感谢XG科学的慷慨捐赠的石墨烯纸。由于三弗里德里希博士慷慨地让我们用微钻设备。特别感谢扩展到Tayloria亚当斯为叙述的视频。

1，制作出层叠电极/绝缘三维结构<ol><li>为6的石墨烯层，5层胶带设备，切石墨烯纸用手术刀或类似刀片和直边尺到60.7厘米×1.5cm的矩形，并用剪刀切开双面压敏胶粘带为51.3厘米X〜5厘米条纹。 注：由于如图1a所示，这会产生一个3接地电极，3个交流信号电极装置。该7毫米导电层宽度足够窄，以适应到载玻片上，但足够宽，以便于钻孔。 2毫米的长度不容易在重复使用时破裂并有足够的空间来安装铜线。该设备深度由立铣刀深度的限制。 </li><li>打好的石墨烯纸的第一层上干净的载玻片上。慢慢地覆盖石墨烯纸用的胶带1条的一端，使1〜2 mm的边界，以保证两个相邻的石墨烯纸的层间绝缘（ 图1b </strong&gt;）。 </li><li>放置的石墨烯纸在第二层上的带的顶端偏移到的石墨烯纸（ 图1a）的第一层。另外每个导电层后申请中等压力（按均匀拇指，〜100不大于0.7 平方厘米面积），以确保层间良好的密封。 </li><li>重复步骤1.2和1.3的剩余层，留下的顶部和底部层的石墨烯纸。沿图1b所示，从设备的边缘留下一个小约1 mm的边界，以保证纸张的石墨烯层之间的密封绝缘除去过量的磁带上的虚线切割（ 图1b）。 注：双面胶带不利用作为顶层和底层，以避免收集碎屑作为该层叠结构是钻，装在载玻片上，并且填充有样品。 </li><li>用万用表（电阻模式）执行快速绝缘测试。定位的正和负的探针在th的两个不同侧面E设备（A和B上图1c）;高抗（千至兆欧）表示层之间良好的绝缘性。从载玻片移除层状结构为微钻井作准备。 注：设备通常失败的绝缘测试时，在步骤1.2至1.4邻近的石墨烯纸层进行接触。丢弃此类设备。 </li></ol> 2，钻微孔的复合结构<ol><li>使用计算机控制的机械微型铣床和选择端铣刀具有700微米，直径切2.1毫米的长度。固定上使用适当的夹具的微研磨阶段的层状结构（ 图2a和b）。运行铣床的主轴在8600转，然后放下端铣刀慢慢进入并穿过所述叠层结构的中心。移动旋转端铣刀上下贯通的微孔以平滑的内壁。 <ol><li>选择微孔直径，这是由切割宽高比可用端铣刀直径/长度的限制。确保在微孔的内表面是通过微以及垂直和清洁尽可能最佳的电场梯度和光通道。 </li></ol></li><li>从微孔干净的碎片与压缩空气。如1.5中所述，执行另一个绝缘测试。 </li></ol> 3，附加电气导致叠层结构<ol><li>折两个3厘米长的32G铜线成直角在2厘米。混〜1.5 A部分和环氧导电银乙毫升。 注意： <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51696/51696eq1.jpg" /></li><li>手动应用混合银环氧树脂的顶部和所有的3个石墨烯纸层的前端，以保证层上的叠层结构（ 图1c）的A面之间的良好接触，然后将1厘米铜导线端部中的环氧基和任意两个之间层。轻声平方米ueeze层以去除多余的环氧树脂，并保证良好的电接触。重复的层叠结构的B侧。 </li><li>将整个装置在炉架，干通宵70℃，1个大气压。 </li></ol> 4，准备样品和媒体<ol><li>制备电导率的频谱使用电导率仪，290毫甘露醇原液和等渗磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）串行加法等渗介质。 注意：〜290毫渗透摩尔浓度/ L PBS电导率和体积浓度之间存在线性相关性（导通）在〜290毫渗透摩尔浓度/ L甘露醇溶液（不导通）。视频功能的0.01 S / m的导电介质。 </li><li>混合聚苯乙烯珠与准备电导率介质或电子纯净水（〜5×10 -6 S / M），以1:50体积：体积比。这个协议是很容易适应生物的细胞。 </li></ol> 5，安装和试验设备操作<ol><li>夹紧装置ØNTO使用改性纸夹具或等效中等压力（ 图2d）的载玻片上。基脚应该是足够接近的微孔密封层叠结构在载玻片防止样品泄露。夹紧应该适合于显微镜载物台与压力优化，以a）阻止叠层结构的变形，以及b）保证微井流体不泄漏。变形改变了很好的几何形状和光通路减少实验的重复性。 </li><li>使用微注射器或等效慢慢〜1微升的样品注入到微井和避免引入任何气泡。如有必要，重复注射并要当心不要与锋利的针损坏微孔壁上。稍过量填充微孔，并立即滑动​​玻璃盖在微孔去除多余的液体，防止蒸发，并确保可重复的量为每次实验。 注：钻石尖玻璃刀工程以及SCORe和裂纹玻璃盖大小。 </li><li>确保完成层压微型的显微镜载物台，并连接函数发生器的电极导线的两个铜导线在设备上。在的AxioVision（蔡司软件），点击按钮开始摄像机录制的多维采集模式。开始CCD摄像机记录文件具有和不施加的电场的响应后，启动函数产生的信号在一个固定的时间段。 注：在这里，100 Hz至10 MHz的频率，具有15 V 峰峰值信号被应用和实验观察到在10倍的放大倍率在1〜200的载玻片表面之上，持续2秒，而不需要现场和〜5分钟与现场应用。图像进行数字化保存在每秒（fps）的1至5个帧进行进一步分析。 </li><li>当实验完成后，删除该设备，拆除夹具。双方沉浸在肥皂水载玻片和设备，然后冲洗干净。约30时再利用设备s的一贯表现。 </li></ol> 6，数据分析和图像处理<ol><li>分析与优选的软件，如ImageJ的图像数据。从连续的图像在一个给定的时间步长之间的​​质点位移计算速度。 </li><li>计算基于速度编译趋势及理论29比较实验介电泳力和磁场强度。 </li><li>测量粒子的速度沿径向在微井几何与电场梯度的形状相一致。从微井边缘向中心，找出8同心等电轮廓（350，300，... 50，0微米），这导致在7个区域。 注：时间为粒子穿越50微米的距离来计算速度。当几何变化必要吧，等电轮廓进行了小幅调整。 </li></ol>

作者没有冲突披露。

这个手稿详细介绍用于制造新型的6石墨烯层和5层带微型协议。此外，设备的操作是通过6.08微米的聚苯乙烯珠观测到的DEP行为以及一个独特的，几何有关粒子速度分析方法说明。这种多用途的方法构造非线性电动设备比电极与流体层的微细加工技术成本更低，同时产生同样可靠的结果。 此外，这种新颖的三维石墨烯纸微型产生了同意这两个理论预测行为的实验介电泳结果和?...

石墨烯是以其高品质的电子特性和潜在的化学和生物传感器的应用1一种新型材料。石墨纳米片已用于催化剂载体2，3，4的生物传感器，超级电容器5，及复合电极，包括石墨烯/聚苯胺和硅纳米颗粒/石墨复合材料6-8。此手稿描述作为一个独特的三维（3D）的电极，分层微流体装置利用石墨烯纸。石墨烯纸电极层叠绝缘性的双面胶带，并钻出一个室，在该进行的聚苯乙烯珠三维AC介电电泳。 介电电泳（DEP）是指可极化粒子的运动下的非均匀电场。当颗粒都或多或少极化比周围介质，RESU正DEP（pDEP）或负的DEP（NDEP）发生，lting向着最强或最弱的电场运动分别。这种非线性的电动工具已被用于分离，分选，陷印，和识别粒子和生物细胞9-15中。经历的一个偏振粒子的介电电泳力是电场梯度，粒子半径和形状，粒子的介电性能，包括电导率和介电常数，以及介质电导率和介电常数的函数。在传统的两维（2D）DEP，粒子运动是在典型的微加工表面的电极之间形成的电场梯度的主平面;相比，在面内方向中的大多数设备在垂直方向上的运动可忽略不计。但是，利用的电场梯度为三维DEP此第三维允许更高的样品通量并增加了通用性，设计新的和改进的介电电泳分离，其中流动是特拉沃注册结构工程师的磁场梯度16，17。其他具体的设计包括三维绝缘体为基础的DEP 18，三维碳电极的DEP 13，19，和3D电镀DEP 10。就证明了研成三维结构，这种装置可以以连续流模式进行操作，以实现更高的吞吐量。在3D粒子的运动在我们的三维分层观测设备实现频率和介质电导率通过光学显微镜在不同焦距的高度的函数。 Fatoyinbo 等人首先报道了DEP在3D使用交替叠放30μm的铝箔和150微米的环氧树脂膜20层叠电极/绝缘结构。夜蛾等。然后设计类似于3D层叠电极与35μm铜胶带和118微米的聚酰亚胺胶粘剂21。这部作品借用了3D井设计22，23以及唯一地利用为50μm的石墨烯纸的方便作为导电层和100μm的双面胶带作为绝缘层，其中实现密封和足够的电屏蔽。石墨烯纸的多功能性是三维电极微型器件具有明显的优势，因为石墨烯纳米片必须兼任生物传感器，其中该组先前表明24的能力。 石墨烯纸/聚合物内取得的磁场梯度层叠三维微器件依赖于微井的尺寸，石墨烯纸层，和所施加的电场。关键尺寸包括垂直电极间距（导电和绝缘层厚度）和微孔的直径和高度（通过层层叠确定）。该电信号可以通过振幅和频率进行调谐。当前设备的结构是间歇操作，但是可以根据一个连续流动的装置。该设备厂这里描述rication技术适用于开发3D层叠电极与各种各样的石墨烯纳米薄片属性简单地通过交换所使用的石墨烯纸。利用石墨烯纸的优点是通用性的物理和化学性能，降低了费用，并且石墨烯纳米片可以同时作为生物传感器来检测范围广bioanalytes 24。高吞吐量的3D DEP系统的长期目标是，以迅速确定细胞类型25-27，或实现无标记，电介导的细胞病变细胞分选从健康细胞28的人口。本文演示材料的优化和设备的准备和操作，后跟说明和典型结果分析。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="552">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene Beads</td>
			<td>Spherotech, Inc.</td>
			<td>PP-60-10</td>
			<td>6.08 um diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphene paper</td>
			<td>XG Sciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>XG Leaf B-072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double sided tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>136 office tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver conductive epoxy</td>
			<td>MG chemicals</td>
			<td>8331-14G</td>
			<td>Part A &#38;B included</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mannitol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>091M0020V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffer saline</td>
			<td>OmniPur</td>
			<td>0381C490</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of equipment&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (CCD Camera)</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Axiovert 200M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Function/waveform generator</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>33250A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>84505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper Clamp</td>
			<td>ADAMS</td>
			<td>3300-50-3848</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>280A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multimeter</td>
			<td>OMEGA</td>
			<td>HHM25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-milling machine</td>
			<td>AEROTECH</td>
			<td>ABL1500 stages/A3200 Npaq controller</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>End mill</td>
			<td>ULTRATOOL</td>
			<td>708473</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AxioVision</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Version4.8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of a 3d graphene electrode dielectrophoretic device

采用50μm厚的石墨烯纸和100μm的双面胶带的新型三维电极微型装置的设计和制作方法进行说明。该协议详细说明了程序，以构建一个通用的，可重复使用的，多个层，夹层介电电泳室。具体而言，为50微米×0.7 2cm×2cm的石墨烯纸和5层的双面胶带6层交替地叠在一起，然后夹紧到载玻片上。然后一个700微米直径的微孔中穿过叠层结构用计算机控制的微型钻孔机钻孔。邻近的石墨烯层之间的带层的绝缘性能有保证的电阻测试。银导电环氧树脂连接的石墨烯纸交替层形成的石墨烯纸和外部铜导线电极之间的稳定连接。成品器件，然后夹紧并密封到载玻片上。电场梯度在t蓝本他的多层器件。 6微米的聚苯乙烯珠介电行为进行了论证，在1毫米深的微孔，具有中等电导率从0.0001 S / m至1.3 S / m的，并应用于信号频率从100 Hz至10 MHz。负的介电电泳反应，观察在三个维度在大部分导电频率空间和交叉频率值与先前文献报道值相一致。该设备并没有阻止交流电电渗和电热流动，这发生在低频和高频区域，分别为。在此设备中使用的石墨烯纸是多才多艺，随后可能作为一个生物传感器后的介电电泳的刻画是完整的。

在6微米的聚苯乙烯珠的介电电泳实验是在0.38 立方毫米的圆柱形微孔进行。结果表明，一个三维层叠的石墨烯纸为基础的装置可以说明类似的介电电泳的签名作为三维金属箔层压装置20，21，传统的二维金属电极26，27，和二维绝缘体装置25。在下面的实验中，一个15 V 峰峰值 AC信号被施加并且频率从100赫兹到10 MHz 30改变。定性DEP结果在时间0现场应用...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device at JoVE.com

Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

与高通量电位A微型用于演示的三维（3D）介电电泳（DEP）的新颖材料。石墨烯纳米薄片纸，双面胶带交替堆叠;一个700微米的微井钻横切层。的聚苯乙烯小珠的DEP行为表现在微井。

三维石墨电极介电泳装置的研制

The design and fabrication of a novel 3D electrode microdevice using 50 &#181;m thick graphene paper and 100 &#181;m double sided tape is described. The ...

development-of-a-3d-graphene-electrode-dielectrophoretic-device

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JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.9K 次观看.  Michigan Technological University. 与高通量电位A微型用于演示的三维（3D）介电电泳（DEP）的新颖材料。石墨烯纳米薄片纸，双面胶带交替堆叠;一个700微米的微井钻横切层。的聚苯乙烯小珠的DEP行为表现在微井。 

视频: Development of a 3D Graphene Electrode Dielectrophoretic Device

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

在固体氧化物燃料电池电极表面的探测和测绘

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

科研

工程学

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently more difficult than measuring the flow of a transparent fluid, since optical methods are not applicable. Ultrasound can be used to measure the velocity of an opaque fluid, not only at isolated points, but at hundreds or thousands of points arrayed along lines, with good temporal resolution. When applied to a liquid metal electrode, ultrasound velocimetry involves additional challenges: high temperature, chemical activity, and electrical conductivity. Here we describe the experimental apparatus and methods that overcome these challenges and allow the measurement of flow in a liquid metal electrode, as it conducts current, at operating temperature. Temperature is regulated within &#177;2 &#176;C using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller that powers a custom-built furnace. Chemical activity is managed by choosing vessel materials carefully and enclosing the experimental setup in an argon-filled glovebox. Finally, unintended electrical paths are carefully prevented. An automated system logs control settings and experimental measurements, using hardware trigger signals to synchronize devices. This apparatus and these methods can produce measurements that are impossible with other techniques, and allow optimization and control of electrochemical technologies like liquid metal batteries.

Ultrasound velocimetry is used to study mixing by fluid flow in liquid metal electrodes. The focus of this manuscript is to illustrate the methods used for making precise, spatially-resolved ultrasound measurements while limiting oxidation and controlling and monitoring temperature, applied current, and the heater power being supplied.

超声速度测量的液态金属电极

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial resolution, and is even capable of providing atomically resolved elemental maps. In this technique, a highly focused electron beam is incident upon a thin sample and the energy of emitted X-rays is measured in order to determine the atomic species of material within the beam path. This elementally sensitive spectroscopy technique can be extended to three dimensional tomographic imaging by acquiring multiple spectrum images with the sample tilted along an axis perpendicular to the electron beam direction.
Elemental distributions within single nanoparticles are often important for determining their optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. Techniques such as X-ray tomography and slice and view energy dispersive X-ray mapping in the scanning electron microscope provide elementally sensitive three dimensional imaging but are typically limited to spatial resolutions of &gt; 20 nm. Atom probe tomography provides near atomic resolution but preparing nanoparticle samples for atom probe analysis is often challenging. Thus, elementally sensitive techniques applied within the scanning transmission electron microscope are uniquely placed to study elemental distributions within nanoparticles of dimensions 10-100 nm.
Here, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy within the STEM is applied to investigate the distribution of elements in single AgAu nanoparticles. The surface segregation of both Ag and Au, at different nanoparticle compositions, has been observed.

The use of energy dispersive X-ray tomography in the scanning transmission electron microscope to characterize elemental distributions within single nanoparticles in three dimensions is described.

能量色散X射线断层摄影术对个人纳米3D元素映射

Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy within the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) provides accurate elemental analysis with high spatial ...

Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Efforts to assemble graphene into three-dimensional monolithic structures have been hampered by the high cost and poor processability of graphene. Additionally, most reported graphene assemblies are held together through physical interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces) rather than chemical bonds, which limit their mechanical strength and conductivity. This video method details recently developed strategies to fabricate mass-producible, graphene-based bulk materials derived from either polymer foams or single layer graphene oxide. These materials consist primarily of individual graphene sheets connected through covalently bound carbon linkers. They maintain the favorable properties of graphene such as high surface area and high electrical and thermal conductivity, combined with tunable pore morphology and exceptional mechanical strength and elasticity. This flexible synthetic method can be extended to the fabrication of polymer/carbon nanotube (CNT) and polymer/graphene oxide (GO) composite materials. Furthermore, additional post-synthetic functionalization with anthraquinone is described, which enables a dramatic increase in charge storage performance in supercapacitor applications.

This video method describes the synthesis of high surface area, monolithic 3D graphene-based materials derived from polymer precursors as well as single layer graphene oxide.

合成和3D纳米石墨烯材料的功能化：石墨烯气凝胶和石墨烯宏组件

Efforts to assemble graphene into three-dimensional monolithic structures have been hampered by the high cost and poor processability of graphene. ...

Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational analysis. Testing of lithium-ion batteries in an academic setting has taken on several forms, but at the most basic level lies the coin cell construction. In traditional LIB electrode preparation, a multi-phase slurry composed of active material, binder, and conductive additive is cast out onto a substrate. An electrode disc can then be punched from the dried sheet and used in the construction of a coin cell for electrochemical evaluation. Utilization of the potential of the active material in a battery is critically dependent on the microstructure of the electrode, as an appropriate distribution of the primary components are crucial to ensuring optimal electrical conductivity, porosity, and tortuosity, such that electrochemical and transport interaction is optimized. Processing steps ranging from the combination of dry powder, wet mixing, and drying can all critically affect multi-phase interactions that influence the microstructure formation. Electrochemical probing necessitates the construction of electrodes and coin cells with the utmost care and precision. This paper aims at providing a step-by-step guide of non-aqueous electrode processing and coin cell construction for lithium-ion batteries within an academic setting and with emphasis on deciphering the influence of drying and calendaring.

Non-aqueous electrode processing is central to the construction of coin cells and the evaluation of new electrode chemistries for lithium-ion batteries. A step-by-step guide to the basic practices needed as an electrochemical engineer working with batteries in an academic experimental setting is furnished.

锂离子纽扣电池的非水电极加工和施工

Research into new and improved materials to be utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIB) necessitates an experimental counterpart to any computational ...

A 3D-printed Chamber for Organic Optoelectronic Device Degradation Testing

In this manuscript, we outline the manufacture of a small, portable, easy-to-use atmospheric chamber for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, using 3D-printing. As these types of devices are sensitive to moisture and oxygen, such a chamber can aid researchers in characterizing the electronic and stability properties. The chamber is intended to be used as a temporary, reusable, and stable environment with controlled properties (including humidity, gas introduction, and temperature). It can be used to protect air-sensitive materials or to expose them to contaminants in a controlled way for degradation studies. To characterize the properties of the chamber, we outline a simple procedure to determine the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) using relative humidity as measured by a standard humidity sensor. This standard operating procedure, using a 50% infill density of polylactic acid (PLA), results in a chamber that can be used for weeks without any significant loss of device properties. The versatility and ease of use of the chamber allows it to be adapted to any characterization condition that requires a compact-controlled atmosphere.

Here, we present a protocol for the design, manufacture, and use of a simple, versatile 3D-printed and controlled atmospheric chamber for the optical and electrical characterization of air-sensitive organic optoelectronic devices.

用于有机光电器件降解测试的3维印制腔

In this manuscript, we outline the manufacture of a small, portable, easy-to-use atmospheric chamber for organic and perovskite optoelectronic devices, ...

Three-electrode Coin Cell Preparation and Electrodeposition Analytics for Lithium-ion Batteries

As lithium-ion batteries find use in high energy and power applications, such as in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, monitoring the degradation and subsequent safety issues becomes increasingly important. In a Li-ion cell setup, the voltage measurement across the positive and negative terminals inherently includes the effect of the cathode and anode which are coupled and sum to the total cell performance. Accordingly, the ability to monitor the degradation aspects associated with a specific electrode is extremely difficult because the electrodes are fundamentally coupled. A three-electrode setup can overcome this problem. By introducing a third (reference) electrode, the influence of each electrode can be decoupled, and the electrochemical properties can be measured independently. The reference electrode (RE) must have a stable potential that can then be calibrated against a known reference, for example, lithium metal. The three-electrode cell can be used to run electrochemical tests such as cycling, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Three-electrode cell EIS measurements can elucidate the contribution of individual electrode impedance to the full cell. In addition, monitoring the anode potential allows the detection of electrodeposition due to lithium plating, which can cause safety concerns. This is especially important for the fast charging of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles. In order to monitor and characterize the safety and degradation aspects of an electrochemical cell, a three-electrode setup can prove invaluable. This paper aims to provide a guide to constructing a three-electrode coin cell setup using the 2032-coin cell architecture, which is easy to produce, reliable, and cost-effective.

Three-electrode cells are useful in studying the electrochemistry of lithium-ion batteries. Such an electrochemical setup allows the phenomena associated with the cathode and anode to be decoupled and examined independently. Here, we present a guide for construction and use of a three-electrode coin cell with emphasis on lithium plating analytics.

锂离子电池三电极硬币电池制备及电沉积分析

As lithium-ion batteries find use in high energy and power applications, such as in electric and hybrid-electric vehicles, monitoring the degradation and ...

A Standard and Reliable Method to Fabricate Two-Dimensional Nanoelectronics

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D materials is still in nascent stages, scientists cannot fully rely on traditional semiconductor techniques for related research. Delicate processes from locating the materials to electrode definition need to be well controlled. In this article, a universal fabrication protocol required in manufacturing nanoscale electronics, such as 2D quasi-heterojunction bipolar transistors (Q-HBT), and 2D back-gated transistors are demonstrated. This protocol includes the determination of material position, electron beam lithography (EBL), metal electrode definition, et al. A step by step narrative of the fabrication procedures for these devices are also presented. Furthermore, results show that each of the fabricated devices has achieved high performance with high repeatability. This work reveals a comprehensive description of process flow for preparing 2D nano-electronics, enables the research groups to access this information, and pave the way toward future electronics.

The article aims to introduce a standard and reliable fabrication procedure for the development of future low dimensional nanoelectronics.

制造二维电子学的标准可靠方法

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted huge attention due to their unique properties and potential applications. Since wafer scale synthesis of 2D ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

纤维素纸非接触式共振腔电谱研究的方法研究

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...