Name: measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics using an acromion marker cluster to minimize skin movement artifact
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This work lies within the multidisciplinary Southampton Musculoskeletal Research Unit (Southampton University Hospitals Trust/University of Southampton) and the Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis. The authors wish to thank their funding sources; Arthritis Research UK for funding of laboratory equipment (Grant No: 18512) and Vicon Motion System, Oxford UK for providing funding for a PhD studentship (M.Warner). The authors also wish to thank the participants, and Kate Scott and Lindsay Pringle for their help with participant recruitment.

注:使用人类参与者批准健康科学伦理委员会的才干在南安普敦大学。所有参与者签署同意书之前的数据收集展开。在这项研究中运动提供的数据使用由12台摄像机被动标志运动捕捉系统记录; 6 400万像素的摄像头，并在120赫兹的采样频率运行6个16万像素的摄像头。 1.参与者准备<ol><li>要求受试者以消除他们的上身衣服或佩戴运动胸罩，马甲，或者露肩顶部。它能使衣服不干扰所述标记物的移动或从照相机的视图阻塞标记是很重要的。 </li><li>构造一个肩峰标记簇组成的一"L"形的塑料片为70mm沿着各方面的长度。附上3回射标记物的AMC，一个在各方面中的各端的端部和1其中eACH方面满足（ 图1）。 </li><li>附上肩峰标记簇（AMC）上，其中肩峰符合肩胛冈，使用双面胶带肩峰的后部。板应遵循肩胛骨指向内侧的脊柱的一个方面，另外应前指向肩胛平面（ 图1）。 </li><li>附加集群标志设置为使用带（ 图2）上臂。 </li><li>附加的回射标记物为以下解剖学界标在推荐的生物力学33的国际协会（ 图1和2）:胸骨切迹（IJ;胸骨切迹的最深关节），剑突（PX;对大多数胸骨尾点）， C7（棘突的C7椎体的过程），T8（T8的椎体棘突），胸锁关节（SC;在胸锁关节最腹点），桡骨茎突（大多数尾POINT上的桡骨茎突）和尺骨茎突（大多数在尺骨茎突尾点）。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51717/51717fig1highres.jpg" /> 图1:肩峰标记集群的位置，C7和T8解剖标志这一数字已经从华纳，MB，查普尔，PH和斯托克斯，MJ修饰手臂使用肩峰标记集群坎降低时测量肩胛运动学。乐章。科学31，386-396，DOI:HTTP://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.07.004（2012年）。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/51717/51717fig2highres.jpg" /> 图2:胸骨切迹标记位置（IJ），剑突（PX），胸锁（SC），上臂集群，尺骨茎突（美国），桡骨茎突（RS）。 2. Participan吨校准注:需要的肩胛骨的解剖标志位置应相对于肩峰标记集群确定。需要每个参与者的地标校准。 <ol><li>构建一个校准棒组成的置入"T"形成（ 图3）4的反射标记。测量从所述校准棒，所述第一棒标记的前端的距离。 </li><li>触诊并找到以下解剖标志所推荐的生物力学33国际协会。广场上的地标性校准杖尖（ 图3）。捕捉运动捕捉系统，确保对棒标记数据三秒钟，AMC和上臂集群都是可见的摄像头。 <ol><li>肩锁关节（AC） - 放在锁骨一只手，然后横向移动，直到那里的锁骨达到肩峰点。将杖尖在锁骨肩峰和之间的联合。 </li><li>肩峰角（AA）， - 触诊沿肩胛骨到最外侧点脊柱。放置在肩峰背侧棒的前端在最外侧点（ 图3）。 </li><li>肩胛骨（TS）的内侧棘 - 触诊沿肩胛骨最中间点的脊椎。将杖尖在那里脊柱符合肩胛骨内侧缘点。 </li><li>肩胛骨（AI）的下角 - 下方触诊沿肩胛骨内侧缘。将杖尖上的肩胛骨最尾点。 </li><li>肱骨内上髁（EM） - 以90度的屈曲指向前方，与他们的拇指朝上参与者的弯头，放置在内侧肘部的手来定位内上髁。将杖尖上的肱骨内上髁的最尾端点。 </li&gt; <li>侧向上髁（EL） - 随着参与者的弯头在90度屈曲的指向前方，与他们的拇指朝上，放置在肘的侧面手来定位外上髁。将杖尖上外上髁的最尾端点。 </li></ol></li><li>要确定盂肱关节中心，要求参与者与他们用肘部上臂完全伸直执行环转运动，从零度手臂抬高约40度仰角的手臂。他们必须执行这个动作，同时旨在最大限度地减少冗长/收缩和肩部复杂的仰角/抑郁症;如有必要，研究者可以提供帮助。记录该运动为大约30秒。 </li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/51717/51717fig3highres.jpg" /> 图3:校准棒使用定位解剖骨里程碑意义就肩峰标记集群（AMC）。 3.实验协议<ol><li>要求参与者从零执行的手臂抬高到120°手臂抬高，然后再由他们一边降低他们的手臂回落到休息矢状，额叶和肩胛飞机。肩胛平面为约40°的前方的冠状面。 </li></ol> 4.后处理动态数据的注:以下步骤详细说明在动态运动试验计算肩胛运动所需要的程序。这些步骤已经被描述和广泛探讨了文学21,33,34内的以下部分的目的是提供一个综合和一步一步的指导，贯彻以获得肩胛运动所需的建模步骤。这些步骤的应用在相关的运动建模软件进行。该软件CONTA插件命令，使创建局部坐标系，坐标从全球到地方的转换坐标系，坐标转换，从地方到全球坐标系和欧拉角度旋转的计算。这些步骤将允许肩胛骨，肱骨和胸部被定义为刚性体。接着旋转肩胛骨相对于胸廓，并且相对于胸部肱骨然后可确定。 <ol><li>使用上的AMC标记的坐标，确定一个任意的局部坐标用于AMC（ 图4a）的系统。对于每个肩胛骨解剖标志校准试验中，通过以下步骤确定所述棒，它代表了解剖标志的位置的尖端的位置，相对于在AMC的局部坐标系。 注意:运动建模软件包含的命令来实现从一个全球性的创建局部坐标坐标系统和转换到本地坐标，参见图4，例如命令。 <ol><li>使用标记的魔杖运动建模软件使用下面的命令来创建棒（ 图4a）局部坐标系:AMC = [AMCO，AMCA，AMCO，AMCO-AMCM，XYZ]其中，AMCO，AMCA和AMCM是给对AMC标记的标签。 </li><li>使用的运动建模软件，计算全局坐标系中的棒的前端的位置。在所提供的本例为83毫米的标记1（M1）的沿着所述棒的X轴（ 图4b）;使用命令:棒= [M1，M1-M2，M3，M4，XYZ]和Wandtip = M1 + {83,0,0} * ATTITUDE（棒），其中M1，M2，M3和M4都给予标记的标签在棒。 </li><li>确定杆的相对于前端的位置到本地使用建模命令坐标的AMC（$％AA）（ 图4c）的系统:$％的AA = WandTip / AMC和参数（$％AA）。 </li><li>重复步骤4.1.1至4.1.3每个肩胛骨解剖标志。 </li><li>相对于所述肱骨标记簇确定，而不是AMC的内侧和外侧髁的位置，使用通过上述步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>使用动态校准试验来计算相对于肩胛骨盂肱关节中心的位置。计算盂肱关节中心的位置，相对于肩胛骨，如肱骨和肩胛骨之间的螺旋轴的枢转点。有关该技术的更多详情，请参阅Veeger 35。 </li><li>肱骨计算肘关节中心（ELJC），为横向（EL）之间的中距离和内侧髁（EM）; ELJC =（EM + EL）/ 2。 </li><li>在动态试验中，使用的解剖标志的已知位置相对于所述AMC到全局坐标系（ 图5）内确定的解剖标志的位置。 <br/&gt;注:建模软件包含的命令来启动转换，从局部坐标系坐标系统的全球坐标系， 见图5，例如命令。 <ol><li>请参考图5A，显示肩峰角地标的位置相对于所述AMC（$％AA），如点4.1所述。 </li><li> $％AA虚拟标记的位置转换为每个时间点的全局坐标系统中的动态试验期间创建肩峰角（AA）的地标（ 图5b）使用以下运动学模型的命令:AA = $％AA * AMC和OUTPUT（AA）。 </li><li>重复步骤4.4.2每个解剖标志。 </li></ol></li><li>通过计算相关标记之间的单位矢量表示每个轴对于给定的刚体使用以下运动学建模命令定义为胸部和肩胛骨一个局部坐标系:肩胛骨= [AA，TS-AA，AA-AI，ZXY] 。胸部= [IJ，MUTHX-MLTHX，IJ-C7，YZX]，其中MUTHX是IJ和C7的地标之间的中点，并MLTHX是对PX和T8的地标之间的中点。 注:轴定义为基础的生物力学的国际社会"（ISB）的建议33（ 表1和图6）上。 <ol><li>用类似的方法，定义一个局部坐标系为肱骨利用&#39;选项2&#39;所推荐的ISB 33。 注:选项2需要由gleohumeral接头中心形成一个足够的平面，肘关节中心和尺骨茎突， 即一定程度的屈肘是必需的。如果参与者接近满伸肘，肱骨轴可能会变得不稳定，因此，&#39;方案1&#39;，应使用（ 表1）。参见Wu 等人（2005）的进一步细节。 </li></ol></li><li>动态试验期间确定相对于所述胸部为每个时间点的肩胛骨的取向使用欧拉角分解方法与内旋（Y），向上方转动（X&#39;）和后倾斜（Z&#39;）的一个旋转序列33使用以下运动学模型的命令:ScapularKin = - &lt;胸廓，肩胛骨，YXZ&gt;（ 图7）。 </li><li>使用Y的非万向旋转序列（仰角平面）使用相关的运动建模软件中，X&#39;（海拔）和Y&#39;&#39;（轴向转动）36动态试验期间确定相对于所述胸部肱骨的方向。 注:宏是可以从制造商要想在这个手稿中使用的动态建模软件中确定非万向旋转序列下载。 </li></ol><img alt="表1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51717/51717table1.jpg" width="600" /> IJ和C7之间MUTHX =中点。 PX和T8之间MLTHX =中点。 GH = GLenohumeral联合中心。 ELJC =肘关节中心。 数学运算: ^ =交叉的两个向量积 || =向量的绝对值 表1:本地坐标系统中为每个刚性区段。 5.数据缩减和分析注意:下面的数据缩减和分析步骤是在数值模拟软件（如MATLAB），它允许操作数据矩阵执行。运动数据被分成仰角和肱骨运动的下降阶段，时间归为运动的每个阶段，然后肩胛运动学被表示为相对于肱骨仰角。 <ol><li>确定肱骨标高的标高和降低阶段，如下所述（ 图8）。这些阶段从角速度肱骨仰角（ 图8）的确定。见ElevationLoweringPhases.m功能文件。 <ol><li>确定肱骨高程的开始时的角速度肱骨超过最大肱骨角速度的阈值的2％。 </li><li>确定的标高相作为在该肱骨角速度低于最大肱骨角速度的2％的点，或者当肱骨仰角超过120°的端部。 </li><li>确定肱骨降低阶段开始时的角速度低于最低角速度，或者在该肱骨海拔低于120℃的点的2％。 </li><li>确定降低阶段结束时的角速度超过最小角速度的2％。 </li></ol></li><li>通过内插运动数据中的运动，以101个数据点（ 图9）的各相归一化的数据。见Time_normalisation.m功能文件。 </li><li>通过绘制臂角（度）与向上ř表达相对于肱骨高程肩胛运动学浮选（度）（ 图10）。见PlotScapHumRhythm.m功能文件。 </li></ol>

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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+scapular+local+coordinate+systems.">Comparison of scapular local coordinate systems.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 25, 415-421 (2010).</li><li>Ludewig, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+of+the+shoulder+complex+during+multiplanar+humeral+elevation.">Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation.</a> The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 91, 378-389 (2009).</li><li>Johnson, G. R., Stuart, P. R., Mitchell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+measurement+of+three-dimensional+scapular+movement.">A method for the measurement of three-dimensional scapular movement.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 8, 269-274 (1993).</li><li>Helm, F. C., Pronk, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+recording+and+description+of+motions+of+the+shoulder+mechanism.">Three-dimensional recording and description of motions of the shoulder mechanism.</a> Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 117, 27-40 (1995).</li><li>McQuade, K. J., Smidt, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Scapulohumeral+rhythm:+The+effects+of+external+resistance+during+elevation+of+the+arm+in+the+scapular+plane.">Dynamic Scapulohumeral rhythm: The effects of external resistance during elevation of the arm in the scapular plane.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 27, 9 (1998).</li><li>Matsui, K., Shimada, K., Andrew, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deviation+of+skin+marker+from+bone+target+during+movement+of+the+scapula.">Deviation of skin marker from bone target during movement of the scapula.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 11, 180-184 (2006).</li><li>Meskers, C. G. M., Jvan de Sande, M. A., de Groot, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+between+tripod+and+skin-fixed+recording+of+scapular+motion.">Comparison between tripod and skin-fixed recording of scapular motion.</a> J. Biomech. 40, 941-948 (2007).</li><li>Andel, C. J., van Hutten, K., Eversdijk, M., Veeger, D. J., Harlaar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recording+scapular+motion+using+an+acromion+marker+cluster.">Recording scapular motion using an acromion marker cluster.</a> Gait and Posture. 29, 123-128 (2009).</li><li>Warner, M. B., Chappell, P. H., Stokes, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+scapular+kinematics+during+arm+lowering+using+the+acromion+marker+cluster.">Measuring scapular kinematics during arm lowering using the acromion marker cluster.</a> Hum. Mov. Sci. 31, 386-396 (2012).</li><li>Worsley, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+control+retraining+exercises+for+shoulder+impingement:+effects+on+function,+muscle+activation,+and+biomechanics+in+young+adults.">Motor control retraining exercises for shoulder impingement: effects on function, muscle activation, and biomechanics in young adults.</a> Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 22, e11-e19 (2013).</li><li>Shaheen, A. F., Alexander, C. M., Bull, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+attachment+position+and+shoulder+orientation+during+calibration+on+the+accuracy+of+the+acromial+tracker.">Effects of attachment position and shoulder orientation during calibration on the accuracy of the acromial tracker.</a> J. Biomech. 44, 1410-1413 (2011).</li><li>Prinold, J. A. I., Shaheen, A. F., Bull, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin-fixed+scapula+trackers:+A+comparison+of+two+dynamic+methods+across+a+range+of+calibration+positions.">Skin-fixed scapula trackers: A comparison of two dynamic methods across a range of calibration positions.</a> J. Biomech. 44, 2004-2007 (2011).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISB+recommendation+on+definitions+of+joint+coordinate+systems+of+the+various+joints+for+the+reporting+of+human+joint+motion+-+Part+II:+shoulder,+elbow,+wrist+and+hand.">ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of the various joints for the reporting of human joint motion - Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand.</a> J. Biomech. 38, 981-992 (2005).</li><li>Karduna, A. R., McClure, P. W., Michener, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scapular+kinematics:+effects+of+altering+the+Euler+angle+sequence+of+rotations.">Scapular kinematics: effects of altering the Euler angle sequence of rotations.</a> J. Biomech. 33, 1063-1068 (2000).</li><li>Veeger, H. E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+position+of+the+rotation+center+of+the+glenohumeral+joint.">The position of the rotation center of the glenohumeral joint.</a> J. Biomech. 33, 1711-1715 (2000).</li><li>Doorenbosch, C. A. M., Harlaar, J., Veeger, H. E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+globe+system:+an+unambiguous+description+of+shoulder+positions+in+daily+life+movements.">The globe system: an unambiguous description of shoulder positions in daily life movements.</a> J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 40, 147-156 (2003).</li><li>Kadaba, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeatability+of+kinematic,+kinetic,+and+electromyographic+data+in+normal+adult+gait.">Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 7, 849-860 (1989).</li><li>Schwartz, M. H., Trost, J. P., Wervey, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+management+of+errors+in+quantitative+gait+data.">Measurement and management of errors in quantitative gait data.</a> Gait and Posture. 20, 196-203 (2004).</li><li>Jaspers, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reliability+of+upper+limb+kinematics+in+children+with+hemiplegic+cerebral+palsy.">The reliability of upper limb kinematics in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.</a> Gait and Posture. 33, 568-575 (2011).</li><li>Thigpen, C. A., Gross, M. T., Karas, S. G., Garrett, W. E., Yu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+repeatability+of+scapular+rotations+across+three+planes+of+humeral+elevation.">The repeatability of scapular rotations across three planes of humeral elevation.</a> Research in Sports Medicine. 13, 181-198 (2005).</li><li>Groot, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+variability+of+shoulder+motions+recorded+by+means+of+palpation.">The variability of shoulder motions recorded by means of palpation.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 12, 461-472 (1997).</li></ol>

None of the authors had any affiliation with any organization that could influence the outcome of this work.

方法的确定肩胛运动学的选择是至关重要的，考虑的有效性，可靠性和适宜性进行研究性学习应给予。各种方法已被采用在整个文献，但每一种方法都有其局限性。肩峰标记簇通过提供肩胛骨的非侵入性的动态运动测量克服了许多这些限制，诸如从2D成像或要求肩胛骨的位置的重复解释投影误差。然而，该AMC方式仍然容易受到皮肤运动伪影，尤其是在较高的臂的仰角和使成问题的方法，在这些较?...

肩胛运动学的客观，定量测定可以在在肩部撞击2-8观察到臂抬高提供与肩功能障碍相关联的异常的运动模式，如减少向上旋转，后倾斜的评估。肩胛运动学测量，但是，是困难的，因为骨骼的深位置和滑翔自然皮肤表面1之下。安装反光标记过的解剖标志不充分跟踪肩胛骨，因为它下滑皮肤表面之下9典型的运动测量技术。各种方法已被采用在整个文献中，克服这些困难，包括;成像（X射线或磁共振）10-14，测角仪15,16，骨销钉17-22，手动触诊23,24，和肩峰方法3,5,19,25。每一种方法，然而，也有其局限性，其中包括:前曝光辐射，在二维图像为基础的分析的情况下的投影误差，需要反复肩胛骨的位置的主观解释，是静态的性质或具有高度侵入性（ 例如骨引脚）。 中的溶液，以克服这些困难的是采用其中一个电磁传感器安装肩峰25，骨的平坦部分，其在前方肩胛骨从脊柱领先最外侧部分延伸的平坦部肩峰方法肩胛骨。使用肩峰方法背后的原理构思是减少皮肤的运动伪影，因为肩峰已经显示出具有最少量的皮肤运动伪影比其他网站上肩胛骨26。肩峰方法是非侵入性的，并提供肩胛运动学动态三维测量。验证研究已经显示肩峰方法臂埃尔期间是有效的高达120°使用电磁传感器17,27时evation阶段。当使用基于标记的动作捕捉装置的一系列排列成簇，肩峰标记簇（AMC）的标记，是必要的，已被证明使用活性标志物的动作捕捉系统28时是有效的，并同时使用的无源标记物在手臂抬高和手臂降低29动作捕捉系统。 使用AMC的带有被动标记的动作捕捉装置，用于测量肩胛运动学已经用来评估以下内容的介入来解决肩部撞击30在肩胛运动学变化。的有效使用这种方法，然而，依赖于准确地施加标记的簇的能力，其位置已被证明影响的结果31，校准解剖学界标32和确保臂动作内的运动的有效范围（ 即低于120°手臂抬高）29。它也有人建议将标记簇的再施用，使用有源基于标记的动作捕捉系统的时候，被认为是增加了错误的来源为肩胛后倾斜28。中，因此，重要的是建立肩峰方法的日间可靠性，以确保它提供肩胛运动学的稳定措施。确保测量是可靠将使变化肩胛运动学，由于干预，例如，要被测量和检查。用于测量肩胛运动学的方法已在别处29,33描述本研究的目的是为使用被动标记运动捕捉系统应用这些方法，并考虑到误差的潜在来源提供一步一步的指导和参考工具，并且检查测量方法的可靠性。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Passive marker capture system</td><td>Vicon Motion Systems</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nexus</td><td>Vicon Motion Systems</td><td>N/A</td><td>Data capture software</td></tr><tr><td>Bodybuilder</td><td>Vicon Motion Systems</td><td>N/A</td><td>Modeling software</td></tr><tr><td>14 mm retro reflective markers</td><td>Vicon Motion Systems</td><td>VACC-V162B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>6.5 mm retro reflective markers</td><td>Vicon Motion Systems</td><td>VACC-V166</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calibration wand</td><td>Vicon Motion Systems</td><td>N/A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic base</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>Constructed &#039;in-house&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>Matlab</td><td>Mathworks</td><td>N/A</td><td>Numerical modelling software</td></tr></tbody></table>

measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics using an acromion marker cluster to minimize skin movement artifact

动态肩胛运动学测量是复杂的，由于在皮肤表面下方的肩胛骨的滑动性质。这项研究的目的是为了清楚地描述确定肩胛运动学使用无源标记物运动捕捉系统时，考虑为错误的可能影响测量的有效性和可靠性的来源的肩峰标记簇（AMC）方法。 AMC方式包括将标记簇在后部肩峰，并通过解剖标志校准相对于所述标记簇有可能获得肩胛运动学测量值有效。该方法的可靠性2天之间进行了检查在一组的，因为它们进行的臂抬高15健康个体（年龄19-38岁，8名男性），以120℃，并降低在额叶，肩胛和矢状平面。结果表明，日之间的可靠性是有利于向上旋转肩胛骨（系数MULT的IPLE相关性; CMC = 0.92）和后倾（CMC = 0.70），但公平在手臂抬高阶段内旋（CMC = 0.53）。波形误差较低向上旋转（2.7°至4.4°）和后倾斜（1.3°至2.8°），相对于内旋（5.4°至7.3°）。在降低阶段的可靠性媲美在海拔阶段观察到的结果。如果在这项研究中列出的协议遵守，对AMC的高度和手臂的运动降低阶段期间提供向上旋转和后倾的可靠测量。

十五与会者谁没有已知的肩膀，颈部或手臂受伤的历史被招入的研究（ 表2）。为了评估内部信度（间天），参加者出席了至少24小时，最长7天分开的两个数据收集会话。在每个数据采集时段，同一人的协议，用于连接反光标记，肩峰标记集群，解剖标志校准，上面详细。使用多个相关（CMC）37的系数的运动波形，从动态试验中获得的可靠性进行评价。波形的测量误差被用来?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

这份报告介绍了如何采用采用被动标志动作捕捉设备时获得肩胛运动学的肩峰标记集群方法的细节。如在文献中进行了描述，该方法提供肩胛运动学一个健壮的，非侵入性的，三维的，动态的和有效的测量，尽量减少皮肤的运动伪影。

动态肩胛运动学使用的肩峰标记集群尽量减少与皮肤运动伪影测量

The measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics is complex due to the sliding nature of the scapula beneath the skin surface. The aim of the study was to ...

measurement-dynamic-scapular-kinematics-using-an-acromion-marker

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.1K 次观看.  University of Southampton. 这份报告介绍了如何采用采用被动标志动作捕捉设备时获得肩胛运动学的肩峰标记集群方法的细节。如在文献中进行了描述，该方法提供肩胛运动学一个健壮的，非侵入性的，三维的，动态的和有效的测量，尽量减少皮肤的运动伪影。 

视频: Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to measure in vivo bone motion, but challenges arise when estimating the rotation and translation (pose) of each bone. The bone's pose is typically estimated with marker- or model-based methods. Marker-based methods are highly accurate but uncommon in vivo due to their invasiveness. Model-based methods are more common but are currently less accurate as they rely on user input and lab-specific algorithms. This work presents a rare in vivo dataset of the calcaneus, talus, and tibia poses, as measured with marker-based methods during running and hopping. A method is included to train users to improve their initial guesses into model-based pose estimation software, using marker-based visual feedback. New operators were able to estimate bone poses within 2&#176; of rotation and 1 mm of translation of the marker-based pose, similar to an expert user of the model-based software, and representing a substantial improvement over previously reported inter-operator variability. Further, this dataset can be used to validate other model-based pose estimation software. Ultimately, sharing this dataset will improve the speed and accuracy with which users can measure bone poses from biplanar videoradiography.

This work presents an in vivo dataset with bone poses estimated with marker-based methods. A method is included here to train operators in improving their initial estimates for model-based pose estimation and reducing inter-operator variability.

Measuring the motion of the small foot bones is critical for understanding pathological loss of function. Biplanar videoradiography is well-suited to ...

科研

工程学

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Bone stress injuries are common in sports and military trainings. Repetitive large ground impact forces during training could be the cause. It is essential to determine the effect of high ground impact forces on lower-body bone deformation to better understand the mechanisms of bone stress injuries. Conventional strain gauge measurement has been used to study in vivo tibia deformation. This method is associated with limitations including invasiveness of the procedure, involvement of few human subjects, and limited strain data from small bone surface areas. The current study intends to introduce a novel approach to study tibia bone strain under high impact loading conditions. A subject-specific musculoskeletal model was created to represent a healthy male (19 years, 80 kg, 1,800 mm). A flexible finite element tibia model was created based on a computed tomography (CT) scan of the subject&#39;s right tibia. Laboratory motion capture was performed to obtain kinematics and ground reaction forces of drop-landings from different heights (26, 39, 52 cm). Multibody dynamic computer simulations combined with a modal analysis of the flexible tibia were performed to quantify tibia strain during drop-landings. Calculated tibia strain data were in good agreement with previous in vivo studies. It is evident that this non-invasive approach can be applied to study tibia bone strain during high impact activities for a large cohort, which will lead to a better understanding of injury mechanism of tibia stress fractures.

During landing, lower-body bones experience large mechanical loads and are deformed. It is essential to measure bone deformation to better understand the mechanisms of bone stress injuries associated with impacts. A novel approach integrating subject-specific musculoskeletal modeling and finite element analysis is used to measure tibial strain during dynamic movements.

动态运动过程中骨应变的学科特异性肌肉模型研究

Bone stress injuries are common in sports and military trainings. Repetitive large ground impact forces during training could be the cause. It is ...

生物工程

Rat Model of Adhesive Capsulitis of the Shoulder

This proposal aims to create an in vivo rat model of adhesive capsulitis for researching potential treatment options for this condition and other etiologies of comparable arthrofibrosis. The model includes extra-articular fixation of the shoulder in rats via scapular to humeral suturing, resulting in a secondary contracture without invading the intra-articular space and resulting in decreased rotational ROM and increased joint stiffness.
We used 10 Sprague-Dawley rats for the purpose of this study. Baseline ROM measurements were taken before glenohumeral immobilization. The rats were subjected to 8 weeks of immobilization before the fixation sutures were removed and changes in ROM and joint stiffness were evaluated. To evaluate whether immobilization resulted in a significant reduction in ROM, changes in kinematics were calculated. ROM was measured at each time point in the follow-up period and was compared to the baseline internal and external ROM measurements. In order to evaluate the stiffness, joint kinetics were calculated by determining the differences in torque (text and tint ) needed to reach the initial external rotation of 60&#176; and initial internal rotation of 80&#176;.
After the removal of the extra-articular suture fixation on follow-up day 0, we found a 63% decrease in total ROM compared to baseline. We observed continuous improvement until week 5 of follow-up, with the progress slowing down around a 19% restriction. On week 8 of follow-up, there was still an 18% restriction of ROM. Additionally, on follow-up day 0, we found the torque increased by 13.3 Nmm when compared to baseline. On week 8, the total torque was measured to be 1.4 &#177; 0.2 Nmm higher than initial measurements. This work introduces a rat model of shoulder adhesive capsulitis with lasting reduced ROM and increased stiffness.

This protocol presents an in vivo rat model of adhesive capsulitis. The model includes an internal fixation of the glenohumeral joint with extra-articular suture fixation for an extended time, resulting in a decreased rotational range of motion (ROM) and increased joint stiffness.

肩上粘 Capsulitis 大鼠模型的建立

This proposal aims to create an in vivo rat model of adhesive capsulitis for researching potential treatment options for this condition and other ...

Four-Dimensional CT Analysis Using Sequential 3D-3D Registration

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides a series of volume data and visualizes joint motions. However, numerical analysis of 4DCT data remains difficult because segmentation in all volumetric frames is time-consuming. We aimed to analyze joint kinematics using a sequential 3D-3D registration technique to provide the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the fixed bone semiautomatically using 4DCT DICOM data and existing software. Surface data of the source bones are reconstructed from 3DCT. The trimmed surface data are respectively matched with surface data from the first frame in 4DCT. These trimmed surfaces are sequentially matched until the last frame. These processes provide positional information for target bones in all frames of the 4DCT. Once the coordinate systems of the target bones are decided, translation and rotation angles between any two bones can be calculated. This 4DCT analysis offers advantages in kinematic analyses of complex structures such as carpal or tarsal bones. However, fast or large-scale motions cannot be traced because of motion artifacts.

We analyzed joint kinematics from four-dimensional computed tomography data. The sequential 3D-3D registration method semiautomatically provides the kinematics of the moving bone with respect to the subject bone from four-dimensional computed tomography data.

使用顺序 3D-3D 注册进行四维 CT 分析

Four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) provides a series of volume data and visualizes joint motions. However, numerical analysis of 4DCT data ...

Assessment of Child Anthropometry in a Large Epidemiologic Study

A high proportion of children have overweight and obesity in the United States and other countries. Accurate assessment of anthropometry is essential to understand health effects of child growth and adiposity. Gold standard methods of measuring adiposity, such as dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), may not be feasible in large field studies. Research staff can, however, complete anthropometric measurements, such as body circumferences and skinfold measurements, using inexpensive portable equipment. In this protocol we detail how to obtain manual anthropometric measurements from children, including standing and sitting height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference, mid-upper arm circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, and subscapular skinfold thickness, and procedures to assess the quality of these measurements. To demonstrate accuracy of these measurements, among 1,110 school-aged children in the pre-birth cohort Project Viva we calculated Spearman correlation coefficients comparing manual anthropometric measurements with a gold standard measure of body fat, DXA fat mass1. To address reliability, we evaluate intra-rater technical error of measurement at a quality control session conducted on adult female volunteers.

In epidemiologic studies of children, well-trained research staff can accurately and precisely assess weight, height, sitting height, skinfold thicknesses, and body circumferences.

大型流行病学研究儿童人体测量评估

A high proportion of children have overweight and obesity in the United States and other countries. Accurate assessment of anthropometry is essential to ...

医学

Biplanar Videoradiography to Study the Wrist and Distal Radioulnar Joints

Accurate measurement of skeletal kinematics in vivo is essential for understanding normal joint function, the influence of pathology, disease progression, and the effects of treatments. Measurement systems that use skin surface markers to infer skeletal motion have provided important insight into normal and pathological kinematics, however, accurate arthrokinematics cannot be attained using these systems, especially during dynamic activities. In the past two decades, biplanar videoradiography (BVR) systems have enabled many researchers to directly study the skeletal kinematics of the joints during activities of daily living. To implement BVR systems for the distal upper extremity, videoradiographs of the distal radius and the hand are acquired from two calibrated X-ray sources while a subject performs a designated task. Three-dimensional (3D) rigid-body positions are computed from the videoradiographs via a best-fit registrations of 3D model projections onto&#160;to each BVR view. The 3D models are density-based image volumes of the specific bone derived from independently acquired computed-tomography data. Utilizing graphics processor units and high-performance computing systems, this model-based tracking approach is shown to be fast and accurate in evaluating the wrist and distal radioulnar joint biomechanics. In this study, we first summarized the previous studies that have established the submillimeter and subdegree agreement of BVR with an in vitro&#160;optical motion capture system in evaluating the wrist and distal radioulnar joint kinematics. Furthermore, we used BVR to compute the center of rotation behavior of the wrist joint, to evaluate the articulation pattern of the components of the implant upon one another, and to assess the dynamic change of ulnar variance during pronosupination of the forearm. In the future, carpal bones may be captured in greater detail with the addition of flat panel X-ray detectors, more X-ray sources (i.e., multiplanar videoradiography), or advanced computer vision algorithms.

Biplanar videoradiography (BVR) is an advanced imaging technique for understanding the three-dimensional movement of skeletal bones and implants. Combining density-based image volumes and videoradiographs of the distal upper extremity, BVR is used to study the in vivo motion of the wrist and distal radioulnar joint, as well as joint arthroplasties.

Accurate measurement of skeletal kinematics in vivo is essential for understanding normal joint function, the influence of pathology, disease progression, ...

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

The shoulder is one of the human body's most complex joint systems, with motion occurring through the coordinated actions of four individual joints, multiple ligaments, and approximately 20 muscles. Unfortunately, shoulder pathologies (e.g., rotator cuff tears, joint dislocations, arthritis) are common, resulting in substantial pain, disability, and decreased quality of life. The specific etiology for many of these pathologic conditions is not fully understood, but it is generally accepted that shoulder pathology is often associated with altered joint motion. Unfortunately, measuring shoulder motion with the necessary level of accuracy to investigate motion-based hypotheses is not trivial. However, radiographic-based motion measurement techniques have provided the advancement necessary to investigate motion-based hypotheses and provide a mechanistic understanding of shoulder function. Thus, the purpose of this article is to describe the approaches for measuring shoulder motion using a custom biplanar videoradiography system. The specific objectives of this article are to describe the protocols to acquire biplanar videoradiographic images of the shoulder complex, acquire CT scans, develop 3D bone models, locate anatomical landmarks, track the position and orientation of the humerus, scapula, and torso from the biplanar radiographic images, and calculate the kinematic outcome measures. In addition, the article will describe special considerations unique to the shoulder when measuring joint kinematics using this approach.

Biplane videoradiography can quantify shoulder kinematics with a high degree of accuracy. The protocol described herein was specifically designed to track the scapula, humerus, and the ribs during planar humeral elevation, and outlines the procedures for data collection, processing, and analysis. Unique considerations for data collection are also described.

使用双平面影像学测量 3D 体内肩部运动学

The shoulder is one of the human body's most complex joint systems, with motion occurring through the coordinated actions of four individual joints, ...

Three-Dimensional Finger Motion Tracking during Needling: A Solution for the Kinematic Analysis of Acupuncture Manipulation

Three-dimensional (3D) motion tracking has been used in many fields, such as the researches of sport and medical skills. This experiment aimed to use 3D motion tracking technology to measure the kinematic parameters of the joints of fingers during acupuncture manipulation (AM) and establish three technical indicators "amplitude, velocity and time". This method can reflect the operation characteristics of AM and provide quantitative parameters along three axes of multiple finger joints. The current evidence shows that the method has great potential for future applications such as the study of the dose-effect relationship of acupuncture, teaching, and learning of AM, and the measurement and preservation of famous acupuncturists' AM.

This experimental method describes a solution for the kinematic analysis of acupuncture manipulation with three-dimensional finger motion tracking technology.

针刺过程中的三维手指运动跟踪:针灸操作运动学分析的解决方案

Three-dimensional (3D) motion tracking has been used in many fields, such as the researches of sport and medical skills. This experiment aimed to use 3D ...

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Several hip pathologies have been attributed to abnormal morphology with an underlying assumption of aberrant biomechanics. However, structure-function relationships at the joint level remain challenging to quantify due to difficulties in accurately measuring dynamic joint motion. The soft tissue artifact errors inherent in optical skin marker motion capture are exacerbated by the depth of the hip joint within the body and the large mass of soft tissue surrounding the joint. Thus, the complex relationship between bone shape and hip joint kinematics is more difficult to study accurately than in other joints. Herein, a protocol incorporating computed tomography (CT) arthrography, three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of volumetric images, dual fluoroscopy, and optical motion capture to accurately measure the dynamic motion of the hip joint is presented. The technical and clinical studies that have applied dual fluoroscopy to study form-function relationships of the hip using this protocol are summarized, and the specific steps and future considerations for data acquisition, processing, and analysis are described.

In Vivo Quantification of Hip Arthrokinematics during Dynamic Weight-bearing Activities using Dual Fluoroscopy

Dual fluoroscopy accurately captures in vivo dynamic motion of human joints, which can be visualized relative to reconstructed anatomy (e.g., arthrokinematics). Herein, a detailed protocol to quantify hip arthrokinematics during weight-bearing activities of daily living is presented, including the integration of dual fluoroscopy with traditional skin marker motion capture.

在维沃 使用双氟镜检查进行动态负重活动时臀部关节肌学的量化

Several hip pathologies have been attributed to abnormal morphology with an underlying assumption of aberrant biomechanics. However, structure-function ...

Using Point of Care Ultrasound to Augment Acquisition of Physical Exam Skills: Knee and Shoulder

Source: Joseph H. Donroe, Rachel Liu; Yale School of Medicine, USA
Point of Care Ultrasound or POCUS is easy to use, has enhanced mobility due to the smaller equipment needed, and may be carried out in a variety of settings. It is also far safer and cheaper than imaging techniques like computer tomography.
POCUS can be helpful when certain physical exam findings are difficult to appreciate by palpation, percussion, or auscultation and can facilitate learning elements of the cardiac, pulmonary, abdominal, musculoskeletal, and vascular exams.
With ultrasound, the anatomy of the knee and shoulder are easily visualized, thus allowing a better understanding of the anatomic basis for many exam maneuvers.&#160; Ultrasound allows for the detection of tendons, ligaments, and muscle injury, the presence of fluid, structural abnormalities, and bone fractures in the musculoskeletal region.
In the case of the knee, ultrasound is helpful in the detection of injuries of the quadriceps and patellar tendons; injuries of the medial and lateral collateral ligaments; meniscal tears; effusions; degenerative changes; bursitis of the suprapatellar, prepatellar, infrapatellar, and pes anserine bursae; and other similar diseases. On the other hand, in the shoulder, ultrasound can be useful in the diagnosis of rotator cuff disease, biceps brachii injury, and acromioclavicular joint disease, among other shoulder pathologies.
Ultrasound is also a dynamic imaging modality that can highlight the movement of joints and muscles in real-time. Therefore, it can lead to the improved acquisition of exam skills when performed in conjunction with the specific maneuvers. For example, shoulder impingement syndrome can be better understood by learners of the physical exam by seeing the anatomy and dynamic movements under ultrasound.
Examination of the musculoskeletal system is a particularly difficult skill to acquire, involving the integration of the technical skills to perform specific maneuvers with the relevant clinical anatomy and physiology of joints. Overall, the integration of ultrasound with other clinical skills results in improved confidence and accuracy in the performance of the physical exam. In this video, we will demonstrate how to use POCUS to facilitate learning the examination of the knee and shoulder.

使用床旁超声来增强体格检查技能的习得:膝关节和肩关节

Source: Joseph H. Donroe, Rachel Liu; Yale School of Medicine, USA
Point of Care Ultrasound or POCUS is easy to use, has enhanced mobility due to the ...

动态肩胛运动学使用的肩峰标记集群尽量减少与皮肤运动伪影测量

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

动态运动过程中骨应变的学科特异性肌肉模型研究

肩上粘 Capsulitis 大鼠模型的建立

使用顺序 3D-3D 注册进行四维 CT 分析

大型流行病学研究儿童人体测量评估

Biplanar Videoradiography to Study the Wrist and Distal Radioulnar Joints

使用双平面影像学测量 3D 体内肩部运动学

针刺过程中的三维手指运动跟踪:针灸操作运动学分析的解决方案

在维沃使用双氟镜检查进行动态负重活动时臀部关节肌学的量化

使用床旁超声来增强体格检查技能的习得:膝关节和肩关节

动态肩胛运动学使用的肩峰标记集群尽量减少与皮肤运动伪影测量

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

Biplanar Videoradiography Dataset for Model-based Pose Estimation Development and New User Training

动态运动过程中骨应变的学科特异性肌肉模型研究

肩上粘 Capsulitis 大鼠模型的建立

使用顺序 3D-3D 注册进行四维 CT 分析

大型流行病学研究儿童人体测量评估

Biplanar Videoradiography to Study the Wrist and Distal Radioulnar Joints

使用双平面影像学测量 3D 体内肩部运动学

针刺过程中的三维手指运动跟踪:针灸操作运动学分析的解决方案

在维沃 使用双氟镜检查进行动态负重活动时臀部关节肌学的量化

使用床旁超声来增强体格检查技能的习得:膝关节和肩关节

在维沃使用双氟镜检查进行动态负重活动时臀部关节肌学的量化