这项研究成为可能赠款来自美国国家科学与工程研究理事会（NSERC），以J.布鲁斯·莫顿的支持。

1，取得批准用于人类受试者工作 2，功能磁共振成像数据采集<ol><li>以下适合幼儿的程序获得fMRI数据（见Raschle 等。12）。尽一切努力限制在任务绩效和运动可能与年龄有关的差异，这些差异引入不必要的困惑，限制一个人的能力，以得出有关的大脑活动和功能连通性发育相关的差异推论。 注意：在当前的协议，一个重复，试验版本DCCS的施用中的一个块设计13的表格。每次运行包括两个8-试验开关块和两个8-试验重复块，其中开关块由4开关试验和4的重复试验，并重复块由8重复试验。该协议是完全适合与事件相关的fMRI数据的使用。然而，块的设计是不错的先取：采集时一起工作ainted与ICA，因为它很容易看到任务调制的分量时程。 </li><li>预处理fMRI数据按照标准功能磁共振成像的预处理程序。 <ol><li>重新调整各功能的图像相同的方向和位置。典型地，第一官能量被用作所有其它卷到对齐的参考图像。 </li><li> Coregister T1加权（解剖）图像与T2 *加权的（功能性）的扫描，以便激活叠加到正确的解剖学位置。 </li><li>标准化所有的图像，以标准化的尺寸，空间和位置与模板脑（ ​​如塔莱拉什空间）的选择。这有助于确保从不同受试者同源区被比较。 注意：图像扭曲向塔莱拉什空间中的当前协议，尽管其它模板，也可以使用（例如，MNI {蒙特利尔神经学研究所}空间）。 </li><li>平滑功能的所有卷中的DAT一组用6〜10mm的平滑内核。 </li></ol></li><li>封存预处理卷到一个单独的目录集。使用“扫描功能”作为顶级目录。在“扫描功能”包括为每个参与者一个单独的目录，并且每个参与者目录中，每次运行一个单独的目录。这些数据现在准备ICA分析。 </li></ol> 3组独立成分分析（ICA） <ol><li>下载并安装组ICA软件。有许多可用于对不同类型的神经生理数据，包括磁共振成像执行ICA的工具箱。而执行组的ICA任何工具箱将可能是合适的，一个在当前协议使用被称为礼物。礼物是由文斯 - 卡尔霍恩和他的同事在新墨西哥大学开发。该礼品工具箱是一套MATLAB脚本的，与SPM，一个众所周知的功能磁共振成像分析软件包一起工作。既可以bË免费从互联网上（礼品：mialab.mrn.org /软件/礼品/ index.html的＃; SPM：www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm/）。下载完成后，礼品工具箱和所有子目录添加到MATLAB的搜索路径和保存路径文件。 </li><li>计算使用礼品fMRI数据一组ICA使得对内存大量需求。在存储器中的精确需求将取决于参与者的数量，从每个参与者收集的数据量，并且数据的分辨率而改变。为了避免内存问题，最好是运行在服务器上的ICA分析。如果运行分析在本地计算机上，内存的要求可以通过使用脚本“icatb_mem_ica.m”那是礼物的一部分进行估计。 </li><li>设置或参数化的分析。通过修改一个名为“Input_data_subjects_1.m”预先存在的批处理脚本是根据“icatb_batch_files”存储在礼品做到这一点。 注意：这也可以通过使用GIFT的图形用户友谊赛完成王牌。然而，它是非常容易，有一点实践，建立了分析，通过修改这个已存在的脚本。 <ol><li>指定的数据形式为功能磁共振成像</li><li>指定分析类型为ICA与ICASSO。这将确保在ICA运行与ICASSO程序。 ICASSO估计的分解通过运行ICA几次开始以不同的随机种子的可靠性。然后，它会测试每个结果通过聚类方法的相似性。使用ICASSO被推荐为检​​查ICA分解质量的平均值，但会大大延长它需要礼物来完成分析的时间。 <ol><li>与ICASSO过程中，选择&#39;2&#39;下的“类型分析的”运行ICA和参数化，然后在安装文件的后续行的ICASSO程序。 </li></ol></li><li>通过在集团PCA的性能设置选择&#39;1&#39;最大化PCA组的性能。考虑这个参数设置为&#39;2“应该的不足RAM内存出现问题。 </li><li>为了以后能够使用一个标准的SPM设计矩阵预测因素导致部件排序，指定是否有不同的矩阵为不同的科目。 </li><li>指定的预处理的功能数据被存储并是否与该预处理功能的数据一起存储包含设计矩阵的SPM.mat文件。 <ol><li>得到礼物读取数据的最简单的方法是，如果每个参与者都有运行相同数量的，按步骤2.3下fMRI数据采集中描述的数据目录的结构。如果是这样，那么DataSelectionMethod下，选择&#39;1&#39;方法1，并通过包括其中的数据都存储在文件路径完成参数“sourceDir_filePattern_flagLocation”，数据的文件格式，并声明，表示单个会话作为子目录存储在每个主题文件夹中。 </li></ol></li&gt; <li>表示应写入的数据的输出的目录。不要将结果写入其中的数据被存储在同一个目录下。 </li><li>提供将被添加到所有输出文件的前缀。 </li><li>提供一个文件路径为遮罩。提交ICA的所有卷将被屏蔽。礼品提供了一个默认的掩码。对于这项工作，一个内部脚本从将要提交给ICA的数据生成一个面具。至少，口罩应消除头骨，外脑的空间，特别是眼球。从眼球体素信号将在运行过程中表现出非常大的波动，因此将不会对最终部件的结构相当大的影响， 图3说明什么好的面膜应该像。 </li><li>指定要使用PCA组的类型。使用“主体特定。” </li><li>指定后台重建方法。在这个阶段，个体对象的IC和它们的相关联的时间进程来回回计算米组分析的结果。 GICA建议为获得最佳时机课程，虽然有关于这一点在文献中相当多的讨论。 </li><li>指定数据预处理类型。使用强度正常化，以避免在输出非数值（ 即 infinites和NaN的）。在这个例子中，我们选择&#39;1默认“。 </li><li>指定PCA的类型（我们使用标准），并接受下PCA选项的默认值。礼品进行主成分分析对每个参与者的每次运行，并保留了一些组件等于源的数量是未混合在ICA的。 PCA的有两个重要的目的。第一，它有助于消除噪声的所特有的每个参与者和每次运行的来源。其次，它使分析的计算需求更容易处理。 </li><li>指定多少个人往来账户上的ICA之前的数据运行（2建议）。同时，指定多少分量每个PCA后保留（如果运行2，建议所述第一主成分分析后保留元件的数量的两倍之后的第二个保留的数量）。 </li><li>指定数据如何进行缩放。对于这项工作，z分数比例使用。 </li><li>选择一个盲源分离算法ICA。对于这项工作，融通被使用。礼品提供的至少10种不同的算法进行选择。 </li><li>其余的参数可以保留原样。 </li></ol></li><li>一旦ICA完成后，从可用组件中进行选择那些潜在的理论兴趣。通过赠送的GUI，选择元件选择：空间排序排序空间的组件通过与预先存在的模板，空间相关性的手段;时间排序由SPM的设计矩阵，你可以与数据存储的线性预测方式排序成分全日制课程（见3.3.5）。 注：这两种方法在部件选择具有效用。然而，随着任务的数据时，时间的选择范围是特别有用的，因为它们提供了验证所选组件是由任务激活的手段。在DCCS的情况下，使用时间排序的，可用于确认在比期间重复块开关块所选择的组件是更活跃。 </li><li>测试是否这些选定的组件的儿童和成人版本不同。聚合子和感兴趣的成年部件分成两个单独的组和试验由一个双样本t-检验的区域，其中的组分发生变化的手段。这是比较容易做到通过赠送的GUI。 </li></ol>

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没有竞争的经济利益。

高阶心智操作，如切换排序规则的能力，在整个童年和青少年时期迅速发展。由于这些精神的业务涉及多个分散的大脑区域之间的相互作用，有开拓高阶认知和大尺度皮层网络的组织与年龄相关的变化发展之间的关系越来越大的兴趣。我们提出了一种基于应用到基于任务的fMRI数据作为直接检验这种关系的一种手段组独立分量分析的方法。 正如任何组之间的比较研究也是如此?...

以规范行为的能力逐步发展在童年和青春期（综述参见钻石1）。在维度变化卡片分类任务，例如，参与者从切换卡排序方式之一，如形状，给它们排序以不同的方式，如颜色2（ 见图2）。切换苛求一个小的性能开销，或转换成本，这样的反应通常是缓慢和容易出错的开关试验中，排序规则的改变相比，重复试验中，排序规则保持不变3。这些成本的大小通常越小的孩子年龄的增长4，说明了一个事实，即对行为的调节能力发生在生命的早期继续发展。 因为复杂的心理操作，例如切换，涉及多个脑区域5之间的快速相互作用，有在relati日益增长的兴趣纳克高阶认知的发展变化，大规模皮层网络6的功能组织。 一种方法来研究在大规模网络的发展变化是通过使用基于种子的功能连通性分析6,7。在这种技术的第一步是与现有的研究文献进行磋商和定义感兴趣的先验地区，或投资回报，这似乎是相关的有问题的行为。这些感兴趣区，或节点，定义了网络的基本骨架。接着，在活动的低频波动，在这些感兴趣区域（或T2 *加权的信号强度）的测定进行5〜10分钟，同时参与者都处于静止状态的MRI扫描器。在网络的任意两个节点之间的功能连接，然后量化为各自的全日制课程的相关性。这是密切联系的功能节点应该有类似的，因而高度相关，信号读课程。在另一方面，即是弱连接功能的节点应该有不同的，因此弱相关，信号读课程。要完成网络的模型，边（或链接）的节点，其时间相关的课程上面选定的阈值之间绘制。测试在一个网络中的功能连接年龄有关的差异可以在任何单个节点到节点的连接，或在整组节点和边的拓扑结构来进行。这些差异在功能连接然后可以与认知表现离线收集的措施。 在本文中，采用不同的方法是基于基于任务的fMRI数据8组独立分量分析说明。独立成分分析（ICA或）是一味地揭示隐藏源相关的一组观察，这样的发现来源是最大的独立的统计过程。应用于fMRI数据分析中，procedure假定每个体积的空间上独立的来源有限数量的混合物。使用多种不同的算法，如Infomax算法之一，ICA然后估计的去混合矩阵，其时应用到原始数据产生一组最大的独立来源，或组件。每个组件可以被认为是一个网络，因为它包括一组体素都有一个共同的时间过程的。组ICA是一种特殊类型的ICA其中首先从整个数据集，估计一组通用组部件，然后该组部件的参与者专用集被计算在背重建步骤。一旦一个完整的数据集被分解成一组元件，下一个步骤是丢弃表示噪声源伪迹分量，并确定与所关注的网络对应理论上有意义的组件。在GLM的背景下对IDE这既可以实现通过建模组件时程ntify网络激活中的预测方式中，在空间上关联的组件与所关注的网络的模板，或者两者兼而有之。由此产生的组件集可以被提交到一个组间比较，以测试在理论上有趣的网络7,9,10在功能连接可能与年龄有关的差异。 通过ICA组的应用研究在功能连接年龄相关的变化，以基于任务的fMRI数据拥有种子为基础的技术应用到静息态功能磁共振数据的几个优点。首先，与种子为基础的技术，专注于一小部分的定义先验的ROI，当前组的ICA方法利用包括一个容积时间序列中所有体素。这削弱时，一小群的种子选择先验的感兴趣区域是必然出现的偏差的机会。其次，应用功能连接分析（ICA为基础或以其他方式）任务而不是静息态fMRI数据具有允许网络组织和网络功能可以更直接地相关联的优点。如果，例如，检查功能连接（如变异DCCS性能）的认知或行为的影响是当务之急，它表明所关注的网络与任务相关联的性能是很重要的。与静息状态协议，这是很困难的，因为研究人员具有数据采集过程中所经历的任何参与者认知，行为或情感状态的记录。因此，不可能提供直接的证据表明，任何感兴趣的网络相关的任务绩效。相反，当功能连接分析，如ICA，被施加到任务的数据，也能够确认在至少一个任务的执行相关联的感兴趣的网络。最后，ICA是受噪声的不利影响较少。噪声源，如相关的机智h须经运动和心律，具有独特的时空分布。因此，在一组ICA的情况下，这些源的分离和分配到单独的部件，而使其余部件相对自由的方差的这些不受欢迎的来源。因为种子为基础的分析使用原始时间课程功能连接的估计中，和时间的课程，顾名思义，神经电生理信号和伪迹噪声的混合物，在功能连接的估计组间差异可以反映于相关神经生理学，组间差异如此群体差异噪声的结构，或两者兼而有之11。

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a method for investigating age-related differences in the functional connectivity of cognitive control networks associated with dimensional change card sort performance

调整行为，在环境突然变化的能力，在童年和青春期逐渐发展。举例来说，在维度变化卡片分类任务中，参与者从切换卡排序方式之一，如形状，以对它们进行排序以不同的方式，如颜色。调整这样的行为需要付出很小的性能开销，或转换成本，这样的反应通常是缓慢和容易出错的开关试验中，排序规则的改变相比，重复试验中，排序规则保持不变。灵活调整行为的能力就是人们常说逐步发展，部分原因是行为的成本，如开关的成本通常随着年龄的增加降低。为什么高阶认知，如行为的灵活性方面，发展得这么渐渐仍然是一个悬而未决的问题。一个假设是，发生在与大尺度的认知控制网络功能改变的关联这些变化。按照这种观点，复杂的心理活动，如交换，涉及到多个分布式的大脑区域之间的快速互动，包括那些更新和维护任务的规则，重新定位的关注，并选择行为。随着发展，这些地区之间的功能连接增强，从而导致更快和更有效的切换操作。当前的视频描述了通过来自不同年龄的参与者fMRI数据的收集和多变量分析检验这一假设的方法。

组ICA，即使在一个比较小的fMRI数据集，将返回一组部件媲美在其他研究中观察到的， 图4是5个这样的组件和它们的相关联的时间进程由12名儿童和13名成人的样品未混合的叠加，每个参加者约800册。如示于图4中，默认模式，额叶-顶叶，cingulo-狭隘和视觉网络可以很容易地从该分解的结果可以看出。同时，注意到它是多么容易辨别块设计，在视觉和默认模式组件的全日制课...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort P

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

本视频介绍了在审查通过有针对性的任务/进程从事认知控制网络功能连接年龄相关的变化的方法。该技术是基于fMRI数据的多变量分析。

针对调查中的认知控制网络与关联维度变化卡片分类性能的功能连通性年龄相关性差异的方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

a-method-for-investigating-age-related-differences-functional

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.1K 次观看.  University of Western Ontario. 本视频介绍了在审查通过有针对性的任务/进程从事认知控制网络功能连接年龄相关的变化的方法。该技术是基于fMRI数据的多变量分析。 

视频: A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

Measuring Sensitivity to Viewpoint Change with and without Stereoscopic Cues

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this transformation. Here we discuss a novel method for simulating the appearance of an object that has undergone a rotation-in-depth, and include an exposition of the differences between perspective and orthographic projections. Next we describe a method by which human sensitivity to rotation-in-depth can be measured. Finally we discuss an apparatus for creating a vivid percept of a 3-dimensional rotation-in-depth; the Wheatstone Eight Mirror Stereoscope. By doing so, we reveal a means by which to evaluate the role of stereoscopic cues in the discrimination of viewpoint rotated shapes and objects.

We discuss a novel method forviewpoint-rotation of visual stimuli, and demonstrate using a mirror stereoscopethe three-dimensional percept of rotation-in-depth. The technique can be used to investigate the role of stereoscopic cues in encoding viewpoint-rotated figures.

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this ...

科研

行为学

Assessment of Age-related Changes in Cognitive Functions Using EmoCogMeter, a Novel Tablet-computer Based Approach

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognitive functions across the lifespan in a sample of 378 healthy subjects (age range 18-89 years). Consistent with previous findings we found an age-related cognitive decline across a wide range of neuropsychological domains (memory, attention, executive functions), thereby proving the usability of our tablet-based application. Regardless of prior computer experience, subjects of all age groups were able to perform the tasks without instruction or feedback from an experimenter. Increased motivation and compliance proved to be beneficial for task performance, thereby potentially increasing the validity of the results. Our promising findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

We tested the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on cognition. Results show an age-related cognitive decline, thereby proving the usability of our application. Findings underline the great clinical and practical potential of a tablet-based application for detection and monitoring of cognitive dysfunction.

与年龄相关的变化认知功能使用EmoCogMeter，新型平板计算机基础法评估

The main goal of this study was to assess the usability of a tablet-computer-based application (EmoCogMeter) in investigating the effects of age on ...

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential pharmaceutical compounds and gene therapy approaches have progressed into clinical trials. With improvement in muscle function being the most important end point in these trials, a lot of emphasis has been placed on setting up reliable, reproducible, and easy to perform functional tests to pre clinically assess muscle function, strength, condition, and coordination in the mdx mouse model for DMD. Both invasive and noninvasive tests are available. Tests that do not exacerbate the disease can be used to determine the natural history of the disease and the effects of therapeutic interventions (e.g. forelimb grip strength test, two different hanging tests using either a wire or a grid and rotarod running). Alternatively, forced treadmill running can be used to enhance disease progression and/or assess protective effects of therapeutic interventions on disease pathology. We here describe how to perform these most commonly used functional tests in a reliable and reproducible manner. Using these protocols based on standard operating procedures enables comparison of data between different laboratories.

Assessing Functional Performance in the Mdx Mouse Model

The primary outcome measure in clinical trials for neuromuscular disorders is generally improved muscle function. Therefore, assessing the effect of potential therapeutic compounds on muscle performance pre clinically in mouse models is of great importance. We here describe several functional tests to address this.

评估在功能性能<em&gt; MDX</em&gt;小鼠模型

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a severe and progressive muscle wasting disorder for which no cure is available. Nevertheless, several potential ...

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

不相干的刺激和动作控制：通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

Combined Invasive Subcortical and Non-invasive Surface Neurophysiological Recordings for the Assessment of Cognitive and Emotional Functions in Humans

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for extracting crucial information about the mechanism of the human brain, such methods remain insufficient to provide information about physiological processes reflecting cognitive and emotional functions at the subcortical level. In this respect, modern invasive clinical approaches in humans, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), offer a tremendous possibility to record subcortical brain activity, namely local field potentials (LFPs) representing coherent activity of neural assemblies from localized basal ganglia or thalamic regions. Notwithstanding the fact that invasive approaches in humans are applied only after medical indication and thus recorded data correspond to altered brain circuits, valuable insight can be gained regarding the presence of intact brain functions in relation to brain oscillatory activity and the pathophysiology of disorders in response to experimental cognitive paradigms. In this direction, a growing number of DBS studies in patients with Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) target not only motor functions but also higher level processes such as emotions, decision-making, attention, memory and sensory perception. Recent clinical trials also emphasize the role of DBS as an alternative treatment in neuropsychiatric disorders ranging from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) to chronic disorders of consciousness (DOC). Consequently, we focus on the use of combined invasive (LFP) and non-invasive (EEG) human brain recordings in assessing the role of cortical-subcortical structures in cognitive and emotional processing trough experimental paradigms (e.g. speech stimuli with emotional connotation or paradigms of cognitive control such as the Flanker task), for patients undergoing DBS treatment.

The present protocol aims at assessing cognitive-emotional functions in the basal ganglia by simultaneous neurophysiological recording of local field potentials and non-invasive brain cortical activity (EEG). The procedure is exemplified by the use of paradigms involving speech stimuli with emotional connotation or the Flanker task involving cognitive control.

在人类联合微创皮层下和非侵入性的表面神经生理学录音认知的评估和情感作用

In spite of the success in applying non-invasive electroencephalography (EEG), magneto-encephalography (MEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The difference shows that people are affected by the emotional content conveyed by the carrier words even though they are irrelevant to the color-naming task at hand. The ESE has been widely deployed with patient populations, as well as with non-selected populations, because the emotion words can be selected to match the tested pathology. The ESE is a powerful tool, yet it is vulnerable to various threats to its validity. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them. The most prevalent threat to the validity of existing ESE studies is sustained effects and habituation wrought about by repeated exposure to emotion stimuli. Consequently, the order of exposure to emotion and neutral stimuli is of utmost importance. We show that in the standard design, only one specific order produces the ESE.

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than those of neutral words. This report refers to potential sources of confounding and includes a modal experiment that provides the means to control for them.

情绪Stroop任务：评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation of sensory information processing by attention. However, little is known about which neurotransmitter systems are involved in such modulations. A practical way to address this question is to combine single-cell recording with local and temporary neuropharmacological manipulation in a suitable animal model. Here we demonstrate a technique combining acute single-cell recordings with the injection of neuropharmacological agents in the direct vicinity of the recording electrode. The video shows the preparation of the pressure injection/recording system, including preparation of the substance to be injected. We show a rhesus monkey performing a visual attention task and the procedure of single-unit recording with block-wise pharmacological manipulations.

Here, we show the pressure injection of neuropharmacological substances during single-cell recording in an awake, behaving macaque monkey. This procedure allows pharmacological manipulation in the direct vicinity of a cortical recording site.

对调查信息处理的神经药理学清醒行为猕猴皮质压力喷射系统

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article describes a rodent version of the PVT&#8212;termed the &#34;rPVT&#34;&#8212;that measures similar aspects of attention (i.e., performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention). Data are presented that demonstrate both the short- and long-term usefulness of the rPVT when employed with laboratory rats. Rats easily learn the rPVT, and learning to perform the basic procedure takes less than two weeks of training. Once acquired, rat performances in the rPVT show a high degree of similarity to these same performance measures in the human PVT, including similarities in, lapses in attention, reaction times, vigilance decrements across session time (i.e., the human &#34;time-on-task&#34; effects), and the response-stimulus interval (RSI) effect described for humans. Thus the rPVT can be an extremely valuable tool for assessing the effects of a wide range of variables on sustained attention quite similar to human PVT performances, and thus can be useful for developing novel treatments for neurobehavioral dysfunctions.

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

A rat version of the human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is described that measures aspects of attention similar to those measured with the human PVT, including aspects of human vigilance such as performance accuracy, motor speed, premature responding, and lapses in attention.

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）：一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

眼跟踪控制，以评估患者的认知功能与肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...