Vorremmo ringraziare Max-Planck Society per finanziare la nostra ricerca.

1. Preparazione di Respirometri <ol><li> Tagliare la punta della pipetta 1.000 microlitri con una lametta per consentire l&#39;inserimento del capillare micropipetta 50 pl, cercare di ottenere il puntale più diritta possibile. </li><li> Posizionare un pezzo di schiuma nella pipetta e spingerla verso il basso nella punta della pipetta. </li><li> Aggiungere una piccola quantità di CO 2 assorbente e contenere entro un secondo pezzo di schiuma. </li><li> Applicare la colla nel luogo in cui la micropipetta viene inserito nella punta della pipetta. </li><li> Lasciare il respirometro durante la notte per permettere la colla si asciughi. Uno schema di un respirometro è mostrato nella Figura 1A. </li></ol> 2. Preparazione della camera di misura <ol><li> Preparare la soluzione da camera di miscelazione acqua con eosina in un rapporto che si tradurrà in colorazione visibile. </li><li> Versare la soluzione eosina / acqua nella camera. </li><li> Etichettare uno dei lati della camera con una scala centimetro. </li></ol><ol><li> Etichettare le singole respirometri con un pennarello. </li><li> Anestetizzare mosche utilizzando un metodo alternativo di CO 2 e posizionare 3-5 mosche del genotipo desiderato all&#39;interno di ogni respirometro. </li><li> Sigillare le respirometri saldamente in cima utilizzando plastilina stucco. </li><li> Consentire mosche per recuperare da anestesia per circa 15 min. </li><li> Preparare una respirometro senza linea, che sarà utilizzato come controllo atmosferica. </li></ol> 4. Esecuzione dell&#39;esperimento <ol><li> Appendere le respirometri nella camera collegando un titolare Eppendorf da 1,5 ml tubo che è aperto nella parte superiore e la parte inferiore alla parte superiore della camera. </li><li> Inserire respirometri con la punta micropipetta giù nella camera che la punta di immergersi nella soluzione colorata. </li><li> Aggiungere vaselina tra il coperchio coperchio e camera per fornire l&#39;isolamento forte dalla temperatura e pressione fluctuations. </li><li> Chiudere il coperchio e lasciare il sistema si stabilizzi per 15 min. </li><li> Prendere una fotografia della camera di fare in modo che il livello di liquido all&#39;interno di ciascuna micropipetta è visibile e quindi è la scala (vedi esempio illustrato nella Figura 1B). </li><li> Dopo 1-2 ore, scattare un&#39;altra foto. </li><li> Quando esperimento è finito, rimuovere le mosche dal respirometri e pesare se desiderato o il trasferimento di nuovo al flaconcino, se necessario ulteriormente. </li></ol> 5. Analisi dei risultati <ol><li> Apri immagini acquisite utilizzando il software ImageJ 11. </li><li> Utilizzando la scala in ogni immagine, impostare la scalatura pixel nel software. </li><li> Misurare la distanza (Δd) che il liquido ha viaggiato da un punto di riferimento determinato in immagini scattate all&#39;inizio (d1) e alla fine dell&#39;esperimento (d2). Un esempio schematico è mostrato nella Figura 1C. </li><li> Calcolare la quantità di CO 2 prodotta (ml / h / volo) con la formula: </li></ol><img alt="Figura 1" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51681/51681eq1.jpg" /> R = raggio del tubo micropipetta in centimetri Δd = distanza il liquido è spostato nella micropipetta di campioni di prova misurata in centimetri Δc = distanza il liquido è spostato nella micropipetta del campione di controllo negativo (senza linea) n = numero di mosche utilizzati h = ore

<ol>
	<li>Van Voorhies, W. A., Khazaeli, A. A., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Testing+the+&amp;#34;rate+of+living&amp;#34;+model:+further+evidence+that+longevity+and+metabolic+rate+are+not+inversely+correlated+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Testing the &amp;#34;rate of living&amp;#34; model: further evidence that longevity and metabolic rate are not inversely correlated in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Appl Physiol. 97, 1915-1922 (2004).</li><li>Ross, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-specific+decrease+in+aerobic+efficiency+associated+with+increase+in+oxygen+free+radical+production+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Age-specific decrease in aerobic efficiency associated with increase in oxygen free radical production in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of Insect Physiology. 46, 1477-1480 (2000).</li><li>van Voorhies, W. A., Khazaeli, A. A., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selected+contribution:+long-lived+Drosophila+melanogaster.+lines+exhibit+normal+metabolic+rates.">Selected contribution: long-lived Drosophila melanogaster. lines exhibit normal metabolic rates.</a> J Appl Physiol. 95, 2605-2613 (2003).</li><li>Hulbert, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+rate+is+not+reduced+by+dietary-restriction+or+by+lowered+insulin/IGF-1+signalling+and+is+not+correlated+with+individual+lifespan+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Metabolic rate is not reduced by dietary-restriction or by lowered insulin/IGF-1 signalling and is not correlated with individual lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Experimental Gerontology. 39, 1137-1143 (2004).</li><li>Ueno, T., Tomita, J., Kume, S., Kume, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+modulates+metabolic+rate+and+temperature+sensitivity+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Dopamine modulates metabolic rate and temperature sensitivity in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> PLoS ONE. 7, (2012).</li><li>Takeuchi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+temperature+preferences+and+energy+homeostasis+in+dystroglycan+mutants.">Changes in temperature preferences and energy homeostasis in dystroglycan mutants.</a> Science. 323, 1740-1743 (2009).</li><li>Kucherenko, M. M., Marrone, A. K., Rishko, V. M., Magliarelli Hde, F., Shcherbata, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress+and+muscular+dystrophy:+a+genetic+screen+for+dystroglycan+and+dystrophin+interactors+in+Drosophila.+identifies+cellular+stress+response+components.">Stress and muscular dystrophy: a genetic screen for dystroglycan and dystrophin interactors in Drosophila. identifies cellular stress response components.</a> Developmental Biology. 352, 228-242 (2011).</li><li>Marrone, A. K., Kucherenko, M. M., Wiek, R., Gopfert, M. C., Shcherbata, H. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperthermic+seizures+and+aberrant+cellular+homeostasis+in+Drosophila+dystrophic.+muscles.">Hyperthermic seizures and aberrant cellular homeostasis in Drosophila dystrophic. muscles.</a> Scientific Reports. 1, 47 (2011).</li><li>Khazaeli, A. A., Van Voorhies, W., Curtsinger, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longevity+and+metabolism+in+Drosophila+melanogaster:+genetic+correlations+between+life+span+and+age-specific+metabolic+rate+in+populations+artificially+selected+for+long+life.">Longevity and metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster: genetic correlations between life span and age-specific metabolic rate in populations artificially selected for long life.</a> Genetics. 169, 231-242 (2005).</li><li>Elia, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+equivalents+of+CO2+and+their+importance+in+assessing+energy+expenditure+when+using+tracer+techniques.">Energy equivalents of CO2 and their importance in assessing energy expenditure when using tracer techniques.</a> The American Journal of Physiology. 260, (1991).</li><li>Schindelin, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fiji:+an+open-source+platform+for+biological-image+analysis.">Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis.</a> Nature Methods. 9, 676-682 (2012).</li><li>Bharucha, K. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epicurean+fly:+using+Drosophila+melanogaster.+to+study+metabolism.">The epicurean fly: using Drosophila melanogaster. to study metabolism.</a> Pediatric Research. 65, 132-137 (2009).</li><li>Rajan, A., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Of+flies+and+men:+insights+on+organismal+metabolism+from+fruit+flies.">Of flies and men: insights on organismal metabolism from fruit flies.</a> BMC Biology. 11, 38 (2013).</li></ol>

Non abbiamo nulla da rivelare.

In questo protocollo, si descrive un metodo poco costoso ed affidabile per misurare la produzione di CO 2 in mosche. Abbiamo trovato che questo esperimento è facile, rapida da condurre e genera dati riproducibile che è in accordo con altri studi 1, 6, 9. Il protocollo qui descritto può essere facilmente modificato per adattarsi bilancio e disponibili materiali di qualsiasi laboratorio. La costruzione di ogni singolo respirometro può essere adattato finché la camera rimane chiuso ermeticamente....

Il ciclo di Krebs biochimico genera ATP attraverso l&#39;ossidazione di acetato derivata dai carboidrati, grassi e proteine ​​che producono CO 2. In Drosophila, O 2 ingresso è direttamente correlata con CO 2 uscita e riflette il livello di metabolismo 1. Così, la misurazione di CO 2 in uscita è stato usato con successo in studi legati all&#39;invecchiamento e metabolismo 2-5. Qui il nostro laboratorio ha modificato apparati sperimentali progettati in precedenza, consente la misurazione della produzione di CO 2 fino a diciotto campioni senza bisogno di attrezzature specializzate. Altri e abbiamo già utilizzato questo metodo per mostrare le differenze nei tassi metabolici in linea che sono carenti nella distrofia muscolare proteina associata, distroglicano (DG) 6-8. O 2 utilizzati per il metabolismo ossidativo è convertito in CO 2, che viene espulso come rifiuti respiratorio. La costruzionezione respirometri fatti a mano viene descritto che permette la determinazione del tasso di O 2 consumato. Mosche sono posti in un contenitore sigillato con una sostanza che assorbe espulso CO 2, eliminando efficacemente dalla fase gassosa. La variazione di volume di gas (diminuzione della pressione) è misurata dallo spostamento di liquido in un capillare di vetro attaccato alla respirometro chiuso. Il vantaggio principale di questa tecnica rispetto ad altri è il costo. Precedenti studi hanno misurato produzione di CO 2 da Drosophila utilizzando analizzatori di gas e sistemi di RESPIROMETRICO tecnicamente avanzati 1,9. Nonostante l&#39;apparecchiatura più complessa, la sensibilità del metodo qui descritto è simile ai valori riportati (Tabella 1). Inoltre, diversi altri gruppi hanno utilizzato varianti di questa tecnica per determinare i tassi metabolici relativi in Drosophila 4-6. Pertanto, questo test può essere utilizzato per generare attendibilile, i dati riproducibili relativi al metabolismo Drosophila, senza l&#39;acquisto di attrezzature specializzate che può essere installato in qualsiasi laboratorio e può essere utilizzato per scopi didattici. In generale, le tecniche riconosciute per determinare il metabolismo di un organismo è misurare la CO 2 prodotta, l&#39;O 2 consumato, o entrambi 3,4,9. Anche se, si può presumere che un equivalente di O 2 genera un equivalente di CO 2, il rapporto precisa del CO 2 generata dipende sul substrato metabolico utilizzato 10. Così, per determinare con precisione il tasso metabolico in energia è necessario misurare sia O 2 consumato e CO 2 prodotta. A causa di questo, il metodo qui descritto è specificamente rilevante per confrontare le differenze fra CO 2 produzione tra gli animali e non il valore assoluto. La nostra tecnica si integra aerei animale produzione di CO 2 per un periodo di time (1-2 ore) e quindi restituisce una media di attività degli animali. Se non vi è motivo di ritenere che gli animali sperimentali sono meno attivi rispetto agli animali di controllo la misura potrebbe riflettere i diversi livelli di attività e non necessariamente il metabolismo.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">BlauBrand IntraMark 50&#181;l micropipettes</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">612-1413</td>
			<td style="width:505px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Soda Lime</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Wako&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CDN6847</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Eosine&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Sigma&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">031M4359</td>
			<td>Any dye that can create visible colorization of liquid can be used</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:401px;">Thin Layer Chromatorgaphy (TLC) Developing Chamber</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">VWR</td>
			<td>21432-761</td>
			<td>Any transparent glass chamber that can be closed with the lid</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anesthetizer, Lull-A-Fly Kit</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Flinn</td>
			<td>FB1438</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Power Gel Glue</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Pritt</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">1 ml pipett tips</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Foam&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plaesticine Putty</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:401px;">Twezzers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Any</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of metabolic rate in drosophila using respirometry

Disturbi metabolici sono un problema frequente che colpisce la salute umana. Pertanto, la comprensione dei meccanismi che regolano il metabolismo è un compito scientifico fondamentale. Molti geni che causano malattie negli esseri umani hanno un omologo mosca, rendendo Drosophila un buon modello per studiare vie di segnalazione coinvolte nello sviluppo di malattie diverse. Inoltre, la trattabilità di Drosophila semplifica schermi genetici per aiutare a identificare nuovi bersagli terapeutici che possono regolare il metabolismo. Per eseguire tale schermata è necessario un metodo semplice e veloce per identificare le variazioni dello stato metabolico di mosche. In generale, la produzione di anidride carbonica è un buon indicatore di ossidazione del substrato ed il dispendio energetico fornire informazioni sullo stato metabolico. In questo protocollo si introduce un metodo semplice per misurare la CO 2 in uscita dalle mosche. Questa tecnica può potenzialmente aiutare nell&#39;identificazione di perturbazioni genetiche che colpiscono tasso metabolico.

Al fine di dimostrare che il metodo è sensibile abbiamo misurato la produzione di CO 2 da wild type (Oregon R) maschile vola a 18, 25, e 29 ° C e vola mutante per Dg. Mosche sono state sollevate a 25 ° C e poi spostato alla temperatura sperimentale per 5 giorni prima della misura. Come previsto per questa specie ectotermi, la quantità di CO 2 prodotta aumentata con la temperatura (Figura 2). Abbiamo in passato dimostrato che una dieta priva di zucchero riduce ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry at JoVE.com

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

Disturbi metabolici sono tra una delle malattie più comuni negli esseri umani. Il modello di organismo geneticamente trattabili D. melanogaster può essere utilizzato per identificare nuovi geni che regolano il metabolismo. Questo documento descrive un metodo relativamente semplice, che permette lo studio del metabolismo in linea misurando la produzione di CO 2.

Misurazione del tasso metabolico in<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Utilizzando respirometria

Metabolic disorders are a frequent problem affecting human health. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that regulate metabolism is a crucial ...

measurement-of-metabolic-rate-in-drosophila-using-respirometry

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

19.5K Views.  Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry.  Disturbi metabolici sono tra una delle malattie più comuni negli esseri umani. Il modello di organismo geneticamente trattabili D. melanogaster può essere utilizzato per identificare nuovi geni che regolano il metabolismo. Questo documento descrive un metodo relativamente semplice, che permette lo studio del metabolismo in linea misurando la produzione di CO 2. 

Video: Measurement of Metabolic Rate in Drosophila using Respirometry

High-resolution Measurement of Odor-Driven Behavior in Drosophila Larvae

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral paradigm, the experimenter usually assumes that the rapid diffusion of odorant molecules from the source leads to the creation of a stable gradient in the dish. To establish a quantitative correlation between sensory inputs and behavioral responses, it is necessary to achieve a more thorough characterization of the odorant stimulus conditions. In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

In this video article, we describe a new method allowing the construction of odorant gradients with stable and controllable geometries. We briefly illustrate how these gradients can be used to screen for olfactory defects (full and partial anosmia) and to study more subtle features of chemotaxis behavior.

Ad alta risoluzione misurazione del comportamento Odor-Driven in Larve Drosophila

Olfactory responses in Drosophila larvae have been traditionally studied in Petri dishes comprising a single peripheral odor source. In this behavioral ...

Ricerca

Biologia

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced physical performance and increased risk of disease. Individual aging is manifest at the population level as an increase in age-dependent mortality, which is often measured in the laboratory by observing lifespan in large cohorts of age-matched individuals. Experiments that seek to quantify the extent to which genetic or environmental manipulations impact lifespan in simple model organisms have been remarkably successful for understanding the aspects of aging that are conserved across taxa and for inspiring new strategies for extending lifespan and preventing age-associated disease in mammals.
The vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, is an attractive model organism for studying the mechanisms of aging due to its relatively short lifespan, convenient husbandry, and facile genetics. However, demographic measures of aging, including age-specific survival and mortality, are extraordinarily susceptible to even minor variations in experimental design and environment, and the maintenance of strict laboratory practices for the duration of aging experiments is required. These considerations, together with the need to practice careful control of genetic background, are essential for generating robust measurements. Indeed, there are many notable controversies surrounding inference from longevity experiments in yeast, worms, flies and mice that have been traced to environmental or genetic artifacts1-4. In this protocol, we describe a set of procedures that have been optimized over many years of measuring longevity in Drosophila using laboratory vials. We also describe the use of the dLife software, which was developed by our laboratory and is available for download (<a href="http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software">http://sitemaker.umich.edu/pletcherlab/software</a>). dLife accelerates throughput and promotes good practices by incorporating optimal experimental design, simplifying fly handling and data collection, and standardizing data analysis. We will also discuss the many potential pitfalls in the design, collection, and interpretation of lifespan data, and we provide steps to avoid these dangers.

Measurement of Lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is a powerful model organism for exploring the molecular basis of longevity regulation. This protocol will discuss the steps involved in generating a reproducible, population-based measurement of longevity as well as potential pitfalls and how to avoid them.

Misura della durata della vita in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Aging is a phenomenon that results in steady physiological deterioration in nearly all organisms in which it has been examined, leading to reduced ...

A High-throughput Method for Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Conscious Mice

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by measuring the level of the endogenous biomarker creatinine or exogenously applied radioactive labeled inulin (3H or 14C). Creatinine has the substantial drawback that proximal tubular secretion accounts for ~50% of total renal creatinine excretion and therefore creatinine is not a reliable GFR marker. Depending on the experiment performed, inulin clearance can be determined by an intravenous single bolus injection or continuous infusion (intravenous or osmotic minipump). Both approaches require the collection of plasma or plasma and urine, respectively. Other drawbacks of radioactive labeled inulin include usage of isotopes, time consuming surgical preparation of the animals, and the requirement of a terminal experiment. Here we describe a method which uses a single bolus injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate-(FITC) labeled inulin and the measurement of its fluorescence in 1-2 &mu;l of diluted plasma. By applying a two-compartment model, with 8 blood collections per mouse, it is possible to measure GFR in up to 24 mice per day using a special work-flow protocol. This method only requires brief isoflurane anesthesia with all the blood samples being collected in a non-restrained and awake mouse. Another advantage is that it is possible to follow mice over a period of several months and treatments (i.e. doing paired experiments with dietary changes or drug applications). We hope that this technique of measuring GFR is useful to other investigators studying mouse kidney function and will replace less accurate methods of estimating kidney function, such as plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen.

Measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard for kidney function assessment. Here we describe a high-throughput method which allows the determination of GFR in conscious mice by using a single bolus injection, determination of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-inulin in plasma and calculation of GFR by a two-phase exponential decay model.

Un metodo ad alta velocità per la misura della velocità di filtrazione glomerulare in topi coscienti

The measurement of  glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the gold standard in kidney function  assessment. Currently, investigators determine GFR by ...

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an oil-coated graduated cylinder; landing height provided a measure of flight performance by assessing how far flies will fall before producing enough thrust to make contact with the wall of the cylinder. Here we describe an updated version of the flight tester with four major improvements. First, we added a &#34;drop tube&#34; to ensure that all flies enter the flight cylinder at a similar velocity between trials, eliminating variability between users. Second, we replaced the oil coating with removable plastic sheets coated in Tangle-Trap, an adhesive designed to capture live insects. Third, we use a longer cylinder to enable more accurate discrimination of flight ability. Fourth we use a digital camera and imaging software to automate the scoring of flight performance. These improvements allow for the rapid, quantitative assessment of flight behavior, useful for large datasets and large-scale genetic screens.

An Improved Method for Accurate and Rapid Measurement of Flight Performance in Drosophila

Here we describe a method for rapid and accurate measurement of flight performance in Drosophila, enabling high-throughput screening.

Un metodo migliore per precisa e rapida misurazione delle performance in volo<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Drosophila has proven to be a useful model system for analysis of behavior, including flight. The initial flight tester involved dropping flies into an ...

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This protocol repurposes an instrument often used to measure adult activity, the TriKinetics Drosophila activity monitor (MB5 Multi-Beam Activity Monitor) to study larval activity. The instrument can monitor the movements of animals in 16 individual 8 cm glass assay tubes, using 17 infrared detection beams per tube. Logging software automatically saves data to a computer, recording parameters such as number of moves, times sensors were triggered, and animals&#8217; positions within the tubes. The data can then be analyzed to represent overall locomotion and/or position preference as well as other measurements. All data are easily accessible and compatible with basic graphing and data manipulation software. This protocol will discuss how to use the apparatus, how to operate the software and how to run a larval activity assay from start to finish.

Measurement of Larval Activity in the Drosophila Activity Monitor

This report describes a method for measuring Drosophila larval activity using the TriKinetics Drosophila Activity Monitor. The device employs infrared beams to detect movements of up to 16 individual animals. Data can be analyzed to represent motion parameters including rates and the positions of the animals within the assay chambers.

Misura della larvali attività nel<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Activity Monitor

Drosophila larvae are used in many behavioral studies, yet a simple device for measuring basic parameters of larval activity has not been available. This ...

Measurement and Analysis of Extracellular Acid Production to Determine Glycolytic Rate

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both mitochondrial (respiration) and non-mitochondrial (other redox) reactions consume oxygen, but these reactions can be easily distinguished by chemical inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. However, while mitochondrial oxygen consumption is an unambiguous and direct measurement of respiration rate2, the same is not true for extracellular acid production and its relationship to glycolytic rate 3-6. Extracellular acid produced by cells is derived from both lactate, produced by anaerobic glycolysis, and CO2, produced in the citric acid cycle during respiration. For glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to lactate- + H+ and the export of products into the assay medium is the source of glycolytic acidification. For respiration, the export of CO2, hydration to H2CO3 and dissociation to HCO3- + H+ is the source of respiratory acidification. The proportions of glycolytic and respiratory acidification depend on the experimental conditions, including cell type and substrate(s) provided, and can range from nearly 100% glycolytic acidification to nearly 100% respiratory acidification 6. Here, we demonstrate the data collection and calculation methods needed to determine respiratory and glycolytic contributions to total extracellular acidification by whole cells in culture using C2C12 myoblast cells as a model.

Glycolysis is a defining metabolic marker in multiple biological systems. Monitoring glycolysis by measuring the extracellular flux of H+ is common, but requires correction to be quantitative and unambiguous. Here, we demonstrate how to gather and correct extracellular flux data to distinguish between respiratory and glycolytic sources of extracellular acidification.

Misura e Analisi di extracellulare Acido prodotte per determinare glicolitica Tasso

Extracellular measurement of oxygen consumption and acid production is a simple and powerful way to monitor rates of respiration and glycolysis1. Both ...

Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production from Radiolabeled Substrates in Drosophila melanogaster

The power of Drosophila genetics is increasingly being applied to questions of hormone signaling and metabolism and to the development of models of human disease in this organism. Sensitive methods for measurements of parameters such as metabolic rates are needed to drive the understanding of physiology and disease in small animals such as the fruit fly. The method described here assesses fuel oxidation in small numbers of adult flies fed food containing trace amounts of 14C-labeled substrates such as glucose or fatty acid. After the feeding period and any additional experimental manipulations, flies are transferred to short tubes capped with mesh, which are then placed in glass vials containing KOH-saturated filter paper that traps exhaled, radiolabeled CO2 generated from oxidation of radiolabeled substrates as potassium bicarbonate, KHCO3. This radiolabeled bicarbonate is measured by scintillation counting. This is a quantitative, reproducible, and simple approach for the study of fuel oxidation. The use of radiolabeled glucose, fatty acids, or amino acids allows determination of the contribution of these different fuel sources to energy metabolism under different conditions such as feeding and fasting and in different genetic backgrounds. This complements other approaches used to measure in vivo energy metabolism and should further the understanding of metabolic regulation.

Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Production from Radiolabeled Substrates in Drosophila melanogaster

This paper describes a method for the measurement of fuel oxidation in Drosophila melanogaster in which trace amounts of specific radiolabeled metabolic substrates are fed to flies. The exhaled radiolabeled CO2 that is a produced from fuel oxidation is collected and measured.

Misura della produzione di anidride carbonica da marcata radioattivamente Substrati in<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

The power of Drosophila genetics is increasingly being applied to questions of hormone signaling and metabolism and to the development of models of human ...

Mixed Primary Cultures of Murine Small Intestine Intended for the Study of Gut Hormone Secretion and Live Cell Imaging of Enteroendocrine Cells

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Despite their physiological importance, enteroendocrine cells represent only a small fraction of the epithelial cell population and in the past, their characterization has presented a considerable challenge resulting in a reliance on cell line models. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary cultures have been used to identify the signaling pathways underlying the stimulation and inhibition of gut peptide secretion in response to a number of nutrients and neuropeptides as well as pharmacological agents. Furthermore, in combination with the use of transgenic fluorescent reporter mice, we have demonstrated that these primary cultures become a powerful tool for the examination of fluorescently-tagged enteroendocrine cells at the intracellular level, using methods such as patch clamping and single-cell calcium and cAMP-FRET imaging.

This protocol describes the isolation and culture of mixed murine small intestinal cells. These primary intestinal cultures enable the investigation of signaling pathways underlying gut peptide secretion using a number of techniques.

Mixed colture primarie di murino tenue finalizzate allo studio di Gut secrezione dell&#39;ormone e imaging cellulare dal vivo di celle enteroendocrine

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, with hormone-secreting enteroendocrine cells located along the length of the gastrointestinal ...

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary changes. In particular, the adult stage is a rich source of morphological traits for interspecific comparison, including wing pigmentation comparison. To study developmental differences among species, detailed observation and appropriate staging are required for precise comparison. Here we describe protocols for staging of pupal periods and quantification of wing pigmentation in a polka-dotted fruit fly, Drosophila guttifera. First, we describe the method for detailed morphological observation and definition of pupal stages based on morphologies. This method includes a technique for removing the puparium, which is the outer chitinous case of the pupa, to enable detailed observation of pupal morphologies. Second, we describe the method for measuring the duration of defined pupal stages. Finally, we describe the method for quantification of wing pigmentation based on image analysis using digital images and ImageJ software. With these methods, we can establish a solid basis for comparing developmental processes of adult traits during pupal stages.

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Protocols for staging pupal periods and measurement of wing pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera are described. Staging and quantification of pigmentation provide a solid basis for studying developmental mechanisms of adult traits and enable interspecific comparison of trait development.

Metodi per la gestione temporanea Pupal periodi e misura di ala pigmentazione della Drosophila guttifera

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary ...

Measurement of Energy Metabolism in Explanted Retinal Tissue Using Extracellular Flux Analysis

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while maintaining transparency of the visual axis. Perturbations to this delicate balance cause blinding illnesses, such as diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the understanding of energy metabolism changes in the retina during disease is imperative to the development of rational therapies for various causes of vison loss. The recent advent of commercially-available extracellular flux analyzers has made the study of retinal energy metabolism more accessible. This protocol describes the use of such an analyzer to measure contributions to retinal energy supply through its two principle arms - oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis - by quantifying changes in oxygen consumption rates (OCR) and extracellular acidification rates (ECAR) as proxies for these pathways. This technique is readily performed in explanted retinal tissue, facilitating assessment of responses to multiple pharmacologic agents in a single experiment. Metabolic signatures in retinas from animals lacking rod photoreceptor signaling are compared to wild-type controls using this method. A major limitation in this technique is the lack of ability to discriminate between light-adapted and dark-adapted energy utilization, an important physiologic consideration in retinal tissue.

This technique describes real time recording of oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates in explanted mouse retinal tissues using an extracellular flux analyzer.

Misurazione del metabolismo energetico in tessuto retinico Explanted usando l'analisi di flusso extracellulare

High acuity vision is a heavily energy-consuming process, and the retina has developed several unique adaptations to precisely meet such demands while ...