作者要感谢玄都构建图1的概念图。这项工作是由来自加拿大自然科学与工程研究理事会（NSERC）资助。

1，参考干涉建设和FSR测量<ol><li>施工<ol><li>创建敞篷压克力盒子。这个结构应该足够大，以紧贴成×16 16英寸x 16英寸聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料箱。 </li><li>制作一个3级搁架单元来容纳光学元件，这将坐在敞篷的压克力盒，并将由热绝缘发泡胶箱被完全封闭。两条高架孔的泡沫塑料箱必须存在，以允许纤维进入和退出整个机箱。 </li><li>在第三阶段：一个输出光纤从3分贝方向耦合器应钳位到一个偏振控制器，其反过来又导致一个单独的3分贝定向耦合器的输入端口。 </li><li>在第 2阶段：形成具有大致16英尺光纤从第一3分贝定向耦合器的另一个输出端口始发的一个循环。指示该纤维于s的剩余输入端口ECOND3分贝定向耦合器的第三阶段。 </li><li>填充的丙烯酸框，用50％的刨冰，用50％水液混合，作为时尚冰浴中，从而保持光学部件的接近0℃的温度</li></ol></li><li> FSR测量<ol><li>设置在探头的激光在所需的波长。采用一个函数发生器，使得它的输出端连接到3分贝的功率分配器。一从3分贝分离器的输出必须连接到示波器上监测目的和其他的输出将被用于直接调谐激光器的频率。 </li><li>饲料的激光输出作为输入到第13分贝定向耦合器。 </li><li>第2 次 3分贝定向耦合器的两个输出来进行photomixed信号到平衡光电检测器（BPD）。最后，BPD的输出电缆连接到示波器的通道输入。 </li><li>由线性增刊扫​​描激光频率英与来自波形发生器产生（以1 V和100赫兹的扫描频率的峰 - 峰电压）的斜坡信号的激光器模块。来自BPD的输出信号将变成正弦波在示波器上。 </li><li>调整偏振控制器，以最大限度地提高了正弦曲线波形的峰 - 峰电压。 </li><li>为了测量的可行性研究报告，由波形发生器设置为DC模式配置的激光连续波输出。调的波形发生器的电压，使得来自BPD的发送信号波动围绕0 V（ 即 ，正交点）。使用电气频谱分析仪检查该输出信号。被监视的信号应显示为一个正弦平方函数，其中的第一个零最接近的全局最大值（在零频）的位置对应于FSR。为了尽量减少测量噪声，设置电频谱分析仪平均模式。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2，光纤拉13 </sup&gt; 前导码：这个程序的目的是光子在锥形行驶到那些微腔，以便有效地耦合可能发生的相位大致相符。当纤维被拉动时，中央部分的两个夹具之间在于将从一个普通纤维内支持单一模式转换，由原始二氧化硅包层成为核心和空气成为包层而形成的波导管内的多种模式，然后到一个单一的模式。光纤的石英纤芯无形中消失在中央部，其特征在于，暂时满足多模传播条件将由纤维直径的不断收缩来抵消。 <ol><li>固定光纤夹持器的电动平移阶段。 </li><li> Connectorize在每个部分的一端与FC / APC连接器的两段光纤的。在未连接端用光纤剥线钳取出缓冲涂层，先清理它们用丙酮和日恩异丙醇，切割结束面，并融合拼接在一起。 </li><li>监测该锥度的损失，在恒定功率模式下的探测激光连接至光纤的一端，而该纤维的另一端被连接到一个光电检测器（PD）。 PD的输出必须连接到示波器。调节示波器设置以测量PD的输出电压，这是成正比的发送激光功率。 </li><li>记录在PD的输出电压的初始值，并继续监视，直到步骤2.9。 </li><li>夹紧光纤到光纤夹持器和图像，用光学显微镜对纤维。 </li><li>放出氢气，使得其开始流动靠近锥形，等待空气退出管和通道的压力达到稳定。一旦流量的氢气达至110毫升/分钟，点燃它靠近出口用打火机加热纤维。 </li><li>使用自定义的LabVIEW程序，直线拉纤。请注意，在PU填充过程中，光纤纤芯逐渐消失，而多包层模式成为主导通过锥形光纤部分的光引导。通过光纤传输的强度，应振荡由于多模干涉。 </li><li>继续拉动纤维，以减少纤维的锥形宽度，直到它仅支持单个包层模。一旦透射强度不再变化，停止拉光纤。 </li><li>从翻译阶段释放纤维支架并固定在靠近压电阶段。 </li></ol> 3，准备和交付解决方案<ol><li>准备晚上10点，下午1点，和50nm半径贝科的磷酸盐缓冲液（DPBS）单分散聚苯乙烯微球组成的100 FM解决方案。此外，建立一个纯粹的DPBS的解决方案。 </li><li>将解决方案在离心机内它错开它们的位置以平衡为目的，并启动30分钟动感单车。 </li><li>当completioN，牢固地将溶液在干燥器中，疏散，并且轰击与超声波的溶液30分钟。 </li><li>取出的解决方案和将它们放在一边靠近实验设置。 </li><li>建立一个独立的小型流体输送系统。 <ol><li>清洗后两套管，插入注射器的提示到微管段的两端，拧上套圈到注射器提示。单独连接套管的1至三分之一注射器尖端与其他的路厄锁合接头的筒柱塞组件。 </li><li>紧固外露注射器针尖的立场​​和支撑它的样本后面。流体应该能够流到样品没有显著溢出。 </li></ol></li><li>在该议定书第5条的条款，装入桶用适当的解决方案，并以手动方式通过微流体系统实验过程中注入它。 </li></ol> 4，系统配置和互连<ol><li>连接探头化酶<html> r以10dB的定向耦合器。耦合端口连接到参考干涉仪的输入端口，而发送端口被连接到偏振控制器随后锥形纤维。 </li><li>重新聚焦显微镜物镜收购纤维锥两个清晰的图像。 </li><li>锥形光纤的输出连接到一个PD。此PD的输出应连接到示波器的一个不同的信道输入。 </li><li>装载样品上的纳米定位和使粗调来置换它，使它接近所述锥形光纤的中心。 </li><li>注入DPBS到样品中。使粗调整，使得光纤锥形映入眼帘的两个CCD相机。调整纳米定位，建立耦合的光纤锥至微。 </li><li>扫描激光波长，以获得在示波器上适当的共振下跌。 </li></ol> 5，纳米检测ontent“&gt;要采集的数据：配置示波器的触发设置，并使用国产软件，集示波器的痕迹进行进一步的处理。 <ol><li>记录数据的缓冲溶液作为参考。 </li><li>记录的纳米颗粒解决方案，从最低到最高浓度的数据。 </li><li>观察频移的发生是由于纳米粒子的微约束力。 </li></ol> 6，数据的后处理所收集的数据可以通过一个自写MATLAB程序进行进一步处理。该计划应该： <ol><li>阅读参考干涉仪的痕迹，并进行最小二乘拟合正弦曲线。拟合正弦曲线的相位来估计在飞行的激光抖动。 </li><li>阅读腔传输的痕迹，并进行最小二乘拟合双洛伦兹函数。对应于谐振骤降光频率（ν1，ν2）和它们的全宽半高（FWHM的，由δν1所示，δν2）通过对发送信号进行比较，以在干涉仪的信号被确定。 </li><li>从数Q i =νI /δν 我 ，在那里我可以是1（左共振）或2（右共振）获得每个个体浸的品质因数。 </li><li>计算，如常规，该共振骤降的通过激光扫描电压，其中激光抖动产量更大的测量噪声的光频率。 </li><li>收集的平均谐振频率ν 平均=（ν1 +ν2）/ 2和分裂频率Δν=ν2 - ν1对于每个测量并绘制其作为时间的函数。当纳米粒子绑定到微腔，平均两个共振频率和分频笑的突然变化的表面ULD被观察到。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

这个电流设置可探测多种W​​GM微腔，如微盘，微球，并microtoroids的，而不需要对探头激光源的任何反馈控制。相当的信号 - 噪声比（SNR），用于检测可由于由路径长度和粒子诱发反向散射效应提供的步骤移的增强而得到。给出的简单性和参考干涉仪本身的成本低，该方法是一种有效的技术，用于研究或开发WGM腔的特性。 另外，电源循环中的微腔可以进?...

研究兴趣已经对使用回音壁模式（WGM）微腔的nanodetection和生物传感1-8的目的显著上升。这涉及到超高品质因数（Q），光学腔是精通识别微小生物颗粒，下至单一蛋白质水平2。也就是说，监测在谐振和分裂的频率偏移进行传输具有非凡的灵敏度9-11可通过光能的空腔的封闭的小模体积内被激活。在谐振器的光学特性的变化是这些变化的原因，这反过来从离散的分子或纳米粒子的结合起源。三维WGM结构为这样的应用程序的一个不太复杂的例子是二氧化硅微球，其可以通过简单地烧蚀拉制光纤用CO 2激光器被制造为具有接近原子级平滑表面上。如已知的，高Q值的10 9的顺序可以达到1。 微腔的谐振频率通常通过扫描一个可调谐激光源的光频率的同时，光检测被捕获在示波器上的光传输监测。这种方法的一个固有缺陷是，在所产生的波动由激光波长和激光抖动传输液滴的位置相关联的不确定性。为了克服这种并发症，干涉仪可用于沿着一个微腔以产生参考信号，以抵消所述激光的抖动，并增加观察到的灵敏度2。光输入被分成两个光路：参考光束穿过干涉仪（具有一个自由光谱范围FSR或足够大，以防止激光从测量时的颤动过去1 FSR频率间隔），检测光束INTeracts与WGM微谐振器。这个特征简化了实验相比，更高级的配置，如WGM传感将会导致一个分布式反馈激光器（DFB）的周期性极化铌酸锂（PPLN），倍增器12的组合的。在本出版物中，对纳米尺度的问题超高品质因子微腔的监测干涉技术进行说明3。所需完成此操作的设置和数据采集程序进行了概述，说明如何腔品质因数可以通过参考干涉来确定。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="645">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Polystyrene&#160; Microspheres</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">PolyScience</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14190</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Piezoelectric Nanopositioner System</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Precision Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P-611.3S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Balanced Photodetector</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PDB120A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Photo Detector</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Newport</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1801-FC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2 x 3-dB Fiber Optical Directional Coupler</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FC632-50B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10-dB Fiber Optical Directional Coupler</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FC632-90B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2 x Drop In Polarization Controller</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">General Photonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PLC-003-S-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Function Generator</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Hewlett Packard</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">33120A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Fusion Splicer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Ericsson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FSU-925</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">High-Speed Oscilloscope&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DS09404A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2 x Motorized Translation Stage with Controller</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MTS25-Z8E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Single Mode Optical Fiber, 600-800 nm, &#216;125 &#956;m Cladding</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SM600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Real-Time Electrical Spectrum Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Tektronix</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RSA3408B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Optical Spectrum Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">70951A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">632.5 &#8211; 637 nm Tunable Laser</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">New Focus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">TLB-6304</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filtration Pump</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">KNF labs</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ultrasonics Cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Crest Ultrasonics</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Powersonic 1100D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Mini Vortexer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VM-3000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Microfuge 22R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

implementation of a reference interferometer for nanodetection

阿热和机械稳定的光纤干涉仪适合于研究超高品质因子微腔的塑造。评估其自由光谱范围（FSR）之后，该模块被放置在平行于纤维锥形微腔系统，然后通过在激光频率（ 即激光抖动噪声）分离并消除随机偏移校准。以实现锥形微腔的交界处，以最大限度地提高被转移到所述谐振器的光功率，单模光纤波导被拉动。然后，制备并流入到微腔，以便证明该系统的感知结合到微腔的表面上的能力含有聚苯乙烯纳米珠的解决方案。数据是通过自适应曲线拟合，其允许的品质因数高分辨率的测量，以及随时间变化的参数，如谐振波长和分裂的频率偏移绘图后处理。通过仔细检查中的时域响应的步骤，并在频域响应换档，该仪器可以量化的离散结合事件。

以下协议后，痕迹可以编译和安装。 图3a所示为在视频中，为此，频率分裂是在一个中等的DPBS观察提出了微球的典型共振结构。甲最小二乘拟合到双洛伦兹函数指示左和右谐振骤降的品质因数分别为2.1×10 8和在含水环境中3.8×10 8。的半峰全宽的光频率由空腔光谱与图3b中的干涉信号，这将产生，当激光波长蓝移，得到的共振光谱的高分辨率测...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection at JoVE.com

Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

参考干涉仪技术，其目的是去除不良的激光抖动噪声nanodetection，被用于探测超高品质因子微腔。提供的指示进行组装，安装和数据采集，沿着指定的腔品质因数的测量过程。

一个参考干涉仪的Nanodetection实施

A thermally and mechanically stabilized fiber interferometer suited for examining ultra-high quality factor microcavities is fashioned. After assessing ...

implementation-of-a-reference-interferometer-for-nanodetection

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.3K 次观看.  University of Victoria. 参考干涉仪技术，其目的是去除不良的激光抖动噪声nanodetection，被用于探测超高品质因子微腔。提供的指示进行组装，安装和数据采集，沿着指定的腔品质因数的测量过程。 

视频: Implementation of a Reference Interferometer for Nanodetection

Analysis of Contact Interfaces for Single GaN Nanowire Devices

Single GaN nanowire (NW) devices fabricated on SiO2 can exhibit a strong degradation after annealing due to the occurrence of void formation at the contact/SiO2 interface. This void formation can cause cracking and delamination of the metal film, which can increase the resistance or lead to a complete failure of the NW device. In order to address issues associated with void formation, a technique was developed that removes Ni/Au contact metal films from the substrates to allow for the examination and characterization of the contact/substrate and contact/NW interfaces of single GaN NW devices. This procedure determines the degree of adhesion of the contact films to the substrate and NWs and allows for the characterization of the morphology and composition of the contact interface with the substrate and nanowires. This technique is also useful for assessing the amount of residual contamination that remains from the NW suspension and from photolithographic processes on the NW-SiO2 surface prior to metal deposition. The detailed steps of this procedure are presented for the removal of annealed Ni/Au contacts to Mg-doped GaN NWs on a SiO2 substrate.

A technique was developed that removes Ni/Au contact metal films from their substrate to allow for the examination and characterization of the contact/substrate and contact/NW interfaces of single GaN nanowire devices.

单氮化镓纳米线设备分析接触界面

Single GaN nanowire (NW) devices fabricated on SiO2 can exhibit  a strong degradation after annealing due to the  occurrence of void formation at the ...

科研

工程学

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Photocatalytically active nanostructures require a large specific surface area with the presence of many catalytically active sites for the oxidation and reduction half reactions, and fast electron (hole) diffusion and charge separation. Nanowires present suitable architectures to meet these requirements. Axially segmented Ag|ZnO and radially segmented (coaxial) TiO2-Ag nanowires with a diameter of 200 nm and a length of 6-20 &#181;m were made by templated electrodeposition within the pores of polycarbonate track-etched (PCTE) or anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes, respectively. In the photocatalytic experiments, the ZnO and TiO2 phases acted as photoanodes, and Ag as cathode. No external circuit is needed to connect both electrodes, which is a key advantage over conventional photo-electrochemical cells. For making segmented Ag|ZnO nanowires, the Ag salt electrolyte was replaced after formation of the Ag segment to form a ZnO segment attached to the Ag segment. For making coaxial TiO2-Ag nanowires, a TiO2 gel was first formed by the electrochemically induced sol-gel method. Drying and thermal annealing of the as-formed TiO2 gel resulted in the formation of crystalline TiO2 nanotubes. A subsequent Ag electrodeposition step inside the TiO2 nanotubes resulted in formation of coaxial TiO2-Ag nanowires. Due to the combination of an n-type semiconductor (ZnO or TiO2) and a metal (Ag) within the same nanowire, a Schottky barrier was created at the interface between the phases. To demonstrate the photocatalytic activity of these nanowires, the Ag|ZnO nanowires were used in a photocatalytic experiment in which H2 gas was detected upon UV illumination of the nanowires dispersed in a methanol/water mixture. After 17 min&#160;of illumination, approximately 0.2 vol% H2 gas was detected from a suspension of ~0.1 g of Ag|ZnO nanowires in a 50 ml 80 vol% aqueous methanol solution.

Preparation and Use of Photocatalytically Active Segmented Ag|ZnO and Coaxial TiO2-Ag Nanowires Made by Templated Electrodeposition

Procedures are outlined to prepare segmented and coaxial nanowires via templated electrodeposition in nanopores. As examples, segmented nanowires consisting of Ag and ZnO segments, and coaxial nanowires consisting of a TiO2 shell and a Ag core were made. The nanowires were used in photocatalytic hydrogen formation experiments.

制备和使用光催化活性分段银|氧化锌和二氧化钛同轴<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;银纳米线制成由模板电

Photocatalytically active nanostructures require a large specific surface area with the presence of many catalytically active sites for the oxidation and ...

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial resolution, and is even capable of providing atomically resolved elemental maps. In this technique, a highly focused electron beam is incident upon a thin sample and the energy of emitted X-rays is measured in order to determine the atomic species of material within the beam path. This elementally sensitive spectroscopy technique can be extended to three dimensional tomographic imaging by acquiring multiple spectrum images with the sample tilted along an axis perpendicular to the electron beam direction.
Elemental distributions within single nanoparticles are often important for determining their optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Techniques such as X-ray tomography and slice and view energy dispersive X-ray mapping in the scanning electron microscope provide elementally sensitive three dimensional imaging but are typically limited to spatial resolutions of &gt; 20 nm. Atom probe tomography provides near atomic resolution but preparing nanoparticle samples for atom probe analysis is often challenging. Thus, elementally sensitive techniques applied within the scanning transmission electron microscope are uniquely placed to study elemental distributions within nanoparticles of dimensions 10-100 nm.
Here, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy within the STEM is applied to investigate the distribution of elements in single AgAu nanoparticles. The surface segregation of both Ag and Au, at different nanoparticle compositions, has been observed.

The use of energy dispersive X-ray tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope to characterize elemental distributions within single nanoparticles in three dimensions is described.

能量色散X射线断层摄影术对个人纳米3D元素映射

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in industrialized countries. Here, the development of optical mesosensors/adsorbents (MSAs) for efficient recognition and selective recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) from urban mine was achieved. A simple, general method for preparing MSAs based on using high-order mesoporous monolithic scaffolds was described. Hierarchical cubic Ia3d wagon-wheel-shaped MSAs were fabricated by anchoring chelating agents (colorants) into three-dimensional pores and micrometric particle surfaces of the mesoporous monolithic scaffolds. Findings show, for the first time, evidence of controlled optical recognition of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) ions and a highly selective system for recovery of Pd(II) ions (up to ~95%) in ores and industrial wastes. Furthermore, the controlled assessment processes described herein involve evaluation of intrinsic properties (e.g., visual signal change, long-term stability, adsorption efficiency, extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and reusability); thus, expensive, sophisticated instruments are not required. Results show evidence that MSAs will attract worldwide attention as a promising technological means of recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals.

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

检测和钯的回收，从城市矿山黄金和钴金属使用标有纳米货车车轮形的孔隙新型传感器/吸附剂

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

有机硅为基础的介电弹性体致动器的制作工艺

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film synthesis) for the purpose of exploratory materials research. Certain materials pose a challenge wherein the traditional bulk Hall bar device fabrication method is insufficient to produce a measureable device for sample transport measurement, principally because the single crystal size is too small to attach wire leads to the sample in a Hall bar configuration. This can be, for example, because the first batch of a new material synthesized yields very small single crystals or because flakes of samples of one to very few monolayers are desired. In order to enable rapid characterization of materials that may be carried out in parallel with improvements to their growth methodology, a method of device fabrication for very small samples has been devised to permit the characterization of novel materials as soon as a preliminary batch has been produced. A slight variation of this methodology is applicable to producing devices using exfoliated samples of two-dimensional materials such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as well as multilayer heterostructures of such materials. Here we present detailed protocols for the experimental device fabrication of fragments and flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate and subsequent measurement in a commercial superconducting magnet, dry helium close-cycle cryostat magnetotransport system at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

We describe the methodology of mechanical exfoliation and deposition of flakes of novel materials with micron-sized dimensions onto substrate, fabrication of experimental device structures for transport experimentation, and the magnetotransport measurement in a dry helium close-cycle cryostat at temperatures down to 0.300 K and magnetic fields up to 12 T.

对于新材料的低温磁输运测量先进的实验方法

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with one twist grain boundary. This apparatus utilizes high uniaxial pressure and a pulsed direct current for rapid consolidation of material. Diffusion bonding of strontium titanate bicrystals without fracture, in a spark plasma sintering apparatus, is possible at high pressures due to the unusual temperature dependent plasticity behavior of strontium titanate. We demonstrate a method for the successful formation of bicrystals at accelerated time scales and lower temperatures in a spark plasma sintering apparatus compared to bicrystals formed by conventional diffusion bonding parameters. Bond quality was verified by scanning electron microscopy. A clean and atomically abrupt interface containing no secondary phases was observed using transmission electron microscopy techniques. Local changes in bonding across the boundary was characterized by simultaneous scanning transmission electron microscopy and spatially resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy.

A viable technique for the formation of strontium titanate bicrystals at high pressure and fast heating rate via the spark plasma sintering apparatus is developed.

放电等离子烧结设备中使用的钛酸锶双晶体的形成

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with ...

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional component that should have high electrical conductivity, high mechanical properties, and high productivity.
In this regard, a carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite can be an ideal material to replace the conventional graphite bipolar plate, which often leads to the catastrophic failure of the entire system because of its inherent brittleness. Though the carbon/epoxy composite has high mechanical properties and is easy to manufacture, the electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction is poor because of the resin-rich layer that forms on its surface. Therefore, an expanded graphite coating was adopted to solve the electrical conductivity issue. However, the expanded graphite coating not only increases the manufacturing costs but also has poor mechanical properties.
In this study, a method to expose fibers on the composite surface is demonstrated. There are currently many methods that can expose fibers by surface treatment after the fabrication of the composite. This new method, however, does not require surface treatment because the fibers are exposed during the manufacture of the composite. By exposing bare carbon fibers on the surface, the electrical conductivity and mechanical strength of the composite are increased drastically.

A protocol to expose bare fibers on the composite surface by eliminating resin rich area is presented. The fibers are exposed during fabrication of the composites, not by the post surface treatment. The exposed carbon composites exhibit high electrical conductivity in the through-thickness direction and high mechanical property.

一种新的复合制备方法的实验实现: 用软层法对复合材料表面裸露纤维进行曝光

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional ...

Fabrication of Refractive-index-matched Devices for Biomedical Microfluidics

The use of microfluidic devices has emerged as a defining tool for biomedical applications. When combined with modern microscopy techniques, these devices can be implemented as part of a robust platform capable of making simultaneous complementary measurements. The primary challenge created by the combination of these two techniques is the mismatch in refractive index between the materials traditionally used to make microfluidic devices and the aqueous solutions typically used in biomedicine. This mismatch can create optical artifacts near the channel or device edges. One solution is to reduce the refractive index of the material used to fabricate the device by using a fluorinated polymer such as MY133-V2000 whose refractive index is similar to that of water (n = 1.33). Here, the construction of a microfluidic device made out of MY133-V2000 using soft lithography techniques is demonstrated, using O2 plasma in conjunction with an acrylic holder to increase the adhesion between the MY133-V2000 fabricated device and the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. The device is then tested by incubating it filled with cell culture media for 24 h to demonstrate the ability of the device to maintain cell culture conditions during the course of a typical imaging experiment. Finally, quantitative phase microscopy (QPM) is used to measure the distribution of mass within the live adherent cells in the microchannel. This way, the increased precision, enabled by fabricating the device from a low index of refraction polymer such as MY133-V2000 in lieu of traditional soft lithography materials such as PDMS, is demonstrated. Overall, this approach for fabricating microfluidic devices can be readily integrated into existing soft lithography workflows in order to reduce optical artifacts and increase measurement precision.

This protocol describes the fabrication of microfluidic devices from MY133-V2000 to eliminate artifacts that often arise in microchannels due to the mismatching refractive indices between microchannel structures and an aqueous solution. This protocol uses an acrylic holder to compress the encapsulated device, improving adhesion both chemically and mechanically.

生物医学微流体折射率匹配器件的研制

The use of microfluidic devices has emerged as a defining tool for biomedical applications. When combined with modern microscopy techniques, these devices ...

Design and Implementation of a Bespoke Robotic Manipulator for Extra-corporeal Ultrasound

With the potential for high precision, dexterity, and repeatability, a self-tracked robotic system can be employed to assist the acquisition of real-time ultrasound. However, limited numbers of robots designed for extra-corporeal ultrasound have been successfully translated into clinical use. In this study, we aim to build a bespoke robotic manipulator for extra-corporeal ultrasound examination, which is lightweight and has a small footprint. The robot is formed by five specially shaped links and custom-made joint mechanisms for probe manipulation, to cover the necessary range of motion with redundant degrees of freedom to ensure the patient&#39;s safety. The mechanical safety is emphasized with a clutch mechanism, to limit the force applied to patients. As a result of the design, the total weight of the manipulator is less than 2 kg and the length of the manipulator is about 25 cm. The design has been implemented, and simulation, phantom, and volunteer studies have been performed, to validate the range of motion, the ability to make fine adjustments, mechanical reliability, and the safe operation of the clutch. This paper details the design and implementation of the bespoke robotic ultrasound manipulator, with the design and assembly methods illustrated. Testing results to demonstrate the design features and clinical experience of using the system are presented. It is concluded that the current proposed robotic manipulator meets the requirements as a bespoke system for extra-corporeal ultrasound examination and has great potential to be translated into clinical use.

This paper introduces the design and implementation of a bespoke robotic manipulator for extra-corporeal ultrasound examination. The system has five degrees of freedom with lightweight joints made by 3D printing and a mechanical clutch for safety management.

一种用于体外超声的自定义机器人机械手的设计与实现

With the potential for high precision, dexterity, and repeatability, a self-tracked robotic system can be employed to assist the acquisition of real-time ...