这项工作是由弗里德里希·米歇尔生物医学研究所，马普学会，和人类前沿科学计划的支持。

所有动物的程序获得批准，并按照广巴塞尔城市州的兽医部门的指导下进行。 1。硬件和软件设置<ol><li>双光子显微镜的设置： <ol><li>用脉冲红外激光作为照明源（脉冲宽度&lt;120飞秒）。 </li><li>使用一个扫描头8或12 kHz的谐振扫描器和一个标准的振镜注组成：这使40或60赫兹的帧频在750×400像素。高帧速率对于减少脑运动诱发的图像失真的关键。此外，在更高的信号产量快速谐振扫描的结果，降低了光漂白16和光毒性。 </li><li>使用压电高速Z-步进在多个深度依次获取时间交 ​​错图像注：这是可选的，用于提高产量的数据以帧速率为代价。 </li><li>使用时器的机械抑制器，以减少激光照射到组织中。调整抑制器的宽度取决于共振扫描器的振幅注：由于一个谐振扫描器的扫描路径的正弦性质，激光束移动可比慢于扫描周转点。以防止组织在这些转变点处的激光曝光是最大的损害，机械抑制器被引入扫描和管透镜，停止激光束之间的焦平面上。 </li><li>对于数据采集结合使用高速数字化仪（800兆赫）与现场可编程门阵列（FPGA）。 注：FPGA的高通滤波器和分档的PMT信号转换成像素。高通滤波器对在一个带通滤波器的光电倍增管放大结果FPGA和有效的低通滤波器的组合为中心大致围绕所述激光（80兆赫）的重复率。样品FPGA代码是作为一个补充。 </li></ol></li><li>基于Dombeck和他的同事设计的空气支持的跑步机设置2 <ol><li>球保持器连接到使用的至少10mm内径的空气供给管的空气供给线。最大化的球保持器的空气供给口的横截面，并放置足量的主空气供应和球保持器之间注油管的：增加的横截面，空气供给管的长度增加可减少噪音的产生。 </li><li>将聚苯乙烯发泡球（直径20厘米）的定制设计和3D打印的球座。 </li><li>如果行为模式只需要向前（或向后）运动，通过在球的一侧插入一针（ 例如，一个19政皮下注射针）限制球的运动与水平（俯仰轴） 注意：通常动物适应设置更快在此减速旋转模式。 </li><li>球的使用一个或两个光学计算机鼠标的轨道运动检测大约两个运动或所有三个轴，分别注：电脑鼠标最好应与至少干涉成像红外二极管工作。 </li></ol></li><li>虚拟现实环境设置<ol><li>编写的虚拟现实环境注：根据Panda3D中，一个可以自由使用的游戏引擎的示例环境，是作为一个补充。使用Wings3D，一个开源的3D建模工具生成的虚拟环境中的对象。该示例程序读取的数据采集卡的位置信息，并在虚拟环境中其转换成运动。该代码还执行所需要投影到屏幕上的环形的环境中进行非线性变换。环形屏幕的详细结构已在别处14,17描述。 </li><li>使用LED投影或LED背光电脑屏幕显示的虚拟环境。集成门CIRCUIT为LED的成像过程中注意快速闪烁：在视觉刺激过程中的双光子成像的固有问题是漏光从视觉刺激系统，该系统可以通过屏蔽客观减少始发。然而，从视觉刺激系统漏光可以完全通过投影机的光输出同步到共振扫描器（在未获得的数据）的转机点取消，因为与在成像过程中使用的视觉刺激LED舞台做果蝇 18。这导致视觉上的刺激和数据采集的一种有效的高速交替（参见图2）。闪烁的频率（24千赫）的数量级以上的闪光融合阈订单，高于该闪烁是由动物不再感知。电子电路图该变形的一个商业的LED投影仪如图3所示。 </li></ol></li><li>小狗金正日跟踪<ol><li>使用基于CMOS摄像机（每秒30帧）为瞳孔位置跟踪。确保相机不包含红外遮挡滤器注：瞳孔是在录音过程中，由于从双光子激发激光通过眼睛离开杂散光的高对比度显示。瞳孔的位置和直径是使用自定义编程软件基于酒谷和伊萨19的设计中提取的实时性。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2。注射遗传钙指示剂和窗口种植体正在执行的钙指示剂20和颅窗口21的注入的注入如先前有以下补充说明： <ol><li>使用玻璃移液管注入回填病毒溶液并连接到压力喷射系统注入病毒进入感兴趣区域。调整压力取决于吸管内直径一般约70-140毫巴，超过1-2分钟的过程中注入约100 NL病毒解决方案。在低频率（0.05秒的脉冲在2赫兹）递送低体积喷射脉冲应，以防止沿所述吸移管注入期间病毒的溢流被用于注：为了监测注射量，吸液管可被标记在小，立体显微镜下均匀间隔的长度（ 例如 0.5mm）的。在标记之间的弯月面的位移可以被用来估计注射体积。 </li><li>数周后喷射这应导致密标记的细胞的直径为约500微米的大丸剂。在感兴趣的区域GECI表达的功效取决于GECI和子组合的选择，以及对感染性滴度和所用的重组AAV的血清型注：作为代表性的例子，注射AAV2/1-EF1α-GCaMP5与病毒针锋相对8×10 12 GC /毫升到小鼠的结果令人满意表达初级视觉皮层呃在大约两周注射后（ 图1）。 </li><li>头部酒吧不应妨碍鼠标的视野，但应具有足够的刚性，以允许稳定的成像过程中的行为。这通常需要两个连接点上的头杆的任一侧（参见图1）。要牢固附着的头吧颅骨，确保最大化和干性暴露颅骨这里头栏将被连接的区域。此外，用解剖刀或注射器，划伤颅骨创建浅表槽从而增加了表面积的胶合。连接头棒牙科水泥前盖上氰基丙烯酸酯组织粘合剂骨。 </li></ol> 3。实验步骤<ol><li>两到三个星期以下病毒注射液，检查颅窗口植入物外延下的清晰度和表现荧光照明。浅表血管清晰可见，轮廓分明的边界是一个很好的指示该窗口植入物适合于成像（参见图1）。 </li><li>测量和调整激光功率低于50毫瓦值的样品。 </li><li>打开气流球形跑步机。 </li><li>在显微镜下头部固定，短暂麻醉动物用异氟醚，以减少压力。将动物变成一个异氟醚麻醉的容器，等到动物停止移动（大约10秒）。取出动物，并立即头部固定在显微镜下。 </li><li>定位的可视显示系统，尽可能接近的动物仍然允许访问的动物。少视觉接触的动物具有与实验者，就越强调的动物将在试验的初始阶段。 </li><li>确保颅窗口植入物是免费的灰尘和污垢。干净的水如果必要的。 </li><li>应用超声清胶为颅窗口和水浸泡的目的之间的液浸介质。这解决了缓慢的图像质量下降的问题，是由于水的蒸发或泄漏，并减轻了需要安装头栏上的锥形装水注：离心机凝胶前使用，以除去所有的气泡，并注意不要产生任何空气应用所述凝胶的过程中的气泡。气泡会严重降低图像质量。 </li><li>换了一块黑色胶带围绕目标和头部酒吧遮光。 </li><li>移动虚拟环境的舞台到其最终位置，并调整摄像机的瞳孔跟踪。 </li><li>设置激光阻断，以匹配在实验过程中所用的扫描幅度。 </li><li>开始记录数据。 </li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

的关键行为的双光子成像的成功是制备在两个方面的稳定性： <ol><li>以上的天交窗口植入的过程中，组织的炎症反应可以导致增强肉芽组织和软骨会阻碍或什至阻止成像的形成。 </li><li>在实验过程中的大脑有足够稳定，以防止运动伪影败坏神经活动相关的荧光信号。 </li></ol>为了保持到最低限度颅窗口植入术中应尽可能快地和直接向脑损伤进行了炎症免疫反应，应不惜一切代...

钙指标（基因编码的像GCaMP5 7或R-GECO 8，或合成染料像OGB或Fluo4）双光子成像已经成为测量神经元活动的行为小鼠1-6的有力方法。它使数百个细胞的在接近单个动作电位分辨率活动的同时进行测量，最多约800微米的脑表面9,10所示。此外，使用基因编码的钙指标（GECIS）神经元的活性可测慢性5,11,12，和在遗传背景明确细胞类型13。总之，这些方法提供了一定程度的打开了大量的神经元计算的体内研究中新的可能性，时间和空间分辨率。 手术治疗是必要的揭露和标记的小鼠大脑进行成像。细胞使用的是重组腺相关vir区典型地转<html>我们（AAV）系统GECI送货和颅骨窗被植入在注射部位获得的光纤接入到大脑。甲头杆然后被连接到双光子显微镜下颅骨为头部固定。因为大多数的问题，清醒成像产生于准备不稳定，这些步骤的设计和实施是至关重要的。理想的情况是在这里描述的过程应该允许多达几个月后手术慢性成像。 为了在双光子成像使视觉引导的行为，头部固定鼠标坐在一个支持空气球跑步机，它可以用它来浏览虚拟现实环境。鼠标在跑步机上的运动被连接到运动中所显示周围鼠标14,15的环形屏幕上的虚拟环境。行为变量如运动，视觉刺激，而瞳孔的位置可以记录6。 T“&gt;我们描述参与了小鼠探索虚拟现实环境慢性双光子成像的程序解决的关键点是：减少运动伪影，减少漏光，同时记录细胞数量的最大化，并最小化光损伤，我们还提供有关设置空中支持的跑步机，瞳孔跟踪，以及虚拟现实环境的细节。这里所描述的程序，可以用于成像的头部固定的小鼠荧光标记的细胞群中潜在的各种行为范式。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="653">
	<colgroup>
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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">cover slips (d = 3-5 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Menzel</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">window implant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">InSight DeepSee laser</td>
			<td>Spectra-Physics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">12kHz resonance scanner</td>
			<td>Cambridge Technology</td>
			<td>G1-003-30026</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Galvometer</td>
			<td>Cambridge Technology</td>
			<td>G6215H</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Digitizer</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>NI 5772</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FPGA</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>PXIe 7965R</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acquisition card</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>PCIe 6363</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Emission filter 525/50</td>
			<td>Semrock</td>
			<td>FF03-525/50-25</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Piezo-electric z-drive</td>
			<td>Physikinstrumente</td>
			<td>P-726.1CD</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Controller for piezo-electric drive</td>
			<td>Physikinstrumente</td>
			<td>E665 LVPZT</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Objective 16x, 0.8NA</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>CFI75</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Current amplifier</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Femto</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DHPCA-100</td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Photomultiplier tube</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Hamamatsu</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">USB Camera without IR filter</td>
			<td>ImagingSource</td>
			<td>DMK22BUC03&#160;</td>
			<td>pupil tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Objective 50 mm</td>
			<td>ImagingSource</td>
			<td>M5018-MP&#160;</td>
			<td>pupil tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Macro adapter rings</td>
			<td>ImagingSource</td>
			<td>LAexSet</td>
			<td>pupil tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Optical computer mouse</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td>G500</td>
			<td>motion tracking</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Styrofoam ball 20 cm</td>
			<td>e.g. idee-shop.de</td>
			<td>08797.00.15</td>
			<td>virtual environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">LED projector</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td>SP-F10M&#160;</td>
			<td>virtual environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acquisition card</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NI 6009</td>
			<td>virtual environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Panda3D game engine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://www.panda3d.org/">www.panda3d.org</a></td>
			<td>virtual environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Numpy library for Python</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"><a href="http://www.scipy.org/">www.scipy.org</a></td>
			<td>virtual environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Scipy library for Python</td>
			<td style="width:151px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"><a href="http://www.scipy.org/">www.scipy.org</a></td>
			<td>virtual environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">NI-DAQmx driver</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"><a href="http://www.ni.com/">www.ni.com</a></td>
			<td>virtual environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Dahlhausen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5701.0342.10</td>
			<td>imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

two-photon calcium imaging in mice navigating a virtual reality environment

近年来，双光子成像已经成为神经科学中一个宝贵的工具，因为它允许基因鉴定细胞的行为1-6中的活性慢性测量。这里我们描述了执行双光子成像技术在小鼠皮质，而动物导航虚拟现实环境的方法。我们注重的实验程序，是关键的行为动物成像在明亮的虚拟环境的各个方面。过程中出现的这个实验装置，我们这里的地址是关键的问题：尽量减少大脑运动有关的文物，最大限度地减少从虚拟现实投影系统漏光，并尽量减少激光诱导组织损伤。我们也提供来样软件来控制虚拟现实环境，并做瞳孔跟踪。这些程序和资源应该是可能要转换的常规双光子显微镜使用中表现小鼠。

在标有GECI细胞群的双光子钙成像的图像质量在很大程度上依赖于颅窗口植入物的质量。二周后病毒注射颅窗口应检查清楚。不应该有肉芽组织或骨再生长可见（ 图1A）。此外，浅表血管的图案应该保持不变和脉管系统的边界应当清晰明确。在同一时间，GECI表达也可以进行检查。标记细胞勃利应该是清晰可见的落射荧光显微镜（ 图1B）下。 理想的情?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Mice Navigating a Virtual Reality Environment at JoVE.com

Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Mice Navigating a Virtual Reality Environment

这里，我们描述在一个虚拟现实环境中的行为过程中涉及的小鼠皮质的双光子成像的实验程序。

在小鼠导航虚拟现实环境的双光子钙成像

In recent years, two-photon imaging has become an invaluable tool in neuroscience, as it allows for chronic measurement of the activity of genetically ...

two-photon-calcium-imaging-mice-navigating-virtual-reality

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

30.8K 次观看.  Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research. 这里，我们描述在一个虚拟现实环境中的行为过程中涉及的小鼠皮质的双光子成像的实验程序。 

视频: Two-photon Calcium Imaging in Mice Navigating a Virtual Reality Environment

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; Treatment studies aimed at cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia not only require demonstration of improvements on cognitive tests, but also evidence that any cognitive changes lead to clinically meaningful improvements.&#160; Measures of &#8220;functional capacity&#8221; index the extent to which individuals have the potential to perform skills required for real world functioning. &#160;Current data do not support the recommendation of any single instrument for measurement of functional capacity.&#160; The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is a novel, interactive gaming based measure of functional capacity that uses a realistic simulated environment to recreate routine activities of daily living. Studies are currently underway to evaluate and establish the VRFCAT&#8217;s sensitivity, reliability, validity, and practicality.&#160;This new measure of functional capacity is practical, relevant, easy to use, and has several features that improve validity and sensitivity of measurement of function in clinical trials of patients with CNS disorders.

A challenge for proving treatment efficacy for cognitive impairments in schizophrenia is finding the optimizing measurement of skills related to everyday functioning.&#160; The Virtual Reality Functional Capacity Assessment Tool (VRFCAT) is an interactive gaming based computerized measure aimed at skills associated with everyday functioning, including baseline impairments and treatment related changes.

每天生活技能的虚拟现实评估的发展

Cognitive impairments affect the majority of patients with schizophrenia and these impairments predict poor long term psychosocial outcomes.&#160; ...

科研

行为学

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

在丰富环境的协议房屋小鼠

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Using Virtual Reality to Transfer Motor Skill Knowledge from One Hand to Another

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by observation or passive movement of trainee&#39;s hands by a robotic device). This obviously presents a major challenge in the rehabilitation of a paretic limb since voluntary control of physical movement is limited. Here, we describe a novel training scheme we have developed that has the potential to circumvent this major challenge. We exploited the voluntary control of one hand and provided real-time movement-based manipulated sensory feedback as if the other hand is moving. Visual manipulation through virtual reality (VR) was combined with a device that yokes left-hand fingers to passively follow right-hand voluntary finger movements. In healthy subjects, we demonstrate enhanced within-session performance gains of a limb in the absence of voluntary physical training. Results in healthy subjects suggest that training with the unique VR setup might also be beneficial for patients with upper limb hemiparesis by exploiting the voluntary control of their healthy hand to improve rehabilitation of their affected hand.

We describe a novel virtual-reality based setup which exploits voluntary control of one hand to improve motor-skill performance in the other (non-trained) hand. This is achieved by providing real-time movement-based sensory feedback as if the non-trained hand is moving. This new approach may be used to enhance rehabilitation of patients with unilateral hemiparesis.

利用虚拟现实技术将运动技能知识从一只手转移到另一个

As far as acquiring motor skills is concerned, training by voluntary physical movement is superior to all other forms of training (e.g. training by ...

Mobile Game-based Virtual Reality Program for Upper Extremity Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. Game-based therapy can promote patients&#39; engagement in rehabilitation therapy as a more interesting and a motivating tool. Mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs can provide personalized home-based therapy with interactive communication between patients and clinicians. In this study, a mobile VR upper extremity rehabilitation program using game applications was developed. The findings from the study show that the mobile game-based VR program effectively promotes upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. In addition, patients completed two weeks of treatment using the program without adverse effects and were generally satisfied with the program. This mobile game-based VR upper extremity rehabilitation program can substitute for some parts of the conventional therapy that are delivered one-on-one by an occupational therapist. This time-efficient, easy to implement, and clinically effective program would be a good candidate tool for tele-rehabilitation for upper extremity recovery in patients with stroke. Patients and therapists can collaborate remotely through these e-health rehabilitation programs while reducing economic and social costs.

Here, we present a protocol to develop and apply a mobile game-based virtual reality program for the recovery of upper limb dysfunction in patients with stroke. The present study shows that the mobile program is feasible and effectively promotes upper limb recovery in stroke patients.

基于移动游戏的上肢卒中康复虚拟现实程序

Stroke rehabilitation requires repetitive, intensive, goal-oriented therapy. Virtual reality (VR) has the potential to satisfy these requirements. ...

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

一种研究左右反试镜的适应方法

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based assessments of IADL are easy to use but prone to subjective bias. Here, we describe a novel virtual reality (VR) test to assess two complex IADL tasks: handling financial transactions and using public transportation. While a participant performs the tasks in a VR setting, a motion capture system traces the position and orientation of the dominant hand and head in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system. Kinematic raw data are collected and converted into &#39;kinematic performance measures,&#39; i.e., motion trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion. Motion trajectory is the path of a particular body part (e.g., dominant hand or head) in space. Moving distance refers to the total distance of the trajectory, and time to completion is how long it took to complete an IADL task. These kinematic measures could discriminate patients with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. The development of this kinematic measuring protocol allows detection of early IADL-related cognitive impairments.

We designed a virtual reality test to assess instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with a motion capture system. We propose a detailed kinematic analysis to interpret the participant&#39;s various movements, including trajectory, moving distance, and time to completion to evaluate IADL capabilities.

虚拟现实中运动捕捉系统的日常生活运动运动学测量

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and spatial cognition. With a local area network and dedicated software platform, experimenters can efficiently monitor the behavior of the participants that are simultaneously immersed in a desktop virtual environment and digitalize the collected data. These capabilities allow for experimental designs in spatial cognition and navigation research that would be difficult (if not impossible) to conduct in the real world. Possible experimental variations include stress during an evacuation, cooperative and competitive search tasks, and other contextual factors that may influence emergent crowd behavior. However, such a laboratory requires maintenance and strict protocols for data collection in a controlled setting. While the external validity of laboratory studies with human participants is sometimes questioned, a number of recent papers suggest that the correspondence between real and virtual environments may be sufficient for studying social behavior in terms of trajectories, hesitations, and spatial decisions. In this article, we describe a method for conducting experiments on decision-making and navigation with up to 36 participants in a networked desktop virtual reality setup (i.e., the Decision Science Laboratory or DeSciL). This experiment protocol can be adapted and applied by other researchers in order to set up a networked desktop virtual reality laboratory.

This paper describes a method for conducting multi-user experiments on decision-making and navigation using a networked computer laboratory.

面向多参与者的决策科学与导航实验的网络化桌面虚拟现实设置

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and ...

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and laboratory experiments, respectively. VR is especially useful for geographic visualizations and investigations of spatial behavior. In spatial behavior research, VR provides a platform for studying the relationship between navigation and physiological measures (e.g., skin conductance, heart rate, blood pressure). Specifically, physiological measures allow researchers to address novel questions and constrain previous theories of spatial abilities, strategies, and performance. For example, individual differences in navigation performance may be explained by the extent to which changes in arousal mediate the effects of task difficulty. However, the complexities in the design and implementation of VR experiments can distract experimenters from their primary research goals and introduce irregularities in data collection and analysis. To address these challenges, the Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework includes standardized modules such as participant training with the control interface, data collection using questionnaires, the synchronization of physiological measurements, and data storage. EVE also provides the necessary infrastructure for data management, visualization, and evaluation. The present paper describes a protocol that employs the EVE framework to conduct navigation experiments in VR with physiological sensors. The protocol lists the steps necessary for recruiting participants, attaching the physiological sensors, administering the experiment using EVE, and assessing the collected data with EVE evaluation tools. Overall, this protocol will facilitate future research by streamlining the design and implementation of VR experiments with physiological sensors.

Virtual reality (VR) experiments can be difficult to implement and require meticulous planning. This protocol describes a method for the design and implementation of VR experiments that collect physiological data from human participants. The Experiments in Virtual Environments (EVE) framework is employed to accelerate this process.

用生理学方法进行虚拟现实实验

Virtual reality (VR) experiments are increasingly employed because of their internal and external validity compared to real-world observation and ...

Longitudinal Two-Photon Imaging of Dorsal Hippocampal CA1 in Live Mice

Two-photon microscopy is a fundamental tool for neuroscience as it permits investigation of the brain of live animals at spatial scales ranging from subcellular to network levels and at temporal scales from milliseconds to weeks. In addition, two-photon imaging can be combined with a variety of behavioral tasks to explore the causal relationships between brain function and behavior. However, in mammals, limited penetration and scattering of light have limited two-photon intravital imaging mostly to superficial brain regions, thus precluding longitudinal investigation of deep-brain areas such as the hippocampus. The hippocampus is involved in spatial navigation and episodic memory and is a long-standing model used to study cellular as well as cognitive processes important for learning and recall, both in health and disease. Here, a preparation that enables chronic optical access to the dorsal hippocampus in living mice is detailed. This preparation can be combined with two-photon optical imaging at cellular and subcellular resolution in head fixed, anesthetized live mice over several weeks. These techniques enable repeated imaging of neuronal structure or activity-evoked plasticity in tens to hundreds of neurons in the dorsal hippocampal CA1. Furthermore, this chronic preparation can be used in combination with other techniques such as micro-endoscopy, head-mounted wide field microscopy or three-photon microscopy, thus greatly expanding the toolbox to study cellular and network processes involved in learning and memory.

This method describes a chronic preparation that allows optical access to the hippocampus of living mice. This preparation can be used to perform longitudinal optical imaging of neuronal structural plasticity and activity-evoked cellular plasticity over a period of several weeks.

活鼠中多萨尔希波坎卡尔CA1的纵向双光成像

Two-photon microscopy is a fundamental tool for neuroscience as it permits investigation of the brain of live animals at spatial scales ranging from ...