我们要感谢德国马普学会为我们的研究提供资金。

呼吸计1。准备<ol><li>削减1,000微升枪头，用刀片，允许插入50微升毛细管微量的，试图让枪头尽量伸直。 </li><li>将一块泡沫进入吸管和推下来的枪头。 </li><li>加入少量的CO 2吸收剂的和由第二片泡沫的包含它。 </li><li>在其中微量插入移液管尖端的地方涂上胶水。 </li><li>离开呼吸过夜，让胶水干。 一个呼吸的原理图如图1A所示。 </li></ol> 2，准备测量室<ol><li>通过将水与曙红中的比例，这将导致明显的着色制备腔室的溶液。 </li><li>倒入曙红/水溶液进入腔室。 </li><li>标签的腔室的侧面中的一个具有厘米级。 </li></ol><ol><li>标记用标记的个体呼吸计。 </li><li>用另一种方法为CO 2，并放置3-5蝇每个呼吸中所期望的基因型的麻醉苍蝇。 </li><li>用橡皮泥腻子封住呼吸计紧紧顶部。 </li><li>让苍蝇从麻醉中恢复约15分钟。 </li><li>制备1呼吸无蝇，这将被用作大气控制。 </li></ol> 4，执行实验<ol><li>通过将1.5毫升的Eppendorf管夹持器是在顶部和底部处的腔室的顶部开挂呼吸计在腔室中。 </li><li>插入呼吸计用微量移液器尖端向下进入腔使笔尖浸入到有色溶液。 </li><li>加入凡士林盖中盖和室之间由温度和压力fluct提供更强的隔离uations。 </li><li>盖上盖子，并允许在系统中平衡15分钟。 </li><li>取室的照片确保液体的每个微管内的电平是可见的，所以是尺度（参见例如在图1B中示出）。 </li><li>经过1-2小时，拍摄另一张照片。 </li><li>当实验结束后，从呼吸计中删除苍蝇和权衡，如果需要或必要时进一步将他们转移回瓶中。 </li></ol> 5，分析结果<ol><li>公开收购使用ImageJ软件11的图像。 </li><li>在每张照片使用规模，在软件中设置的像素缩放。 </li><li>测量距离率（Dd），液体从一开始（D1）拍摄的图像一个确定的参考点和旅游实验结束（D2）。示意图例示于图1C中 。 </li><li>计算所产生的CO 2（微升/小时/飞）与式量： </li></ol><img alt="图1" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51681/51681eq1.jpg" />以厘米为单位R =半径微量管 ΔD=距离的液体向上移动在测试样品中测得厘米的微 ΔC=距离的液体向上移动的阴性对照样品的微管（无蝇） 苍蝇使用n =数 h =小时

<ol>
	<li>Van Voorhies, W. A., Khazaeli, A. A., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+the+&amp;#34;rate+of+living&amp;#34;+model:+further+evidence+that+longevity+and+metabolic+rate+are+not+inversely+correlated+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Testing the &amp;#34;rate of living&amp;#34; model: further evidence that longevity and metabolic rate are not inversely correlated in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Appl Physiol. 97, 1915-1922 (2004).</li><li>Ross, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-specific+decrease+in+aerobic+efficiency+associated+with+increase+in+oxygen+free+radical+production+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Age-specific decrease in aerobic efficiency associated with increase in oxygen free radical production in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 46, 1477-1480 (2000).</li><li>van Voorhies, W. A., Khazaeli, A. A., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selected+contribution:+long-lived+Drosophila+melanogaster.+lines+exhibit+normal+metabolic+rates.">Selected contribution: long-lived Drosophila melanogaster. lines exhibit normal metabolic rates.</a> J Appl Physiol. 95, 2605-2613 (2003).</li><li>Hulbert, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+rate+is+not+reduced+by+dietary-restriction+or+by+lowered+insulin/IGF-1+signalling+and+is+not+correlated+with+individual+lifespan+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Metabolic rate is not reduced by dietary-restriction or by lowered insulin/IGF-1 signalling and is not correlated with individual lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Experimental Gerontology. 39, 1137-1143 (2004).</li><li>Ueno, T., Tomita, J., Kume, S., Kume, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+modulates+metabolic+rate+and+temperature+sensitivity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Dopamine modulates metabolic rate and temperature sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS ONE. 7, (2012).</li><li>Takeuchi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+temperature+preferences+and+energy+homeostasis+in+dystroglycan+mutants.">Changes in temperature preferences and energy homeostasis in dystroglycan mutants.</a> Science. 323, 1740-1743 (2009).</li><li>Kucherenko, M. M., Marrone, A. K., Rishko, V. M., Magliarelli Hde, F., Shcherbata, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+and+muscular+dystrophy:+a+genetic+screen+for+dystroglycan+and+dystrophin+interactors+in+Drosophila.+identifies+cellular+stress+response+components.">Stress and muscular dystrophy: a genetic screen for dystroglycan and dystrophin interactors in Drosophila. identifies cellular stress response components.</a> Developmental Biology. 352, 228-242 (2011).</li><li>Marrone, A. K., Kucherenko, M. M., Wiek, R., Gopfert, M. C., Shcherbata, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperthermic+seizures+and+aberrant+cellular+homeostasis+in+Drosophila+dystrophic.+muscles.">Hyperthermic seizures and aberrant cellular homeostasis in Drosophila dystrophic. muscles.</a> Scientific Reports. 1, 47 (2011).</li><li>Khazaeli, A. A., Van Voorhies, W., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longevity+and+metabolism+in+Drosophila+melanogaster:+genetic+correlations+between+life+span+and+age-specific+metabolic+rate+in+populations+artificially+selected+for+long+life.">Longevity and metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster: genetic correlations between life span and age-specific metabolic rate in populations artificially selected for long life.</a> Genetics. 169, 231-242 (2005).</li><li>Elia, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+equivalents+of+CO2+and+their+importance+in+assessing+energy+expenditure+when+using+tracer+techniques.">Energy equivalents of CO2 and their importance in assessing energy expenditure when using tracer techniques.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 260, (1991).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9, 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Bharucha, K. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epicurean+fly:+using+Drosophila+melanogaster.+to+study+metabolism.">The epicurean fly: using Drosophila melanogaster. to study metabolism.</a> Pediatric Research. 65, 132-137 (2009).</li><li>Rajan, A., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Of+flies+and+men:+insights+on+organismal+metabolism+from+fruit+flies.">Of flies and men: insights on organismal metabolism from fruit flies.</a> BMC Biology. 11, 38 (2013).</li></ol>

我们什么都没有透露。

在这个协议中，我们描述了一种廉价，可靠的方法，用于测量CO 2的生产中的苍蝇。我们发现，这个实验是容易的，能够快速进行，并产生可再现的数据是在与其他研究1，6,9协议。这里列出的协议，可以很容易地修改，以适应任何实验室的预算和可用的材料。每个个体呼吸的结构可以只要该室保持气密进行调整。然而，更长，更薄微量提供比短的更精确。只要没有显著环境温度和?...

生化的Kreb的周期产生的ATP通过乙从碳水化合物，脂肪，以及产生CO 2的蛋白衍生的氧化。在果蝇中 ，O 2的输入是直接相关的CO 2输出，并反映代谢1的电平。因此，CO 2输出的测量已成功应用于涉及到老龄化和新陈代谢2-5的研究。在这里，我们的实验室已修改先前设计的实验装置，使CO 2的产量可达18样品中，而不需要任何专门的设备测量。其他和我们先前已经用这种方法来显示代谢率有缺陷的肌营养不良症相关蛋白，Dystroglycan基因（DG）6-8差异苍蝇。 O用于氧化代谢2转化成CO 2，这是因为排出的呼吸废物。营建管理手工制作的呼吸计化描述，它允许对O 2的消耗速率的测定。苍蝇被放置在一个密闭容器内利用吸收排出的CO 2的物质，从气相有效消除它。在气体体积（减小压力）的变化是由流体的附着在封闭式呼吸的玻璃毛细管的位移测量。 这种技术比其他的主要优点是成本。以前的研究已经测量的CO 2产量果蝇使用气体分析仪及技术先进的呼吸测量系统1,9。尽管更复杂的设备，在这里所描述的方法的灵敏度是类似于报告的值（ 表1）。此外，其他几个小组已经使用这种技术的变化，以确定相对代谢率在果蝇 4-6。因此，该测定法可以用来生成reliab乐，有关果蝇的代谢没有购买专门设备，可以设定在任何实验室，可用于教育目的重复性的数据。 一般而言，接受的技术，以确定生物体的新陈代谢是测量CO 2的生产时，O 2消耗，或两者3,4,9。不过，它可以假定1当量的O 2产生1当量的CO 2，CO 2的精确率，生成依赖的代谢底物利用10上。因此，为了准确地确定代谢率在能量单位，有必要同时测量O 2的消耗和CO 2的产生。由于这个原因，这里描述的方法是特别相关的比较，在动物中，而不是绝对值之间的CO 2产量的差异。我们的技术集成了多种动物的CO 2生产过一段恬E（1-2小时），因此返回的平均动物的活动。如果有理由相信，本实验的动物比对照动物少活性的测定可以反映不同水平的活性，而不一定代谢。

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	<tbody>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">BlauBrand IntraMark 50&#181;l micropipettes</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">612-1413</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Soda Lime</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Wako&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Eosine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">031M4359</td>
			<td>Any dye that can create visible colorization of liquid can be used</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:401px;">Thin Layer Chromatorgaphy (TLC) Developing Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">VWR</td>
			<td>21432-761</td>
			<td>Any transparent glass chamber that can be closed with the lid</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anesthetizer, Lull-A-Fly Kit</td>
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			<td>FB1438</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">1 ml pipett tips</td>
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measurement of metabolic rate in drosophila using respirometry

代谢紊乱是一个常见的​​问题影响到人类的健康。因此，了解调节新陈代谢机制是一个重要的科学任务。在人类许多疾病的致病基因有一只苍蝇同源，使果蝇的研究涉及不同疾病的发展信号通路的良好模型。此外， 果蝇的可追踪性简化了遗传筛选确定了可调节新陈代谢新的治疗靶点提供帮助。为了执行这样一个屏幕的简单和快速的方法，以确定变化苍蝇的代谢状态是必要的。在一般情况下，二氧化碳是生产的底物氧化和能量消耗，提供约代谢状态的信息的良好指标。在这个协议中，我们介绍一个简单的方法来测量从苍蝇的CO 2的输出。该技术可以潜在地有助于影响代谢率的遗传扰动的识别。

为了证明该方法是我们测量的CO 2产量从野生型（ 俄勒冈州R）的雄蝇在18，25，和29°C和苍蝇突变为危险品敏感。苍蝇提出了在25℃，然后转移到实验温度连续5天前测量。如预期此变温动物物种，CO 2的生成量随温度的升高（ 图2）。我们已经在过去表明，无糖饮食降低了野生型的代谢率和DG突变果蝇7。 DG的损失导致增加新陈代谢水平?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry at JoVE.com

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

代谢紊乱都属于在人体中的最常见的疾病之一。该基因听话的模式生物D.果蝇可用于鉴定调节代谢的新基因。本文介绍一种比较简单的方法，它允许通过测量它们的CO 2的生产研究代谢率的苍蝇。

代谢率的测量<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;使用呼吸运动

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

measurement-of-metabolic-rate-in-drosophila-using-respirometry

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

19.4K 次观看.  Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry. 代谢紊乱都属于在人体中的最常见的疾病之一。该基因听话的模式生物D.果蝇可用于鉴定调节代谢的新基因。本文介绍一种比较简单的方法，它允许通过测量它们的CO 2的生产研究代谢率的苍蝇。 

视频: Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral paradigm, the experimenter usually assumes that the rapid diffusion of odorant molecules from the source leads to the creation of a stable gradient in the dish. To establish a quantitative correlation between sensory inputs and behavioral responses, it is necessary to achieve a more thorough characterization of the odorant stimulus conditions. In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

高分辨率测量的气味驱动在果蝇幼虫的行为

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

科研

生物学

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

寿命测量<em&gt;果蝇</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

A High-throughput Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Conscious Mice

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by measuring the level of the endogenous biomarker creatinine or exogenously applied radioactive labeled inulin (3H or 14C). Creatinine has the substantial drawback that proximal tubular secretion accounts for ~50% of total renal creatinine excretion and therefore creatinine is not a reliable GFR marker. Depending on the experiment performed, inulin clearance can be determined by an intravenous single bolus injection or continuous infusion (intravenous or osmotic minipump). Both approaches require the collection of plasma or plasma and urine, respectively. Other drawbacks of radioactive labeled inulin include usage of isotopes, time consuming surgical preparation of the animals, and the requirement of a terminal experiment. Here we describe a method which uses a single bolus injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-(FITC) labeled inulin and the measurement of its fluorescence in 1-2 &mu;l of diluted plasma. By applying a two-compartment model, with 8 blood collections per mouse, it is possible to measure GFR in up to 24 mice per day using a special work-flow protocol. This method only requires brief isoflurane anesthesia with all the blood samples being collected in a non-restrained and awake mouse. Another advantage is that it is possible to follow mice over a period of several months and treatments (i.e. doing paired experiments with dietary changes or drug applications). We hope that this technique of measuring GFR is useful to other investigators studying mouse kidney function and will replace less accurate methods of estimating kidney function, such as plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard for kidney function assessment. Here we describe a high-throughput method which allows the determination of GFR in conscious mice by using a single bolus injection, determination of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in plasma and calculation of GFR by a two-phase exponential decay model.

高通量清醒小鼠肾小球滤过率的测定方法

The measurement of  glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function  assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by ...

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an oil-coated graduated cylinder; landing height provided a measure of flight performance by assessing how far flies will fall before producing enough thrust to make contact with the wall of the cylinder. Here we describe an updated version of the flight tester with four major improvements. First, we added a &#34;drop tube&#34; to ensure that all flies enter the flight cylinder at a similar velocity between trials, eliminating variability between users. Second, we replaced the oil coating with removable plastic sheets coated in Tangle-Trap, an adhesive designed to capture live insects. Third, we use a longer cylinder to enable more accurate discrimination of flight ability. Fourth we use a digital camera and imaging software to automate the scoring of flight performance. These improvements allow for the rapid, quantitative assessment of flight behavior, useful for large datasets and large-scale genetic screens.

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Here we describe a method for rapid and accurate measurement of flight performance in Drosophila, enabling high-throughput screening.

在对飞行性能的准确，快速测定方法的改进<em&gt;果蝇</em

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an ...

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This protocol repurposes an instrument often used to measure adult activity, the TriKinetics Drosophila activity monitor (MB5 Multi-Beam Activity Monitor) to study larval activity. The instrument can monitor the movements of animals in 16 individual 8 cm glass assay tubes, using 17 infrared detection beams per tube. Logging software automatically saves data to a computer, recording parameters such as number of moves, times sensors were triggered, and animals&#8217; positions within the tubes. The data can then be analyzed to represent overall locomotion and/or position preference as well as other measurements. All data are easily accessible and compatible with basic graphing and data manipulation software. This protocol will discuss how to use the apparatus, how to operate the software and how to run a larval activity assay from start to finish.

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay chambers.

幼虫活动的测量<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;活动监视器

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

测量外产酸和分析，以确定糖酵解率

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production from Radiolabeled Substrates in Drosophila melanogaster

The power of Drosophila genetics is increasingly being applied to questions of hormone signaling and metabolism and to the development of models of human disease in this organism. Sensitive methods for measurements of parameters such as metabolic rates are needed to drive the understanding of physiology and disease in small animals such as the fruit fly. The method described here assesses fuel oxidation in small numbers of adult flies fed food containing trace amounts of 14C-labeled substrates such as glucose or fatty acid. After the feeding period and any additional experimental manipulations, flies are transferred to short tubes capped with mesh, which are then placed in glass vials containing KOH-saturated filter paper that traps exhaled, radiolabeled CO2 generated from oxidation of radiolabeled substrates as potassium bicarbonate, KHCO3. This radiolabeled bicarbonate is measured by scintillation counting. This is a quantitative, reproducible, and simple approach for the study of fuel oxidation. The use of radiolabeled glucose, fatty acids, or amino acids allows determination of the contribution of these different fuel sources to energy metabolism under different conditions such as feeding and fasting and in different genetic backgrounds. This complements other approaches used to measure in vivo energy metabolism and should further the understanding of metabolic regulation.

Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production from Radiolabeled Substrates in Drosophila melanogaster

This paper describes a method for the measurement of fuel oxidation in Drosophila melanogaster in which trace amounts of specific radiolabeled metabolic substrates are fed to flies. The exhaled radiolabeled CO2 that is a produced from fuel oxidation is collected and measured.

从放射性标记的底物在二氧化碳生成的测量<em&gt;果蝇</em

The power of Drosophila genetics is increasingly being applied to questions of hormone signaling and metabolism and to the development of models of human ...

Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Despite their physiological importance, enteroendocrine cells represent only a small fraction of the epithelial cell population and in the past, their characterization has presented a considerable challenge resulting in a reliance on cell line models. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary cultures have been used to identify the signaling pathways underlying the stimulation and inhibition of gut peptide secretion in response to a number of nutrients and neuropeptides as well as pharmacological agents. Furthermore, in combination with the use of transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, we have demonstrated that these primary cultures become a powerful tool for the examination of fluorescently-tagged enteroendocrine cells at the intracellular level, using methods such as patch clamping and single-cell calcium and cAMP-FRET imaging.

This protocol describes the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary intestinal cultures enable the investigation of signaling pathways underlying gut peptide secretion using a number of techniques.

小鼠小肠的混合原代培养拟肠激素分泌的研究和活细胞成像的肠内分泌细胞的供

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal ...

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while maintaining transparency of the visual axis. Perturbations to this delicate balance cause blinding illnesses, such as diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the understanding of energy metabolism changes in the retina during disease is imperative to the development of rational therapies for various causes of vison loss. The recent advent of commercially-available extracellular flux analyzers has made the study of retinal energy metabolism more accessible. This protocol describes the use of such an analyzer to measure contributions to retinal energy supply through its two principle arms - oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis - by quantifying changes in oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) as proxies for these pathways. This technique is readily performed in explanted retinal tissue, facilitating assessment of responses to multiple pharmacologic agents in a single experiment. Metabolic signatures in retinas from animals lacking rod photoreceptor signaling are compared to wild-type controls using this method. A major limitation in this technique is the lack of ability to discriminate between light-adapted and dark-adapted energy utilization, an important physiologic consideration in retinal tissue.

This technique describes real time recording of oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates in explanted mouse retinal tissues using an extracellular flux analyzer.

细胞外通量分析技术在视网膜组织外种中的能量代谢测定

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while ...

High-Resolution Respirometry to Assess Bioenergetics in Cells and Tissues Using Chamber- and Plate-Based Respirometers

High-resolution respirometry (HRR) allows monitoring oxidative phosphorylation in real-time for analysis of individual cellular energy states and assessment of respiratory complexes using diversified substrate-uncoupler-inhibitor titration (SUIT) protocols. Here, the usage of two high-resolution respirometry devices is demonstrated, and a basic collection of protocols applicable for the analysis of cultured cells, skeletal and heart muscle fibers, and soft tissues such as the brain and liver are presented. Protocols for cultured cells and tissues are provided for a chamber-based respirometer and cultured cells for a microplate-based respirometer, both encompassing standard respiration protocols. For comparative purposes, CRISPR-engineered HEK293 cells deficient in mitochondrial translation causing multiple respiratory system deficiency are used with both devices to demonstrate cellular defects in respiration. Both respirometers allow for comprehensive measurement of cellular respiration with their respective technical merits and suitability dependent on the research question and model under study.

Assessing oxidative phosphorylation using high-resolution respirometers has become an integral part of the functional analysis of mitochondria and cellular energy metabolism. Here, we present protocols for the analysis of cellular energy metabolism using chamber and microplate-based high-resolution respirometers and discuss the key benefits of each device.