这项工作是由心理健康格兰特数1 R43MH0842-01A2的国家学院和心理健康国家研究所授权号2 R44MH084240-02的支持。

1，安装评估<ol><li>将评估软件为满足在设备表中要求的计算机。 </li><li>如果该文件夹不自动打开，进入“我的电脑”，打开光盘驱动器</li><li>双击“NeuroCog.build.319” </li><li>双击“安装程序” </li><li>双击“SETUP.EXE” </li><li>点击“下一步”按钮，在设置屏幕的底部</li><li>点击许可协议“同意” </li><li>点击“下一步” </li><li>点击“下一步” </li><li>点击“安装” </li><li>点击“完成” </li></ol> 2，设置了自习室<ol><li>在电脑上在一个安静的房间和免费分心安装评估。确保受试者没有获得可以用来记笔记的任何材料。 <ol><li>确保计算机是在一个舒适的坐姿高度一张桌子或书桌。将有线鼠标在桌子上有足够的空间，让subje克拉休息他们的手臂，以防止疲劳。 </li><li>之前，在启动程序中插入外部扬声器。 </li></ol></li><li>设置了两个椅子，直接一个在电脑前的主题和一到一边，稍稍落后于其他座椅管理员坐下。一个评价者应该是目前在所有时间评估的执政期间。 </li><li>在此之前管理考核，建立程序。 <ol><li>双击标有该图标的“播放VRFCAT。” </li><li>如果这是一个回到主题，在输入前面创建的病人ID和密码，然后单击“确定”。如果这是一个新的课题，单击新建配置文件，然​​后创建一个新的病人ID和密码为主题，并单击“确定”。 </li><li>在站点数类型中，选择出生，键入时代主题的日期，选择对象的手与性别，键入评价者缩写，选择研究，*并选择访问*。然后点击“确认”。 <strong&gt;注：*这些元素可以定制。请参阅评估手册以获取进一步的信息。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3，管理评审<ol><li>要启动任务管理，直接在电脑前坐标的倒在椅子上。如果这是主体的第一次与考核，使用默认的情景：“教程”，默认迷你情景：“公寓” <ol><li>如果这不是主体的第一次与评估选择合适的测试版本，从方案的下拉菜单，然后单击“确定”。请注意，以前版本的题目完成后，将纷纷转向从绿色变成红色。这将有助于确保相同的版本不给药两次给受试者。 </li><li>评估者应该评估的整个管理过程中依然存在。如果拍摄对象要求他们应该做的做，直接受点击的音频图标左上角。如果主体停止关注，或在任何时候看起来远离屏幕，重定向主体回去交任务。 </li><li>采取必要的预防措施，以尽量保证拍摄对象不会评估的执政期间需要休息，但在极端的情况下，评估可暂停和继续在以后的时间。要做到这一点，请按键盘上的“Esc”键，并标记游戏暂停会出现一个菜单。 <ol><li>倘若被摄对象稍作休息，只需点击“主菜单”，键入管理员密码，“管理”，然后单击“是”。该评估将然后返回到屏幕上，选择所需要的小场景开始拍摄对象，当他们回到上。所有已完成的迷你情景将纷纷转向从绿色变成红色。 </li><li>如果主体无法当天完成整个版本，而且必须改日再来，点击游戏暂停菜单中的“退出”，在管理编码类型，“管理”，然后单击“是”。钍是将关闭该程序。一旦标的的回报，重新登录用正确的病人ID和密码的程序，然后从下拉菜单中选择相应场景和迷你情景。所有已完成的迷你情景将纷纷转向从绿色变成红色。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>一旦该课题已完成了所有四个迷你场景（公寓，公交车到商店，商店和巴士到公寓）的屏幕说：“恭喜您，您已经完成了任务！请让您的测试系统管理员知道，你已经完成，”将出现。点击“继续”，并在下一个屏幕上单击“开始新的场景”。在“管理”标签“管理守则”型的框中，单击“是”。 <ol><li>如果拍摄对象完成了测试版本，而不是本教程中，单击“退出应用程序。”在标有“管理员密码”式的盒子“管理员”，点击“是”，并在会话结束。 </li></ol></li><li>从选择的场景适合的测试版本下拉菜单，然后单击“精读。公司“ 注意：标有教程的情景现在应该已经从绿色到红色改变，因为这个问题已经完成了整个场景。 </li><li>一旦该课题已完成了所有四个小场景将出现一个屏幕，上面写着“恭喜您，您已经完成了任务！请让您的测试系统管理员知道，你已经完成了。”点击“继续”，并在下一个屏幕上单击“退出应用程序。”在“管理”标签“管理守则”型的框中，单击“是”，并在会话结束。 </li></ol> 4，潜在的偏差<ol><li>如果主体试图完成任何目标失序，提醒他们必须移动到下一个任务完成之前，在屏幕顶部的说明中描述的任务。 </li><li>如果主体已经用完了所有的虚拟转变的教学情境中，是无法完成的最终目标，逃脱出来的游戏使用上述列出的方法吨O返回到场景选择菜单。鼓励受尽量不要用了所有的硬币在早期目标，readminster整个教程。 </li><li>如果主体已经用完了所有的虚拟转变过程中的任何其他情况下，是无法完成的最终目标，逃避使用上述列出的方法返回到场景选择菜单中的游戏。此数据点将被认为是缺失的，不readminister任何的场景。 </li></ol>

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作者理查德·SE基夫，是NeuroCog试验，Inc。和精神病学行为科学在杜克大学医学中心教授的创始人和首席执行官。 作者，菲利普·哈维，是教授精神病学和行为科学，行政，心理科，精神病学和行为科学系，迈阿密大学米勒医学院和高级临床研究员，迈阿密退伍军人事务部医疗系统。 笔者K.朗高拉玛克里希南，是精神病学和行为科学教授在杜克大学医学中心和杜克 - 新加坡国立大学医学中心的院长。 笔者斯泰西A.鲁塞，是NeuroCog试验，公司的雇员笔者赵薇G.戴维斯，是NeuroCog试验，公司的雇员笔者亚历山德拉S.阿特金斯，是NeuroCog Tr的雇员IALS公司笔者Kolleen H.福克斯是NeuroCog试验，公司的前雇员

<html>试验研究表明，随着测试再测试数据令人鼓舞的结果产生了一个内相关的0.61（ICC）和0.67 Pearson相关。 在数据的初步分析，可以观察到应用程序的版本之一，方案4，有显著异常数据，并与其他五个版本一致的方式没有执行。因为接收到的质量数据，我们推测，在方案4的配方成分之一的位置是造成异常数据。成分进行了更新，更接近于其他版本。这个版本的验证，目前正在进行作为镍氢SBIR二期格兰特的一部分。 对于软件故障排除，请联系谁开发的评估公司。 帐篷“&gt;的协议来管理的评估也有一些局限性。评估需要使用电脑。作为当前配置将有最成功的结果，如果有一个管理员评估的整个管理过程中存在的技术。主题谁在完成评估不应该被单独留在家中的任何一点。此外，从试点研究得出的结论受到多种因素的限制。样本是来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的一个站点一组健康对照组。此样本包括主要高加索人（59％）女性（61％）。该样品不具代表性的精神分裂症患者的人口，样本规模也比较小（N = 46）。 目前，评估被验证在几个不同的研究。心理健康国家研究所提供资金，以验证评估的160名患者和160名健康对照样本中。验证研究将着眼于有效性，敏感性和评估的可靠性精神分裂症功能能力的主要措施。以及由比较它的UPSA-2-VIM，确定上的MCCB的考核和绩效表现之间的关联，并检查评估和精神分裂症认知评定量表之间的相关性进行量化改变功能的能力进行评估的能力（SCoRS）。 评估也是每天现实世界的成果的验证（VALERO）的一部分研究第2期。瓦莱罗研究招募了精神分裂症患者谁，除了评估收到的塑壳断路器32，广泛成就测验的修改版本，第3版（WRAT-3）33，并且UPSA-B 34。另外，该ASSEssment正在审查中的一组功能互补结合的方案（使用自动柜员机;注墨处方，并了解从医生的指示），在另一个联邦资助的老年人患有精神分裂症的研究。 一旦通过验证，它是评估一个目标，成为功能性容量的金标准衡量，专门针对精神分裂症患者的临床药物试验。最简单的管理也将允许在临床上所使用的评估使临床医生能够测量变化的病人随着时间的推移。最后，远程传递是可行的，将允许在评估参加者的家园，倘若他们没有自我诊疗人次施用干预。 这是非常重要的，密切注意加强协议的3.1.1。本教程应该总是在第一时间主题接受评估管理，并且为了防止实践中的效果，当务之急是正确版本的考核管理。步骤3.1.3分满分确保断裂是有限的，尽可能确保评估施用以一致的方式与小干扰的重要性。由于步骤4.1和4.2点出来，如果​​这个问题已经用完了所有的硬币的教程方案中，是无法完成的最终目标，逃避使用上述列出的方法返回到场景选择菜单中的游戏。鼓励受尽量不要用了所有的虚拟货币在早期目标，readminster整个教程。如果主体已经用完了所有的虚拟货币在任何其他版本的，是无法完成的最终目标，逃避使用上述所列METHO游戏DS返回到场景选择菜单。此数据点将被认为是缺失的，不readminister任何的场景。

精神分裂症是一种严重的精神疾病，影响超过200万美国人，收费约为6,300十亿的总人数约为每年$ 22.7十亿美元的直接治疗和社区服务，失业率由另外$ 32十亿的非直接成本1,2。这种疾病通常伴有认知障碍其前后精神病的发作，并保持在整个疾病3-8的过程。这些认知缺陷导致不良后果，诸如在社会，职业，和独立生活域减小成功。认知功能受损为主要贡献者，在精神分裂症患者9功能障碍。目前抗精神病药物在控制精神分裂症的精神病性症状，如妄想和幻觉有效，但这些疗法提供最低限度的认知益处10-13。药物和非药物treatmenTS改善精神分裂症患者的认知功能正在开发在目前的时间。在精神分裂症中的认知功能，无论是在基线和治疗相关的变化的功能，能可靠地通过与成熟的灵敏度14测量评估。不过，FDA的指导任务的治疗研究表明改变认知功能15,16的临床意义。 从食品和药物管理局（FDA）的代表，精神健康研究所（NIMH）的国家研究所和医药行业，以及专家的认知来自学术界，满足作为测量和治疗研究的一部分，以改善认知精神分裂症（ MATRICS）项目15个 。该MATRICS项目的目的是开发中的与精神分裂症有关的认知功能障碍治疗药物的开发标准方法。在这个工作过程中，FDA的代表声称，单单认知改进，通过标准化的神经心理评估，衡量，是不足以证明药物疗效的认知增强剂。因此，对认知障碍的新疗法的批准，需要的证据表明，认知的改善是有临床意义的15。其结果是，在精神分裂症认知增强的治疗的临床试验现在必须证明在标准的认知量度及改进的措施表明任何认知的改善有有意义的益处到患者的功能改善。这就是所谓的“共同基本要求”。该MATRICS项目提出了非常具体的建议，哪些标准认知的措施将表明认知的变化，并制定了一系列测试用于这一目的。 虽然，本集团MATRICS验证的认知结果的电池，在MATRICS认知共识电池（MCCB），他们没有建议改变现实世界的运作应该是针对认知治疗的批准的前提条件。这个论点是基于以下关注：1）有现实世界的许多领域在精神分裂症运行，如病人的举办就业，独立生活，维护社会关系的能力。 2）改变这些域可能无法在治疗研究中观察到，因为他们很可能会比典型的临床试验的持续时间更长。 3）此外，现实世界中的功能变化取决于多种与治疗无关，如病人是否领取伤残金17的情况下。作为一个结果，MATRICS组因此建议，临床意义，应通过使用工具测量的电位表现出真实世界中的功能即兴证明与认知改变相关vements。当时，该MATRICS组没有就什么措施或措施，应作为“合作主要衡量事务所的建议，选择做出关于可能在临床试验18中使用的主要合作措施的类型”软“的建议。在精神分裂症的药物试验中使用当前的合作主要措施有两种类型：基于访谈的措施和措施的基础性能。 认知的面试措施是共同主要措施通常是通过病人或线人完成。它们包括精神分裂症认知评定量表（SCoRS），认知精神分裂症（CGI-COGS）的临床总体印象和认知评估面试（CAI）18-20。这些措施只有有限的相关措施与认知表现自我的时候报由患者，患者有严重心理疾病和其他中枢神经系统病变他们有能力准确地报告自己的认知能力21是有限的。此外，尽管告密评级有相当的有效性，很多患者患有精神疾病没有一个线人谁可以提供有意义的评级18,22。当信息提供者的情况下，它们可以由患者的行为或多种潜在的响应偏差的选择性观测来限定。 功能基于容量的执行措施是需要的关键技能，每天在受控的格式性能的措施。这些措施已发现证明认知测试数据更密切的关联比18,21以上描述的采访为基础的措施得到自我报告。几项措施的基础性能有最近蜜蜂Ñ​​调查。其中两个，社会能力的马里兰评估（MASC）和社会技能绩效评估（SSPA），测量通过社会角色在一个评价者的观察病人的行为打22-24导向功能的能力。一个更广泛的关注和广泛使用的功能的能力衡量的是美国加州大学圣地亚哥分校的基于性能的技能评估（UPSA）25。该UPSA大约需要30分钟，并测量在一些领域日常生活，如财务，沟通，规划和家庭活动中的表现。原来UPSA已被修改，同时创建涉及药物管理（UPSA-2）和一个简化版本检查只是沟通和财政（UPSA - 简介）扩展版本。所有版本的UPSA已发现有大量的关联与认知能力26。 27性能的关系进行了系统的比较研究。然而，不同版本的UPSA有几个潜在的局限性，在缺乏替代形式，不能提供远程测试，他们的纸和铅笔格式使得替代形式和新的评估方案挑战快速发展的事实方面。此外，他们在反复评估情况，如临床试验中使用的部分患者进行密切在他们的初步评估，而完全是有限的。考虑到这一点，虚拟现实履行职能的能力评估工具（VRFCAT）的目的是要解决这些问题，以及模拟现实环境的范畴内可靠地评估功能的能力。 已经有几个以前的发展情况区域电脑和虚拟现实评估。例如，弗里曼和他的同事28开发了一系列的虚拟现实模拟，旨在促使偏执的。在功能的能力评估领域，库尔茨和他的同事29开发了一个基于公寓虚拟现实用药管理模拟。最后，UPSA的计算机化版也被开发30。这种模拟是不是一个真正的虚拟现实程序中，一个考官是目前和管理的评估，这是在电脑上完成。这个测试是有远程传递的潜力，虽然它是从概念上从一个基础的游戏测试大不相同。 该VRFCAT（进一步简称为“评估”）是一种新型的游戏功能基于容量的虚拟现实措施，采用了逼真的模拟环境，以recreatË日常生活，着眼于减值无论基线水平和功能的能力处理相关的变化进行评估的几个日常活动。评估的现实，互动的，身临其境的环境包括6个版本的4小场景，包括导航的厨房，让在公交车上去一家杂货店，发现/在一家杂货店购买食品，并在公交车上回家。评估测量的时间花在受试者完成12个不同的目标（ 见表2）金额以及标的多少错误使。如果受试者需要太多的时间或承诺太多错误，这个问题将被自动进展到下一个目标。主题通过一个渐进的故事情节设计完成的方案。这种独特的高分辨率应用软件的开发，并在镍氢电池SBIR计划第一期项目，确定了刺的既定目标，试点测试ility和程序（第一部分）的可用性和测量健康对照组的重测信度（第二部分）。在成功的开发软件与虚拟英雄合作公司，应用研究联合公司的一个部门，第1阶段的资金也使评估试点为好。 第1阶段的可用性和可靠性试验测试研究了来自北卡罗来纳州达勒姆的102名健康对照样本。该研究得到了西方IRB和所有参与者签署了知情同意书。纳入研究的可靠性，部分受试者的平均年龄为38.1与12.98的标准偏差。样品为61％的女性和59％的白人，39％的非洲裔和2％其他种族。从第一阶段的试验性测试的可靠性调查结果符合预期与0.61和Pearson的r 0.67重测信度ICC尽管在U多个测试版本，每个版本相对较少的研究参与者本身。在先前的研究具有更大的样本（N = 195）精神分裂症患者中，我们发现了一个单一的形式测试复试的国际刑事法院=的UPSA-B .76在跟进6周和6个月31日期间的可靠性。 评估目前正处于SBIR二期项目，该项目将验证评估，对身体机能和认知等措施，并检查这个程序来精神分裂症患者从健康对照组区分人口的能力进行测试。的第2阶段研究的目标之一是规范标准的制定健康对照者的表现和理解精神分裂症患者损害的程度。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td width="20%">Computer</td>
			<td width="20%">N/A</td>
			<td width="20%">N/A</td>
			<td width="40%">Computer requirements: 
			&#183; Windows 2000/XP or compatible system &#183; 3-D graphics card with 128 MB memory 
			&#183; 1.6 GHz processor or equivalent 
			&#183; 512 MB RAM 
			&#183; 3.5GB of uncompressed hard disk space 
			&#183; DirectX 9.0 or compatible soundcard 
			&#183; 56kbps modem or better network connection 
			&#183; Motherboard/ soundcard containing Dolby Digital 
			&#183; Interactive Content Encoder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hard Wired Mouse</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any functional hard wired mouse that fits comfortably into the subject&#8217;s hand will suffice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>External Speakers</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Any functional external speakers that allow the volume to be adjusted will suffice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VRFCAT Software</td>
			<td>NeuroCog Trials, Inc.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Visit www.neurocogtrials.com for further information</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of a virtual reality assessment of everyday living skills

认知障碍影响了广大精神分裂症患者和这些损伤预测可怜的长期心理社会结果。治疗研究精神分裂症患者，旨在认知功能障碍不仅需要演示的改进在认知测试，但也有证据表明任何认知变化导致临床意义的改善。 “功能性能力”指标的程度，个人必须执行所需的真实世界运作的技能可能采取的措施。目前的数据不支持的功能容量测量任何单一工具的建议。虚拟现实履行职能的能力评估工具（VRFCAT）是一种新型的，功能性的能力互动游戏为基础的措施，它使用真实的模拟环境来重新日常生活的例行活动。研究目前正在进行评估和建立VRFCAT的敏感拉了一，可靠性，有效性和实用性。功能能力这项新措施是可行的，相关的，易于使用，并具有多种功​​能，提高有效性和患者有中枢神经系统疾病的临床试验函数的测量灵敏度。

在开发阶段，102名健康对照进行了测试与1 6的随机抽取的评估版本，然后要求7〜14天后进行复检返回一个不同的随机选择的版本。那些102 90用于返回使用不同版本的应用程序的测试。只有谁归还90 69的原因在于，后来被纠正初始数据的管理问题，有完整的数据集。一个显著异常被发现并删除从数据分析，留下68完成数据集。 在数据的初步分析，可以观察到应用程序的版本之一，方案4，有显著异常数据，并以公平的方式向其他五个版本没有执行。其结果是，方案4被排除在分析的导频数据和最终分析此度量并不包括从该版本的数据。最终样本大小为n = 46（ 见表1 </STRONG&gt;人口统计信息）。这个版本被更新为如下所述的当前版本。 我们进行性能的因素分析（未旋转主成分）上的评估，即在表2中的12目标表3显示了因子分析的解释方差的91％，并透露了被打成三个因素：推理和解决问题解决，处理速度，以及工作记忆。域合并成一个复合和重测数据产生一个内相关的0.61（ICC）和0.67 Pearson相关。散点图在两次访问中描绘的性能如图1所示。 朝研究结束时的数据进行了审查，并确定有该受试者在作出访问1错误，但不能访问2。对于剩下的13个学科，我们制定了具有主题“s完成本教程之前的测试版本和数据显示的承诺，本教程帮助洗出一些，正在看到的主要做法效果。正因为如此，我们推荐在第一次评估是管理该教程应该总是前一个测试版本管理。 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td></td><td>受试者（N = 46） </td></tr><tr><td>年龄</td><td> 38.1（SD = 12.98，范围= 19-68） </td></tr><tr><td>性别</td><td>女 - 28（61％） 男 - 18（39％） </td></tr><tr><td>种族</td><td>白人 - 27（59％） 非裔美国人 - 18（39％） 其他 - 1（2％） </td></tr></tbody></table> 表1。试验研究人口统计信息 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td>目标</td><td>描述</td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td>拾配方</td></tr><tr><td> 2 </td><td>搜索成份</td></tr><tr><td> 3 </td><td>划掉正确的成分和拿起巴士时间表</td></tr><tr><td> 4 </td><td>拿起钱包</td></tr><tr><td> 5 </td><td>离开公寓</td></tr><tr><td> 6 </td><td>挤公车</td></tr><tr><td> 7 </td><td>为公交支付</td></tr><tr><td> 8 </td><td>选择一个过道</td></tr><tr><td> 9 </td><td>杂货店铺</td></tr><tr><td> 10 </td><td>杂货支付</td></tr><tr><td> 11 </td><td>挤公车</td></tr><tr><td> 12 </td><td>为公交支付</td></tr></tbody></table> 表2。VRFCAT目标 <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="922"><tbody><tr><td rowspan="3">目标</td><td colspan="3">因素</td></tr><tr><td> 1 </td><td> 2 </td><td&gt; 3 </td></tr><tr><td> （推理/ 问题解决） </td><td> （处理速度） </td><td> （工作记忆） </td></tr><tr><td>及时补充巴士票价</td><td> 0.92 </td><td> 0.19 </td><td> 0.14 </td></tr><tr><td>错误添加巴士票价</td><td> 0.92 </td><td> 0.12 </td><td> 0.16 </td></tr><tr><td>及时补充杂货店钱</td><td> 0.87 </td><td> 0.16 </td><td> 0.09 </td></tr><tr><td>错误添加杂货店钱</td><td> 0.79 </td><td> 0.13 </td><td> 0.12 </td></tr><tr><td>号次公交站牌访问</td><td> 0.5 </td><td> 0.34 </td><td> 0.25 </td></tr><tr><td>错误添加巴士票价</td><td> 0.48 </td><td> 0.24 </td><td> 0.08 </td></tr><tr><td>时间到店项目</td><td> 0.29 </td><td> 0.82 </td><td> 0.28 </td></tr><tr><td>错误的项目购物</td><td> 0.11 </td><td> 0.82 </td><td> 0.21 </td></tr><tr><td>时间登上巴士</td><td> 0.25 </td><td> 0.78 </td><td> 0.01 </td></tr><tr><td>时间登上巴士</td><td> 0.13 </td><td> 0.69 </td><td> -0.06 </td></tr><tr><td>时间跨越过的项目</td><td> 0.21 </td><td> 0.04 </td><td> 0.9 </td></tr><tr><td>错误划掉项目</td><td> 0.31 </td><td> 0.01 </td><td> 0.86 </td></tr><tr><td>第次访问食谱</td><td> 0 </td><td> 0.2 </td><td> 0.68 </td></tr></tbody></table> 表3。初步研究因素分析 <img alt="图1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51405/51405fig1highres.jpg" width="500" /> 按性别绩效关系如图1所示。关系在访问1和2访问

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills at JoVE.com

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

为证明疗效的认知障碍在精神分裂症的一个挑战是找到相关的日常运作技能的优化测量。虚拟现实履行职能的能力评估工具（VRFCAT）是一个基于互动游戏计算机化措施，旨在与日常运作相关的技能，包括基线损伤和治疗相关的变化。

每天生活技能的虚拟现实评估的发展

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; ...

development-of-a-virtual-reality-assessment-of-everyday-living-skills

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

18.2K 次观看.  NeuroCog Trials, Inc.. 为证明疗效的认知障碍在精神分裂症的一个挑战是找到相关的日常运作技能的优化测量。虚拟现实履行职能的能力评估工具（VRFCAT）是一个基于互动游戏计算机化措施，旨在与日常运作相关的技能，包括基线损伤和治疗相关的变化。 

视频: Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Mice Navigating a Virtual Reality Environment

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically identified cells during behavior1-6. Here we describe methods to perform two-photon imaging in mouse cortex while the animal navigates a virtual reality environment. We focus on the aspects of the experimental procedures that are key to imaging in a behaving animal in a brightly lit virtual environment. The key problems that arise in this experimental setup that we here address are: minimizing brain motion related artifacts, minimizing light leak from the virtual reality projection system, and minimizing laser induced tissue damage. We also provide sample software to control the virtual reality environment and to do pupil tracking. With these procedures and resources it should be possible to convert a conventional two-photon microscope for use in behaving mice.

Here we describe the experimental procedures involved in two-photon imaging of mouse cortex during behavior in a virtual reality environment.

在小鼠导航虚拟现实环境的双光子钙成像

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically ...

科研

行为学

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

利用虚拟现实技术将运动技能知识从一只手转移到另一个

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. Game-based therapy can promote patients&#39; engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more interesting and a motivating tool. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs can provide personalized home-based therapy with interactive communication between patients and clinicians. In this study, a mobile VR upper extremity rehabilitation program using game applications was developed. The findings from the study show that the mobile game-based VR program effectively promotes upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. In addition, patients completed two weeks of treatment using the program without adverse effects and were generally satisfied with the program. This mobile game-based VR upper extremity rehabilitation program can substitute for some parts of the conventional therapy that are delivered one-on-one by an occupational therapist. This time-efficient, easy to implement, and clinically effective program would be a good candidate tool for tele-rehabilitation for upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. Patients and therapists can collaborate remotely through these e-health rehabilitation programs while reducing economic and social costs.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and apply a mobile game-based virtual reality program for the recovery of upper limb dysfunction in patients with stroke. The present study shows that the mobile program is feasible and effectively promotes upper limb recovery in stroke patients.

基于移动游戏的上肢卒中康复虚拟现实程序

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. ...

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment of muscle functions is an essential and important, although challenging, prerequisite for successful clinical trials. Current clinical rating scales restrain the movement abnormalities to certain predefined coarse-grained individual items. The Kinect 3-D sensor has emerged as a low-cost and portable motion sensing technology used to capture and track people&#39;s movement in many medical and research fields. A novel approach using this 3-D sensor was developed and a game-like test was designed to objectively measure the upper limb function of patients with SMA. The prototype test targeted joint movement capability. While sitting in a virtual scene, the patient was instructed to extend, flex, and lift the whole arm in order to reach and place some objects. Both kinematic and spatiotemporal characteristics of upper limb movement were extracted and analyzed, e.g., elbow extension and flexion angles, hand velocity, and acceleration. The first study included a small cohort of 18 ambulant SMA patients and 19 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. A comprehensive analysis of arm movement was achieved; however, no significant difference between the groups were found due to the mismatch of patient&#39;s capability and the test difficulty. Based on this experience, a second version of the test consisting of a modified version of the first game with increased difficulties and a second game targeting muscle endurance were designed and implemented. The new test has not been conducted in any patient groups yet. Our work has demonstrated the potential capability of the 3-D sensor in assessing such muscle function and suggested an objective approach to complement the clinical rating scales.

An objective measure of muscle functions is challenging especially in children. Based on a commercially available digital 3-D sensor, a child-friendly gaming test was developed to assess upper limb function for clinical trials.

基于3维传感器的 Arm 功能的客观和儿童友好评估

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

虚拟现实中运动捕捉系统的日常生活运动运动学测量

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and spatial cognition. With a local area network and dedicated software platform, experimenters can efficiently monitor the behavior of the participants that are simultaneously immersed in a desktop virtual environment and digitalize the collected data. These capabilities allow for experimental designs in spatial cognition and navigation research that would be difficult (if not impossible) to conduct in the real world. Possible experimental variations include stress during an evacuation, cooperative and competitive search tasks, and other contextual factors that may influence emergent crowd behavior. However, such a laboratory requires maintenance and strict protocols for data collection in a controlled setting. While the external validity of laboratory studies with human participants is sometimes questioned, a number of recent papers suggest that the correspondence between real and virtual environments may be sufficient for studying social behavior in terms of trajectories, hesitations, and spatial decisions. In this article, we describe a method for conducting experiments on decision-making and navigation with up to 36 participants in a networked desktop virtual reality setup (i.e., the Decision Science Laboratory or DeSciL). This experiment protocol can be adapted and applied by other researchers in order to set up a networked desktop virtual reality laboratory.

This paper describes a method for conducting multi-user experiments on decision-making and navigation using a networked computer laboratory.

面向多参与者的决策科学与导航实验的网络化桌面虚拟现实设置

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

用生理学方法进行虚拟现实实验

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

A Behavioral Test Battery for the Repeated Assessment of Motor Skills, Mood, and Cognition in Mice

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and dysfunctions in mood and cognition are common and often shared symptoms in neurodegenerative diseases. Shown here is a behavioral test battery for motor, mood, and cognition, which can be repeatedly tested in a longitudinal study. This battery assesses the overall behavioral phenotype in mice by examining each domain of behavior with at least two independent well-accepted tests (i.e., open-field test and rotarod test for motor function, social interaction test, elevated plus maze test, and forced swim test for emotional function, and Morris water maze test and novel object recognition test for cognitive function). Therefore, this sensitive and comprehensive test battery is a powerful tool for the study of behavioral alternation in neurodegeneration.

A comprehensive behavioral test battery of motor skills, mood&#8212;including social interaction, depression, and anxiety&#8212;and cognition is designed for the repeated assessment of neurodegeneration-related behavioral changes in mice.

一种用于小鼠运动技能、情绪和认知重复评估的行为测试电池

Pharmacological and toxicological studies in neurodegeneration require comprehensive behavioral analysis in mice because motor dysfunctions and ...

Online Explorative Study on the Learning Uses of Virtual Reality Among Early Adopters

Virtual reality (VR) has shown great educational potential because it makes it possible to simulate any desired situation or event, thus playing an important role in addressing current educational challenges. Despite the unlimited learning possibilities that VR may offer, unless users are willing to apply virtual devices to education, the investment of time, money, and effort will be fruitless. It is therefore crucial to assess the educational interest of the first generation of VR users and to identify their current needs. To this end, in this study we designed an online questionnaire and applied it through the SaaS (Software as a service) of a private server. The sample consisted of 117 early VR adopters recruited via a main portal of communication and information technologies in Spain. In order to engage participants, we posted a thread in the main forum, which is dedicated to the advances and potential uses of VR. Once the responses were gathered, we analyzed the relationship between 12 variables (mean contrasts with Snedecor&#39;s F, and contingency analysis with chi-square and Sommer&#39;s d). The results showed that the current profile of a VR user is a male over 35 years old, with university studies, and who has purchased his viewer recently (&#60;1 year). As for the learning and teaching applications that these users were interested in, only 13.7% of the participants in this study use VR for educational purposes, although 28.2% were interested, indicating that perhaps the lack of applications or learning experiences may be hampering the use of VR within education. Almost half of the early adopters surveyed would like to learn using VR technology and are somehow optimistic about the relationship between VR and education, particularly those who are younger.

This article describes the profile of Spanish early adopters of virtual reality and their interests and preferences regarding learning and educational applications for this technology. To this aim, we designed an online questionnaire and interviewed 117 users of the main virtual reality forum on the Internet.

早期采用者虚拟现实学习应用的在线探索研究

Virtual reality (VR) has shown great educational potential because it makes it possible to simulate any desired situation or event, thus playing an ...