备注:本研究方案经当地人类受试者审查委员会在亚琛工业大学进行了符合赫尔辛基宣言。 1，任务设计<ol><li>选择一个合适的任务，探讨感兴趣的认知/心理结构。使用可视古怪的任务（ 图1）来测量目标的探测响应和关注的目标检测的影响。这使得任务操作对fMRI数据的影响进行调查。 </li><li>使用三个版本的古怪任务。 <ol><li> 被动版本:让拍摄对象，观察视觉刺激。未检测到任何回应。 </li><li>默数版本:让拍摄对象计数靶刺激。此任务需要将注意力集中对这些刺激和鉴别的过程。 </li><li> 回应版本:让拍摄对象时看到TA按下一个按钮响应rget刺激。此任务需要注意，歧视流程，并选择/生产的响应为目标的刺激。 </li></ol></li><li>考虑所需的强有力的反应试验的适当数量。该信号在fMRI的测量噪声比是比较低的，并且需要在为了研究兴趣9的影响被平均的一些反应。这取决于所使用的任务和刺激模式。 200次试验中使用这项任务，其中40项为目标的试验足以引发强有力的反应。 </li><li>确定的定时对刺激的序列。刺激的时机是在功能磁共振成像研究审议呈现率10至关重要。考虑刺激发病和所测量的脑反应（ 图2）之间的血液动力学响应延迟。 <ol><li>维护提供足够的刺激之间的平衡在一段合理的时间，让血液动力学水库有足够的采样ponse每个刺激物，包括返回到基线。下载，安装和运行optseq软件。运行optseq最优地分布于多个基于试验中，刺激持续时间和扫描参数（重复时间和卷数）的数量的实验的试验。 </li></ol></li><li>实施刺激（预先确定的）在一个合适的程序的顺序呈现的范例给受试者。 <ol><li>指定相关的刺激，定时和响应类型方面的范例的所有信息。 注:编程细节，这里就不介绍了，因为每个模式都会有不同的要求，将不同的软件包。 </li></ol></li><li>建立该程序，将提供实验范例，这样它会开始从扫描仪的触发。这使得所获得的数据和刺激的呈现序列的同步。 </li></ol> 2，设置实验环境<ol><li>公关epare扫描仪的房间。的正确磁头线圈的底部部分连接到扫描仪床。放在扫描器床和垫子清洁保护盖。 </li><li>使用的显示装置呈现的实验范例给受试者，并记录使用的手持设备的响应。切换显示装置和"上"的手持设备。 </li><li>开始，将提供的实验范式，并提供日志文件名称的软件。日志文件包含有关由被摄体作出响应的刺激的定时和信息。利用这些信息进行分析的数据。 </li><li>注册在MR扫描仪的数据库对象。采用了独特的识别号码记录数据。不要存放对象的名称与数据，以保证私密性。 </li><li>确保MRI序列来运行设置和准备。使用以下序列:a定位扫描，以获得受试者的线圈，一个EPI序列阜内头部位置nctional成像和MPRAGE的高分辨率结构扫描。 </li></ol> 3，除交通与入口中扫描器<ol><li>筛选前的实验（ 例如 ，招募过程期间）的MRI禁忌的主题。 <ol><li>扫描前主席提供安全指示。执行对象的筛选（由经过培训的人员）。确保受试者的安全。确保他们在自己的身体没有金属，没有设备，如心脏起搏器，不符合任何其他排除标准。 </li></ol></li><li>当受测者到达检查筛选问卷，并继续之前确认其相容性。 </li><li>解释了实验过程的主体和提供机会提问。让拍摄对象签署同意和数据保护形式。 </li><li>如果实验是需要训练的复杂任务，建议的主题进行练习练习之前，克卷板机在扫描仪。 </li><li>确保主体是金属的，无任何硬币，皮带，手表和珠宝。一旦确认，让扫描仪中的房间的主题。 </li><li>让拍摄对象坐在扫描仪床上戴着耳塞。这里所用的耳塞提供保护，防止从扫描期间扫描仪的噪声，也允许研究者直接与从控制室主体进行通信。在一些设备的耳机被用于与课题交流。 </li><li>让拍摄对象躺在扫描仪床上。提供主题的坐垫下的膝盖去减轻背部疼痛。该课题的舒适性是他们的福祉和数据质量的重要。移动距离导致的不适会对引起的不适感会影响任务的性能的摄像数据和分心产生负面影响。 </li><li>将头线圈的顶部覆盖主体的头部和插上插头。定位主题217的头部适当地在头部线圈。对准头部线圈沿受试者的眉毛上的小标志。确保拍摄对象直接躺在舒适。盘管表面不应接触面（ 例如 ，按在鼻子上）。 </li><li>确保拍摄对象的头部有小软垫，在扫描过程中尽量减少头部运动。头部运动对数据的质量产生负面影响。 </li><li>放置在头部线圈的顶部上的反射镜为主体看后面显示在屏幕上的实验范式。确保受试者可以看到整个画面。根据拍摄对象的位置移动安装镜子。戴眼镜者必须穿先生兼容眼镜。大多数的MRI研究机构有兼容镜头或护目镜。在这种情况下，安装了保持镜的框架上MR兼容的镜头。确定合适的镜片强度的主题进入扫描室前。 </li><li>手头的主题紧急呼叫按钮to如果需要停止扫描。确保受知道哪里的按钮，他们可以很容易地达到目标。 </li><li>移动受到扫描仪的中心孔的入口。让拍摄对象在此过程中闭上双眼。对准光与头部线圈上的小的标记，以建立正确的位置。 </li><li>将主体插入扫描仪的孔，直到屏幕显示"0毫米"。这意味着，被检体的头部是在扫描仪的等角点。 </li><li>的议题的反应设备。 </li></ol> 4，实验方法<ol><li>检查主体可以通过对讲机与该主题是舒适，可以开始听到实验者。 </li><li>执行定位扫描，从而获得目标的头在扫描仪的位置。使用此定位的视图中的所有剩余的测量的领域中，以确定被测量的脑的部分。 </li><li>第一Perform高分辨率结构扫描。打开MPRAGE顺序/程序和放置的视野。确保在整个受验者的头部是在视野内。 MP-RAGE参数:TR / TE = 2,250 / 3.03毫秒，翻转角= 11°，176矢状切片，FOV 256×256毫米，64×64的矩阵，像素大小为1×1×1毫米）。 </li><li>让受试者知道，扫描开始，然后开始测量。 </li><li>进行功能性磁共振成像扫描。 <ol><li>打开扫描仪​​的计算机上的EPI序列和对齐的视场，以覆盖整个大脑。 EPI参数:33切片，切片厚度为3毫米，视场200 x 200毫米，64×64的矩阵，重复时间2000毫秒，回波时间30毫秒，翻转角79°。 </li><li>跑单量的测试测量。确保被检者的脑的整体（或尽可能）包含在视野内。 注:学科有不同的形状和头（和大脑）的大小。因此，最佳定位领域查看每个题目。 </li><li>复制功能磁共振成像序列，这样的观点被定位的领域保持不变，为下一次测量。输入所需的测量中，304在此情况下的卷数。 </li><li>请确保该软件呈现范式正在等待来自扫描仪的触发。该范例将不会启动，而不脱离扫描器的触发，因此它可以被加载，并设置为等待。 </li><li>告知该实验即将开始的主题。开始测量。 </li><li>检查该软件呈现范例开始在适当的时间（ 即 ，它是由扫描仪触发）。 </li><li>执行三个版本的古怪的任务。 被动 ， 计数 ，并作出回应 。 </li><li>说话之间运行，以提供保证的问题。确保其舒适性。问这个问题允许继续进行研究。指示即将到来的任务的主题。 </li><li>首先运行被动 çondition，以确保真正的被动观看没有知识的目标刺激确实靶刺激。平衡计的秩序和应对跨学科的条件，以防止负面效应。 </li></ol></li></ol> 5，结束实验<ol><li>告知该实验结束后进入扫描仪的房间的主题。 </li><li>滑动受了扫描仪。 </li><li>除去头线圈和靠垫。 </li><li>让拍摄对象慢慢地坐起来。一旦他们很舒服，这个问题可以站起来，离开了扫描仪的房间。 </li><li>管理任何问卷/文书工作，需要实验后完成</li><li>汇报对象:提供有关这项研究的目标和目的解释这个问题，如果这不是完全有可能在实验前，并提供机会提问</li></ol> 6，数据分析<ol><li>使用一个软件包，适用于analyzi吴fMRI数据。对每一主题，并分别各条件第一级的数据分析。 注:使用FMRIB软件库（FSL）的功能磁共振数据分析。 </li><li>适用标准预处理步骤来准备数据进行进一步的分析。 注:应用以下步骤:运动校正，片定时校正，结构和功能数据，空间平滑，高通时间滤波器的配准，正常化个体的成标准（ 例如 ，N1）的空间。查找的功能磁共振成像这些步骤总结教材胡特尔等人 （2008年）9 Jezzard 等人 （2001）11。在网站上，并为每个软件包的支持文件中是如何执行的预处理步骤，具体的信息。 </li><li>用于统计分析指定的所有事件的起效时间和持续时间。这些被称为解释性变量（电动车），或者回归量。 </li><li>成立了对比，以确定该电动车辆进行了比较。要确定具体的检测设置以下的对比目标刺激的BOLD激活:目标&gt;非目标刺激。 注:可以选择使用其他的对比:对基准目标刺激;非目标刺激对基线;目标刺激&gt;非目标刺激;非目标刺激&gt;目标刺激</li><li>对每一学科并单独每个条件的第一级进行统计分析。该分析的输出结果显示活性的大脑区域的每个的相应的对比度。 </li><li>比较使用的是第二个层次的三个条件，还是集团层面，分析。使用第一层次的分析的输出作为其输入为群组层级的分析。 注:在原来的纸7上的目标状态之间的差异&gt;频繁的对比使用三倍双组差设计包括以下对比:回应&gt;被动，计数&gt;被动的，回应&gt;计数。这些对比揭示了在跨越三个响应模式的认知过程的变异有关的脑活动。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

我们发现，操纵任务要求在不同的BOLD激活模式的视觉古怪的任务结果的数量和条件作出响应 。有些牵连的每个条件的地区会被不恰当地分配的职能作用已经从任务没有可供比较的三个版本的数据。这种含糊不清的解释数据不一定会一直在脑电图P300场里的任务有它的起源，传输实验范式从一个成像模态到另一个时，强调需要特殊考虑的情况。例如，许多认知过程（例如注意力和工作?...

随着认知神经科学的方法培养，建立了实验任务用于新兴的脑成像方式。这是一个合乎逻辑的发展，因为大多数的神经心理学的概念（ 比如 ，不同的内存子组件）已经在行为领域，用于探测特定功能的相应实验任务，考察了开发和测试。随着新技术的出现证明了这些行为观察的神经基础是寻求与新的脑成像方法。虽然它可能是很有诱惑力的简单地划上充分研究行为的任务，影像学检查，几个重要的注意事项都必须考虑到。一个关键的，虽然经常被忽视的，考虑的是使用最合适的成像技术的进一步探查行为的证据。在认知神经科学和心理学方面有许多可用于增强我们的神经ACTIV了解脑成像方法潜在性利益的概念;例如脑电图（EEG），脑磁图（MEG），经颅磁刺激（TMS），功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）技术和正电子发射断层扫描（PET）。所有这些方法都有各自的优点，缺点和相应的应用程​​序。在这里，与转让行为和脑电图实验悠久的历史范式到功能磁共振成像实验被认为是。脑电图已经使用了几十年，调查与感知和认知过程有关的神经反应。正因为如此，许多范例已开发了利用该​​方法的使用和随着时间而演变。功能性磁共振成像是，在认知神经科学最近出现的技术，这导致了脑电图研究开发了一些范式的fMRI被使用。要建立从脑电实验基础知识与新技术是一个合乎逻辑的步骤，但仍然一些重要的点可能在转会忽视。该技术的重新非常不同和任务需要相应地设计。这需要怎样的方法的工作原理，特别是知识的范例的潜力调制如何用来将影响而采取的措施。有关的磁共振成像实验设计的进一步信息，有兴趣的读者可以直接下面的链接<a href="http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/DesignEfficiency">http://imaging.mrc-cbu.cam.ac.uk/imaging/DesignEfficiency</a> 。任务的设计将在传输的脑电图研究功能磁共振成像环境中开发范式的背景下考虑。本文的目的是:i）简要描述了功能磁共振成像，当它的使用是恰当的认知神经科学; II）来说明任务的设计是如何影响的功能磁共振成像实验中，特别是当该任务从其他成像方式借来的结果;及iii）解释执行功能磁共振成像实验中的实际问题。 功能性磁共振成像是现在广泛使用的技术部历史神游，因此在认知神经科学中使用的常用方法。为了做出决定，以该技术是否是适合于特定实验的fMRI的优点和缺点，必须在相对于其它可用的技术来考虑。该方法的缺点是，它不直接测量神经活动的，而它是在代谢反应（氧需求）的神经活动的一个相关卷积的血液动力学反应。因此，其时间分辨率较差相比，电生理，例如，在所测量的电信号更靠近底层的神经活动，而非代谢反应。脑电图在毫秒相比，在功能磁共振成像秒级的分辨率量级的时间分辨率。然而，功能磁共振成像的主要优点是该技术的空间分辨率是非常好的。此外，它是无创的，因此受试者不必摄取诸如共物质ntrast剂或暴露于辐射如将在正电子发射断层扫描（PET）的情况。因此，功能性磁振造影是一种合适的技术进行实验研究的脑区参与感知，认知和行为。 在本文中，视觉古怪的范式被作为一个完善的脑电图任务的功能性磁振造影（ 见图1说明）转移的例子。应当指出的问题的讨论，当其他范例中使用也可以影响结果和数据解释，并应在技术上所有功能磁共振成像实验的设计考虑。在古怪的范式常用于心理学和认知神经科学评估的关注和目标探测性能。该模式是在脑电图的研究开发，特别是事件相关电位（ERPs），调查所谓的P300成分1。 P300的代表目标探测和识别后，是引起一个罕见的靶刺激1。 P300的用于研究在多个认知和临床领域2 如精神分裂症患者及其亲属3，重度吸烟者4及人口老龄化5。鉴于古怪的范式（和由范例诱发的P300）是健壮的，并且还调制由不同的疾病状态，其在不同的成像方式转移是不可避免的。 的广泛激活一个古怪的fMRI测量期间出现在大脑是已知的多重认知功能的结果，如由许多fMRI研究探查其它认知概念。在激活模式的这种普遍的性质使得难以确定哪个脑区是更多（或更少）活性是由于特定任务操作或一组不同的试验者的爱好，具体地说，它是不能肯定是否在的ACTi观察到的差异VATION都与目标检测本身，以关注相关的处理，或是否涉及到其他的任务要求，例如生产相关的马达响应的持续工作记忆过程或过程。分配功能，以所测量的活性的方法，是在关注（目标检测）的认知成分测定中的古怪的任务（P300）明确脑响应脑电图域容易。然而，神经科学家倾向于解释他们的发现有利于自己的假说和实验，而不是把在努力排除其他解释。大多数实验，但是，将无法固有解决这些重要的问题 - 扫描时间是昂贵的 - 这就是为什么我们主张全面规划和范式的试验测试。 除了这种困难在建立古怪范例的性质也大脑区域和认知成分之间的直接链接，当被转移到功能性磁振造影提出其他可能的方法问题。例如，目标刺激的检测通过按下一个按钮响应通常表示。这允许实验者记录响应的精度和速度，但这个反应也可能影响对fMRI的BOLD响应对目标的刺激。所需的刺激锁定功能磁共振成像激活按钮按下影响电机的动作因为它只有几百毫秒的目标刺激呈现后的情况。这也影响到了激活的解释，对参与准备运动反应的例子大脑区域可能会错误地假定为参与了目标刺激的检测，反之亦然。这导致了方法的修订，从而目标检测的间接措施，而不是依靠运动反应，也不能拍摄。例如，计算目标刺激已经提出6的一种方式，以确保受试者保持attenti上的任务;试验次数错过可以表明一个主题是如何不留神了。报告刺激在任务结束时计数的数目也意味着实验者可以检查是否对象正确执行的任务。第三种方法是使用一个完全被动的任务设计，其中的主题是就如何应对没有说明和目标刺激的新颖之处在于假定本身引出一个目标检测样反应。尽管这些版本使用相同类型的刺激和基本设计的任务，在任务的每个变体产生的激活模式将是不同的，因为任务的认知和运动的要求是不同的7,8。例如，将有工作涉及计数靶刺激，例如 ，拿在心里的目标刺激目前有多少记忆过程，不会在被动的观看需要。在这里，这3个版本的古怪任务的， 被动的，算一个第二响应用于显示如何小心任务的设计和实现可以说明这些变化中的任务要求，并允许结果的适当解释。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;">Magnetom Tim Trio 3T MRI scanner</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">Presentation version 14.8</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Neurobehavioural system, Albany, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="126">
			<td height="126" style="height:126px;width:216px;">Lumitouch device</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Photon Control Inc, Burnaby, BC, Canada</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">This device is no longer produced by the manufacturer. Alternative MR compatible response devices are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="147">
			<td height="147" style="height:147px;width:216px;">TFT display</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30inch cinema display</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">The screen was custom modified in-house to be MR compatible. However, a number of MR compatible screens are available on the market</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">optseq</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/optseq</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">program for determining optimal stimulus timing for rapid event related designs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:216px;">FMRIB software library (FSL)</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">FMRIB, Oxford</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">http://fsl.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fslwiki/</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Other software tools are available for analysing fMRI data, for example SPM, AFNI and Brain Voyager&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

transferring cognitive tasks between brain imaging modalities: implications for task design and results interpretation in fmri studies

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm (the visual oddball task) with a long history of behavioral and electroencephalography (EEG) experiments to a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment is considered. The aims of this paper are to briefly describe fMRI and when its use is appropriate in cognitive neuroscience; illustrate how task design can influence the results of an fMRI experiment, particularly when that task is borrowed from another imaging modality; explain the practical aspects of performing an fMRI experiment. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task results in different patterns of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) activation. The nature of the fMRI BOLD measure means that many brain regions are found to be active in a particular task. Determining the functions of these areas of activation is very much dependent on task design and analysis. The complex nature of many fMRI tasks means that the details of the task and its requirements need careful consideration when interpreting data. The data show that this is particularly important in those tasks relying on a motor response as well as cognitive elements and that covert and overt responses should be considered where possible. Furthermore, the data show that transferring an EEG paradigm to an fMRI experiment needs careful consideration and it cannot be assumed that the same paradigm will work equally well across imaging modalities. It is therefore recommended that the design of an fMRI study is pilot tested behaviorally to establish the effects of interest and then pilot tested in the fMRI environment to ensure appropriate design, implementation and analysis for the effects of interest.

刺激与分析方法引起与视觉古怪的任务相关的脑区BOLD激活。目标&gt;非目标对比度显示没有激活的被动状态，但确实表明活化在两个计数和响应（ 图3）。在图3中给出的数据是计数的定性比较和应对情况，并说明了如何激活模式会看，如果孤立地进行每一个版本的任务。 主要感兴趣的比较是那些条件之间。所以，在这种大脑区域确实当任务需求改变?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies at JoVE.com

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

传输认知任务的脑成像方法:对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

transferring-cognitive-tasks-between-brain-imaging-modalities

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.1K 次观看.  Research Centre Jülich GmbH. Transferring a paradigm with a history of use in EEG experiments to an fMRI experiment is considered. It is demonstrated that manipulating the task demands in the visual oddball task resulted in different patterns of BOLD activation and illustrated how task design is crucial in fMRI experiments.

视频: Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden hand is touched. If the viewed and felt touches are given at the same time then this is sufficient to induce the compelling experience that the rubber hand is one's own hand. The RHI can be used to investigate exactly how the brain constructs distinct body representations for one's own body. Such representations are crucial for successful interactions with the external world. To obtain a subjective measure of the RHI, researchers typically ask participants to rate statements such as "I felt as if the rubber hand were my hand". Here we demonstrate how the crossmodal congruency task can be used to obtain an objective behavioral measure within this paradigm.
The variant of the crossmodal congruency task we employ involves the presentation of tactile targets and visual distractors. Targets and distractors are spatially congruent (i.e. same finger) on some trials and incongruent (i.e. different finger) on others. The difference in performance between incongruent and congruent trials - the crossmodal congruency effect (CCE) - indexes multisensory interactions. Importantly, the CCE is modulated both by viewing a hand as well as the synchrony of viewed and felt touch which are both crucial factors for the RHI.
The use of the crossmodal congruency task within the RHI paradigm has several advantages. It is a simple behavioral measure which can be repeated many times and which can be obtained during the illusion while participants view the artificial hand. Furthermore, this measure is not susceptible to observer and experimenter biases. The combination of the RHI paradigm with the crossmodal congruency task allows in particular for the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the RHI.

We demonstrate how an objective measure can be employed in the widely employed rubber hand illusion paradigm. This measure is obtained by modifying the well-established crossmodal congruency task. This task allows the investigation of multisensory processes which are critical for modulations of body representations as in the rubber hand illusion.

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia who are at familial high risk (FHR) may show similar cognitive and emotional changes. However, the neurological changes underlying the emergence of these symptoms remain unclear. This study sought to identify differences in frontal, striatal, and limbic regions in children and adolescents with FHR using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Groups of 21 children and adolescents at FHR and 21 healthy controls completed an emotional oddball task that relied on selective attention and the suppression of task-irrelevant emotional information. The standard oddball task was modified to include aversive and neutral distractors in order to examine potential group differences in both emotional and executive processing. This task was designed specifically to allow for children and adolescents to complete by keeping the difficulty and emotional image content age-appropriate. Furthermore, we demonstrate a technique for suitable fMRI registration for children and adolescent participants. This paradigm may also be applied in future studies to measure changes in neural activity in other populations with hypothesized developmental changes in executive and emotional processing.

This paper describes how to use the emotional oddball task and fMRI to measure brain activation in children and adolescents at familial high risk for schizophrenia (FHR).&#160;FMRI was used to measure differences in fronto-striato-limbic regions during an emotional oddball task. Children with FHR exhibited abnormal functional activation during adolescence.

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily disrupt information processing in a brain region, generating a short-lived &#8220;virtual lesion.&#8221; Stimulation that interferes with task performance indicates that the affected brain region is necessary to perform the task normally. In other words, unlike neuroimaging methods such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that indicate correlations between brain and behavior, TMS can be used to demonstrate causal brain-behavior relations. Furthermore, by varying the duration and onset of the virtual lesion, TMS can also reveal the time course of normal processing. As a result, TMS has become an important tool in cognitive neuroscience. Advantages of the technique over lesion-deficit studies include better spatial-temporal precision of the disruption effect, the ability to use participants as their own control subjects, and the accessibility of participants. Limitations include concurrent auditory and somatosensory stimulation that may influence task performance, limited access to structures more than a few centimeters from the surface of the scalp, and the relatively large space of free parameters that need to be optimized in order for the experiment to work. Experimental designs that give careful consideration to appropriate control conditions help to address these concerns. This article illustrates these issues with TMS results that investigate the spatial and temporal contributions of the left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) to reading.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a technique for non-invasively disrupting neural information processing and measuring its effect on behavior. When TMS interferes with a task, it indicates that the stimulated brain region is necessary for normal task performance, allowing one to systematically relate brain regions to cognitive functions.

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here with the goal of uncovering rhythm disorders, such as beat deafness. Beat deafness is characterized by poor performance in perceiving durations in auditory rhythmic patterns or poor synchronization of movement with auditory rhythms (e.g., with musical beats). These tasks include the synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of simple and complex auditory stimuli and the detection of rhythmic irregularities (anisochrony detection task) embedded in the same stimuli. These tests, which are easy to administer, include an assessment of both perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities under different conditions (e.g., beat rates and types of auditory material) and are based on the same auditory stimuli, ranging from a simple metronome to a complex musical excerpt. The analysis of synchronized tapping data is performed with circular statistics, which provide reliable measures of synchronization accuracy (e.g., the difference between the timing of the taps and the timing of the pacing stimuli) and consistency. Circular statistics on tapping data are particularly well-suited for detecting individual differences in the general population. Synchronized tapping and anisochrony detection are sensitive measures for identifying profiles of rhythm disorders and have been used with success to uncover cases of poor synchronization with spared perceptual timing. This systematic assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing can be extended to populations of patients with brain damage, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson&#8217;s disease), and developmental disorders (e.g., Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder).

Behavioral tasks that allow for the assessment of perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) are presented. Synchronization of finger tapping to the beat of an auditory stimuli and detecting rhythmic irregularities provides a means of uncovering rhythm disorders.

揭开节拍耳聋:检测节律紊乱与同步手指敲击和感知定时任务

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

fMRI Validation of fNIRS Measurements During a Naturalistic Task

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced version of the task using fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging). Recently, it has been shown that fNIRS can accurately record functional brain activities equivalent to those concurrently recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging for classic psychophysical tasks and simple finger tapping paradigms. However, an often quoted benefit of fNIRS is that the technique allows for studying neural mechanisms of complex, naturalistic behaviors that are not possible using the constrained environment of fMRI. Our goal was to extend the findings of previous studies that have shown high correlation between concurrently recorded fNIRS and fMRI signals to compare neural recordings obtained in fMRI procedures to those separately obtained in naturalistic fNIRS experiments. Specifically, we developed a modified version of the dance video game Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) to be compatible with both fMRI and fNIRS imaging procedures. In this methodology we explain the modifications to the software and hardware for compatibility with each technique as well as the scanning and calibration procedures used to obtain representative results. The results of the study show a task-related increase in oxyhemoglobin in both modalities and demonstrate that it is possible to replicate the findings of fMRI using fNIRS in a naturalistic task. This technique represents a methodology to compare fMRI imaging paradigms which utilize a reduced-world environment to fNIRS in closer approximation to naturalistic, full-body activities and behaviors. Further development of this technique may apply to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson&#8217;s disease, late states of dementia, or those with magnetic susceptibility which are contraindicated for fMRI scanning.

We present a method to compare functional brain activity recorded during a naturalistic task using fNIRS with activity recorded during fMRI.

的fNIRS功能磁共振成像测量验证过程中一个自然主义任务

We present a method to compare brain activity recorded with near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in a dance video game task to that recorded in a reduced ...

Practical Methodology of Cognitive Tasks Within a Navigational Assessment

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be clearly outlined in a step-by-step manner. Navigational skills are important when trying to find symbols within a speech-generating device (SGD) that has a dynamic screen and taxonomical organization. The following skills have been found to impact children&#8217;s ability to find symbols when navigating within the levels of an SGD: sustained attention, categorization, cognitive flexibility, and fluid reasoning1,2. According to past studies, working memory was not correlated with navigation1,2.
The materials needed for this method include a computerized tablet, an augmentative and alternative communication application, a booklet of symbols, and the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised (Leiter-R)3. This method has been used in two previous studies. Robillard, Mayer-Crittenden, Roy-Charland, Minor-Corriveau and B&#233;langer1 assessed typically developing children, while Rondeau, Robillard and Roy-Charland2 assessed children and adolescents with a diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. The direct observation of this method will facilitate the replication of this study for researchers. It will also help clinicians that work with children who have complex communication needs to determine the children&#8217;s ability to navigate an SGD with taxonomical categorization.

Children who have complex communication needs can benefit from the use of a speech-generating device (SGD). Cognitive skills were identified as having an impact on the ability to navigate between levels of SGDs. This protocol describes the steps needed for Speech-language Pathologists to assess cognitive skills and navigational abilities.

认知任务的实用方法在一个导航评估

This paper describes an approach for measuring navigation accuracy relative to cognitive skills. The methodology behind the assessment will thus be ...

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular coupling, fNIRS is able to measure the haemoglobin concentration changes secondary to neuronal activity. Compared to other neuroimaging techniques, fNIRS represents a good compromise in terms of spatial and temporal resolution. Moreover, it is portable, lightweight, less sensitive to motion artifacts and does not impose significant physical restraints. It is therefore appropriate to monitor a wide range of cognitive tasks (e.g., auditory, gait analysis, social interaction) and different age populations (e.g., new-borns, adults, elderly people). The recent development of fiberless fNIRS devices has opened the way to new applications in neuroscience research. This represents a unique opportunity to study functional activity during real-world tests, which can be more sensitive and accurate in assessing cognitive function and dysfunction than lab-based tests. This study explored the use of fiberless fNIRS to monitor brain activity during a real-world prospective memory task. This protocol is performed outside the lab and brain haemoglobin concentration changes are continuously measured over the prefrontal cortex while the subject walks around in order to accomplish several different tasks.

Monitoring brain activity outside the lab without physical constraints presents methodological challenges. A fiberless, wearable functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) system was used to measure brain activity during an ecological prospective memory task. It was demonstrated that this system could be used to monitor brain activity during non-lab based experiments.

用无纤维，耐磨fNIRS监视在真实世界的认知任务脑活动

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a neuroimaging technique that uses near-infrared light to monitor brain activity. Based on neurovascular ...

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. Usually, only one of those tasks is chosen to examine lexical access in a study. Using two exemplar experiments, this paper introduces an approach to include both the lexical decision task and the naming task in a study. In the first experiment, the stimuli were Chinese characters with frequency and regularity manipulated. In the second experiment, the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words, in which the word frequency and the regularity of the leading character were manipulated. The logic of these two exemplar experiments was to explore some important issues such as the role of phonology on recognition by comparing the frequency effect between both the tasks. The results revealed different patterns of lexical access from those reported in the alphabetic systems. The results of Experiment 1 manifested a larger frequency effect in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were Chinese characters. And it is noteworthy that, in Experiment 1, when the stimuli were regular Chinese characters, the frequency effect observed in the naming task was roughly equivalent to that in the LDT. However, a smaller frequency effect was shown in the naming task as compared to the LDT, when the stimuli were switched to Chinese two-character words in Experiment 2. Taking advantage of the respective demands and characteristics in both tasks, researchers can obtain a more complete and precise picture of character/word recognition.

Researchers adopt both the lexical decision task and the naming task to investigate some important topics such as character/word recognition by comparing the frequency effect between these two tasks. This article introduces this approach through two exemplar experiments and elaborates on the underlying logic.

在比较中国的词汇判断和命名任务之间的频率效应

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

Simultaneous Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs frequency-specific stimulation of the human brain through current applied to the scalp with surface electrodes. Most current knowledge of the technique is based on behavioral studies; thus, combining the method with brain imaging holds potential to better understand the mechanisms of tACS. Because of electrical and susceptibility artifacts, combining tACS with brain imaging can be challenging, however, one brain imaging technique that is well suited to be applied simultaneously with tACS is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In our lab, we have successfully combined tACS with simultaneous fMRI measurements to show that tACS effects are state, current, and frequency dependent, and that modulation of brain activity is not limited to the area directly below the electrodes. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with visual task fMRI studies, which can lend to understanding oscillatory brain function as well as the effects of tACS on the brain.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations, though its effects are not completely understood. This article describes a safe and reliable setup for applying tACS simultaneously with functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can increase understanding oscillatory brain function and effects of tACS.

同时经颅交替电流刺激和功能磁共振成像

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a promising tool for noninvasive investigation of brain oscillations. TACS employs ...

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it difficult to determine the underlying processing mechanism of ERP components. Unlike the traditional static approach of manipulating expectancy through corpus frequency or cloze probability, this protocol proposes a dynamic method to enhance participants&#39; expectancy for rarely-met anomalous sentences by multiple repetitions while maintaining their semantic integration difficulties. To address the time cost increase resulting from multiple repetitions, this protocol proposes to repeat only the strictly simplified core structure extracted from the anomalous sentence before presenting the semantically enriched, much more informative complete anomalous sentence containing the anomalous core structure to reinitiate the semantic integration processing. The complete anomalous sentence elicited a P600 effect. It suggests that the participants did not give up processing the anomalous information after repetitions and the same semantic integration difficulty was successfully reinitiated. Importantly, the representative experimental results reveal that the greatly attenuated N400 effect caused by multiple repetitions was not recovered by the follow-up reinitiated semantic integration difficulty. It suggests that the attenuated N400 effect should be mainly attributed to the enhancement of expectancy for anomalous information by multiple repetitions. The experimental results show that this method can effectively enhance participants&#39; expectancy for anomalous sentences while retaining the semantic integration difficulty.

We present a protocol to dissociate the intertwining factors of integrative difficulty and unexpectedness in semantically anomalous sentences by applying multiple repetitions to enhance participant&#39;s expectancy for anomalous sentences. The dissociation helps to investigate the major contributor of elicited event-related potentials (ERP) effects such as N400 in language studies.

与事件相关的潜在研究中,在异常句中所驻住的期望值与综合难度的分离

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it ...