14 of food restriction the rats are transferred back to the drug-training environment, and a drug-seeking test is run under extinction conditions (i.e.&#160;lever presses do not result in heroin delivery).
The procedure presented here results in a highly robust augmentation of heroin seeking on test day in the food restricted rats. In addition, compared to the acute food deprivation manipulations we have used before, the current procedure is a more clinically relevant model for the impact of caloric restriction on drug seeking. Moreover, it might be closer to the human condition as the rats are not required to go through an extinction-training phase before the drug-seeking test, which is an integral component of the popular reinstatement procedure.

A procedure that allows a demonstration of robust augmentation of drug seeking in food-restricted rats is described. Following heroin self-administration training, rats go through an abstinence period, in a drug-free environment, during which they are mildly food restricted. Drug seeking is then tested in the drug-associated environment.

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

科研

行为学

Measuring Sensitivity to Viewpoint Change with and without Stereoscopic Cues

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this transformation. Here we discuss a novel method for simulating the appearance of an object that has undergone a rotation-in-depth, and include an exposition of the differences between perspective and orthographic projections. Next we describe a method by which human sensitivity to rotation-in-depth can be measured. Finally we discuss an apparatus for creating a vivid percept of a 3-dimensional rotation-in-depth; the Wheatstone Eight Mirror Stereoscope. By doing so, we reveal a means by which to evaluate the role of stereoscopic cues in the discrimination of viewpoint rotated shapes and objects.

We discuss a novel method forviewpoint-rotation of visual stimuli, and demonstrate using a mirror stereoscopethe three-dimensional percept of rotation-in-depth. The technique can be used to investigate the role of stereoscopic cues in encoding viewpoint-rotated figures.

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this ...

Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.&#160;bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.&#160;distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.&#160;random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.&#160;shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g.&#160;latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land ...

Studying Food Reward and Motivation in Humans

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as hedonics, motivation, and goal value in more objective ways. This is particularly relevant for the understanding of overeating and obesity as well as their potential treatments. In this paper are described a set of measures of food-related motivation using handgrip force as a motivational measure. These methods can be used to examine changes in food related motivation with metabolic (satiety) and pharmacological manipulations and can be used to evaluate interventions targeted at overeating and obesity. However to understand food-related decision making in the complex food environment it is essential to be able to ascertain the reward goal values that guide the decisions and behavioral choices that people make. These values are hidden but it is possible to ascertain them more objectively using metrics such as the willingness to pay and a method for this is described. Both these sets of methods provide quantitative measures of motivation and goal value that can be compared within and between individuals.

This article describes a set of methods for the measurement of food related motivation and food related goal values in humans.

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

A key challenge in studying reward processing in humans is to go beyond subjective self-report measures and quantify different aspects of reward such as ...

Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in na&#239;ve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

A method to assess exercise endurance in laboratory mice without the use of a shock grid is demonstrated. This method is a humane refinement that can decrease the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.

小鼠运动耐力的评估没有一个冲击电网的使用:另一种强迫运动

Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most ...

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.

Gonadal hormones such as estrogen modulate memory formation in a number of experimental paradigms including fear extinction memory. This protocol describes a set of methods for investigating the influence of gonadal hormones specifically during extinction in naturally cycling females, including estrous cycle monitoring and exogenous estrogen administration.

协议在骑自行车自然雌性大鼠学习条件性恐惧灭绝

Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been maintaining the behavior. There is close correspondence between fear and human anxiety, and therefore studies of extinction learning might provide insight into the biological nature of anxiety-related disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, and they might help to develop strategies to treat them. Preclinical research aims to aid extinction learning and to induce targeted plasticity in extinction circuits to consolidate the newly formed memory. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a powerful approach that provides tight temporal and circuit-specific release of neurotransmitters, resulting in modulation of neuronal networks engaged in an ongoing task. VNS enhances memory consolidation in both rats and humans, and pairing VNS with exposure to conditioned cues enhances the consolidation of extinction learning in rats. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of custom-made parts and the surgical procedures required for VNS in rats. Using this protocol we show how VNS can facilitate the extinction of conditioned fear responses in an auditory fear conditioning task. In addition, we provide evidence that VNS modulates synaptic plasticity in the pathway between the infralimbic (IL) medial prefrontal cortex and the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), which is involved in the expression and modulation of extinction memory.

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has emerged as a tool to induce targeted synaptic plasticity in the forebrain to modify a range of behaviors. This protocol describes how to implement VNS to facilitate the consolidation of fear extinction memory.

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

Errors as a Means of Reducing Impulsive Food Choice

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ultimately, to reduced life expectancy. The capacity to refrain from automatic responses is usually high in situations in which making errors is highly likely. The protocol described here aims at reducing imprudent preference in women during hypothetical intertemporal choices about appetitive food by associating it with errors. First, participants undergo an error task where two different edible stimuli are associated with two different error likelihoods (high and low). Second, they make intertemporal choices about the two edible stimuli, separately. As a result, this method decreases the discount rate for future amounts of the edible reward that cued higher error likelihood, selectively. This effect is under the influence of the self-reported hunger level. The present protocol demonstrates that errors, well known as motivationally salient events, can induce the recruitment of cognitive control, thus being ultimately useful in reducing impatient choices for edible commodities.

Giving in to temptation of tasty food may result in long-term overweight problems. This protocol describes how to reduce imprudent preference for edible commodities during hypothetical intertemporal choices in women by associating them with errors.

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

Nowadays, the increasing incidence of eating disorders due to poor self-control has given rise to increased obesity and other chronic weight problems, and ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in mice: the Feeding Experimentation Device (FED). FED is an open-source system that was designed to facilitate flexibility in food intake studies. Due to its compact and battery powered design, FED can be placed within standard home cages or other experimental equipment. Food intake measurements can also be synchronized with other equipment in real-time via FED's transistor-transistor logic (TTL) digital output, or in post-acquisition processing as FED timestamps every event with a real-time clock. When in use, a food pellet sits within FED's food well where it is monitored via an infrared beam. When the pellet is removed by the mouse, FED logs the timestamp onto its internal secure digital (SD) card and dispenses another pellet. FED can run for up to 5 days before it is necessary to charge the battery and refill the pellet hopper, minimizing human interference in data collection. Assembly of FED requires minimal engineering background, and off-the-shelf materials and electronics were prioritized in its construction. We also provide scripts for analysis of food intake and meal patterns. Finally, FED is open-source and all design and construction files are online, to facilitate modifications and improvements by other researchers.

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED) is an open-source device for measuring food intake in mice. FED can also synchronize food intake measurements with other techniques via a real-time digital output. Here, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for the construction, validation, and usage of FED.

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

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一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

Measuring Sensitivity to Viewpoint Change with and without Stereoscopic Cues

巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

小鼠运动耐力的评估没有一个冲击电网的使用:另一种强迫运动

协议在骑自行车自然雌性大鼠学习条件性恐惧灭绝

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

一个疗程装没有逃脱灭绝解决粮食选择性

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巴恩斯迷宫测试策略与小型和大型啮齿类动物模型

研究食品奖赏和动机在人类

小鼠运动耐力的评估没有一个冲击电网的使用:另一种强迫运动

协议在骑自行车自然雌性大鼠学习条件性恐惧灭绝

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

作为错误脉冲减少食物选择的一种手段

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

饲养实验装置（FED）:建筑和验证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食