This work lies within the multidisciplinary Southampton Musculoskeletal Research Unit (Southampton University Hospitals Trust/University of Southampton) and the Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis. The authors wish to thank their funding sources; Arthritis Research UK for funding of laboratory equipment (Grant No: 18512) and Vicon Motion System, Oxford UK for providing funding for a PhD studentship (M.Warner). The authors also wish to thank the participants, and Kate Scott and Lindsay Pringle for their help with participant recruitment.

<ol>
	<li>Kibler, W. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+implications+of+scapular+dyskinesis+in+shoulder+injury:+the+2013+consensus+statement+from+the+'scapular+summit'.">Clinical implications of scapular dyskinesis in shoulder injury: the 2013 consensus statement from the 'scapular summit'.</a> British Journal of Sports Medicine. 47, 877-885 (2013).</li><li>Luckasiewicz, A. C., McClure, P. W., Michener, L. A., Pratt, N., Sennett, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+3-dimensional+scapular+position+and+orientation+between+subjects+with+and+without+shoulder+impingement.">Comparison of 3-dimensional scapular position and orientation between subjects with and without shoulder impingement.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 29, 574-586 (1999).</li><li>Ludewig, P. M., Cook, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+shoulder+kinematics+and+associated+muscle+activity+in+people+with+symptoms+of+shoulder+impingement.">Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement.</a> Physical Therapy. 80, 276-291 (2000).</li><li>McClure, P. W., Bialker, J., Neff, N., Williams, G., Karduna, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shoulder+function+and+3-dimensional+kinematics+in+people+with+shoulder+impingement+syndrome+before+and+after+a+6-week+exercise+program.">Shoulder function and 3-dimensional kinematics in people with shoulder impingement syndrome before and after a 6-week exercise program.</a> Physical Therapy. 84, 832-848 (2004).</li><li>Lin, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+activity+characteristics+of+individuals+with+shoulder+dysfunctions.">Functional activity characteristics of individuals with shoulder dysfunctions.</a> Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 15, 576-586 (2005).</li><li>Tate, A. R., McClure, P. W., Kareha, S., Irwin, D., Barbe, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+clinical+method+for+identifying+scapular+dykinesis,+Part+2:+Validity.">A clinical method for identifying scapular dykinesis, Part 2: Validity.</a> Journal of Athletic Training. 44, 165-173 (2009).</li><li>Timmons, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scapular+kinematics+and+subacromial-impingement+syndrome:+a+meta-analysis.">Scapular kinematics and subacromial-impingement syndrome: a meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Sports Rehabilitation. 21, 354-370 (2012).</li><li>Endo, K. Y. K., Yasui, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+age+on+scapulo-thoracic+orientation.">Influence of age on scapulo-thoracic orientation.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 16, 1009-1013 (2004).</li><li>Lovern, B., Stroud, L. A., Evans, R. O., Evans, S. L., Holt, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+tracking+of+the+scapula+using+skin-mounted+markers.">Dynamic tracking of the scapula using skin-mounted markers.</a> Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers. 223, 823-831 (2009).</li><li>Inman, V. T., Sanders, J. B., Abbott, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observations+on+the+function+of+the+shoulder+joint.">Observations on the function of the shoulder joint.</a> Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Am). 26, 1-30 (1944).</li><li>Saha, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanics+of+elevation+of+the+glenohumeral+joint.">Mechanics of elevation of the glenohumeral joint.</a> Acta Orthopaedica Scandanavia. 44, 668 (1973).</li><li>Freedman, L., Munro, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abduction+of+the+arm+in+the+scapular+plane:+scapular+and+glenohumeral+movements.+A+roentgenographic+study.">Abduction of the arm in the scapular plane: scapular and glenohumeral movements. A roentgenographic study.</a> Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Am). 48, 1503-1510 (1966).</li><li>Poppen, N. K., Walker, P. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+and+abnormal+motion+of+the+shoulder.">Normal and abnormal motion of the shoulder.</a> Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (Am). 58, 195-201 (1976).</li><li>Graichen, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance-based+motion+analysis+of+the+shoulder+during+elevation).">Magnetic resonance-based motion analysis of the shoulder during elevation).</a> Clinical Orthopedic Related Research. 370, 154-163 (2000).</li><li>Youdas, J. W., Carey, J. R., Garrett, T. R., Suman, V. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+of+goniometric+measurements+of+active+arm+elevation+in+the+scapula+plane+obtained+in+a+clinical+setting.">Reliability of goniometric measurements of active arm elevation in the scapula plane obtained in a clinical setting.</a> Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 75, 1137-1144 (1994).</li><li>Doody, S. G., Freedman, L., Waterland, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shoudler+movement+during+abduction+in+the+scapula+plane.">Shoudler movement during abduction in the scapula plane.</a> Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 51, 595-604 (1970).</li><li>Karduna, A. R., McClure, P. W., Michener, L. A., Sennett, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+measurements+of+three-dimensional+scapular+kinematics:+a+validation+study.">Dynamic measurements of three-dimensional scapular kinematics: a validation study.</a> Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 123, 184-191 (2001).</li><li>McClure, P. W., Michener, L. A., Sennett, B., Karduna, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+3-dimensional+measurement+of+scapular+kinematics+during+dynamic+movements+in+vivo.">Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo.</a> Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 10, 269-277 (2001).</li><li>Bourne, D. A., Choo, A. M. T., Regan, W. D., MacIntyre, D. L., Oxland, T. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+rotation+of+the+scapula+during+functional+movements:+an+in+vivo+study+in+healthy+volunteers.">Three-dimensional rotation of the scapula during functional movements: an in vivo study in healthy volunteers.</a> Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 16, 150-162 (2007).</li><li>Braman, J. P., Engel, S. C., LaPrade, R. F., Ludewig, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+assessment+of+scapulohumeral+rhythm+during+unconstrained+overhead+reaching+in+asymptomatic+subjects.">In vivo assessment of scapulohumeral rhythm during unconstrained overhead reaching in asymptomatic subjects.</a> Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 16, 960-967 (2009).</li><li>Ludewig, P. M., Hassett, D. R., LaPrade, R. F., Camargo, J. A., Braman, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+scapular+local+coordinate+systems.">Comparison of scapular local coordinate systems.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 25, 415-421 (2010).</li><li>Ludewig, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+of+the+shoulder+complex+during+multiplanar+humeral+elevation.">Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation.</a> The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 91, 378-389 (2009).</li><li>Johnson, G. R., Stuart, P. R., Mitchell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+measurement+of+three-dimensional+scapular+movement.">A method for the measurement of three-dimensional scapular movement.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 8, 269-274 (1993).</li><li>Helm, F. C., Pronk, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+recording+and+description+of+motions+of+the+shoulder+mechanism.">Three-dimensional recording and description of motions of the shoulder mechanism.</a> Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 117, 27-40 (1995).</li><li>McQuade, K. J., Smidt, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Scapulohumeral+rhythm:+The+effects+of+external+resistance+during+elevation+of+the+arm+in+the+scapular+plane.">Dynamic Scapulohumeral rhythm: The effects of external resistance during elevation of the arm in the scapular plane.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 27, 9 (1998).</li><li>Matsui, K., Shimada, K., Andrew, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deviation+of+skin+marker+from+bone+target+during+movement+of+the+scapula.">Deviation of skin marker from bone target during movement of the scapula.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 11, 180-184 (2006).</li><li>Meskers, C. G. M., Jvan de Sande, M. A., de Groot, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+between+tripod+and+skin-fixed+recording+of+scapular+motion.">Comparison between tripod and skin-fixed recording of scapular motion.</a> J. Biomech. 40, 941-948 (2007).</li><li>Andel, C. J., van Hutten, K., Eversdijk, M., Veeger, D. J., Harlaar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recording+scapular+motion+using+an+acromion+marker+cluster.">Recording scapular motion using an acromion marker cluster.</a> Gait and Posture. 29, 123-128 (2009).</li><li>Warner, M. B., Chappell, P. H., Stokes, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+scapular+kinematics+during+arm+lowering+using+the+acromion+marker+cluster.">Measuring scapular kinematics during arm lowering using the acromion marker cluster.</a> Hum. Mov. Sci. 31, 386-396 (2012).</li><li>Worsley, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+control+retraining+exercises+for+shoulder+impingement:+effects+on+function,+muscle+activation,+and+biomechanics+in+young+adults.">Motor control retraining exercises for shoulder impingement: effects on function, muscle activation, and biomechanics in young adults.</a> Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 22, e11-e19 (2013).</li><li>Shaheen, A. F., Alexander, C. M., Bull, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+attachment+position+and+shoulder+orientation+during+calibration+on+the+accuracy+of+the+acromial+tracker.">Effects of attachment position and shoulder orientation during calibration on the accuracy of the acromial tracker.</a> J. Biomech. 44, 1410-1413 (2011).</li><li>Prinold, J. A. I., Shaheen, A. F., Bull, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin-fixed+scapula+trackers:+A+comparison+of+two+dynamic+methods+across+a+range+of+calibration+positions.">Skin-fixed scapula trackers: A comparison of two dynamic methods across a range of calibration positions.</a> J. Biomech. 44, 2004-2007 (2011).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISB+recommendation+on+definitions+of+joint+coordinate+systems+of+the+various+joints+for+the+reporting+of+human+joint+motion+-+Part+II:+shoulder,+elbow,+wrist+and+hand.">ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of the various joints for the reporting of human joint motion - Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand.</a> J. Biomech. 38, 981-992 (2005).</li><li>Karduna, A. R., McClure, P. W., Michener, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scapular+kinematics:+effects+of+altering+the+Euler+angle+sequence+of+rotations.">Scapular kinematics: effects of altering the Euler angle sequence of rotations.</a> J. Biomech. 33, 1063-1068 (2000).</li><li>Veeger, H. E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+position+of+the+rotation+center+of+the+glenohumeral+joint.">The position of the rotation center of the glenohumeral joint.</a> J. Biomech. 33, 1711-1715 (2000).</li><li>Doorenbosch, C. A. M., Harlaar, J., Veeger, H. E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+globe+system:+an+unambiguous+description+of+shoulder+positions+in+daily+life+movements.">The globe system: an unambiguous description of shoulder positions in daily life movements.</a> J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 40, 147-156 (2003).</li><li>Kadaba, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeatability+of+kinematic,+kinetic,+and+electromyographic+data+in+normal+adult+gait.">Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 7, 849-860 (1989).</li><li>Schwartz, M. H., Trost, J. P., Wervey, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+management+of+errors+in+quantitative+gait+data.">Measurement and management of errors in quantitative gait data.</a> Gait and Posture. 20, 196-203 (2004).</li><li>Jaspers, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reliability+of+upper+limb+kinematics+in+children+with+hemiplegic+cerebral+palsy.">The reliability of upper limb kinematics in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.</a> Gait and Posture. 33, 568-575 (2011).</li><li>Thigpen, C. A., Gross, M. T., Karas, S. G., Garrett, W. E., Yu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+repeatability+of+scapular+rotations+across+three+planes+of+humeral+elevation.">The repeatability of scapular rotations across three planes of humeral elevation.</a> Research in Sports Medicine. 13, 181-198 (2005).</li><li>Groot, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+variability+of+shoulder+motions+recorded+by+means+of+palpation.">The variability of shoulder motions recorded by means of palpation.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 12, 461-472 (1997).</li></ol>

None of the authors had any affiliation with any organization that could influence the outcome of this work.

اختيار منهجية تحديد الكينماتيكا كتفي أمر بالغ الأهمية، وينبغي إيلاء الاعتبار للصحة، والموثوقية ومدى ملاءمتها للدراسة بحثية. وقد اعتمدت أساليب مختلفة في جميع أنحاء الأدب ولكن كل طريقة لها حدودها. الكتلة الأخرم علامة تتغلب على عدد من هذه القيود، مثل أخطاء الإسقاط من ...

موضوعي، وقياس كمي لالكينماتيكا كتفي يمكن أن توفر تقييما لأنماط حركة غير طبيعية المرتبطة الكتف اختلال وظيفي 1، مثل انخفاض دوران التصاعدي والميل الخلفي خلال ذراع الارتفاع الملحوظ في الكتف اصطدام 2-8. قياس الكينماتيكا كتفي، ومع ذلك، من الصعب نظرا لموقف بالغ العظم وتتجسد الطبيعة تحت سطح الجلد 1. تقنيات نموذجية قياس الحركية للربط علامات عاكسة على المعالم التشريحية لا تتبع بشكل كاف لوح الكتف كما ينساب تحت سطح الجلد 9. وقد تم اعتماد أساليب مختلفة في جميع أنحاء الأدب للتغلب على هذه الصعوبات، بما في ذلك؛ التصوير (الأشعة السينية أو بالرنين المغناطيسي) 10-14، 15،16 المنقل مقياس الزوايا، ودبابيس العظام 17-22، 23،24 اليدوي الجس، وطريقة الأخرم 3،5،19،25. كل طريقة، ولكن، لها حدودها والتي تشمل: السابقposure للإشعاع، وأخطاء الإسقاط في حالة صورة ثنائية الأبعاد التحليل القائم، تتطلب تكرار تفسير شخصي لموقع لوح الكتف، هي ثابتة في الطبيعة أو هي الغازية العالية (مثل دبابيس العظام). الحل للتغلب على بعض هذه الصعوبات هو استخدام طريقة الأخرم حيث يتم إرفاق جهاز استشعار الكهرومغناطيسي إلى الجزء المسطح من الأخرم 25، جزء مسطح من العظام التي تمتد الأمامية في الجزء الجانبي الأكثر من لوح الكتف المؤدية من العمود الفقري لل لوح الكتف. الفكرة من حيث المبدأ وراء باستخدام طريقة الأخرم هو للحد من حركة الجلد قطعة أثرية، كما ثبت الأخرم لديك أقل قدر من حركة الجلد قطعة أثرية مقارنة مع غيرها من المواقع على لوح الكتف 26. طريقة الأخرم هو غير الغازية، ويقدم قياس ثلاثي الأبعاد ديناميكية من الكينماتيكا كتفي. وقد أظهرت الدراسات المصادقة طريقة الأخرم لتكون صالحة تصل إلى 120 درجة خلال الذراع ايلالمرحلة evation عند استخدام أجهزة الاستشعار الكهرومغناطيسية 17،27. عند استخدام أجهزة التقاط الحركة علامة على أساس سلسلة من علامات مرتبة في كتلة، كتلة الأخرم علامة (AMC)، مطلوب ولقد ثبت لتكون صالحة عند استخدام نشطة-علامة التقاط الحركة نظام 28 وبينما باستخدام-علامة سلبية نظام التقاط الحركة خلال ارتفاع ذراع وذراع خفض 29. وقد استخدم استخدام AMC مع علامة الحركة جهاز التقاط السلبي لقياس الكينماتيكا كتفي لتقييم التغيرات في الكينماتيكا كتفي بعد تدخل لمعالجة الكتف اصطدام 30. استخدام صحيح لهذه الطريقة، ومع ذلك، يعتمد على القدرة على تطبيق دقيق لمجموعة من علامات، والموقف منها وقد تبين أن تؤثر على النتائج 31، معايرة المعالم التشريحية 32 وضمان حركات الذراع تقع ضمن نطاق صالح الحركة (أي اقل من 120 درجة الذراع الارتفاع) 29. هذاكما تم اقترح إعادة تقديم الطلب من الكتلة علامة، عند استخدام نظام التقاط الحركة النشطة علامة مقرها، وجدت لتكون مصدرا لزيادة الخطأ الميل كتفي الخلفي 28. ولذلك، المهم وضع موثوقية بين يوما من طريقة الأخرم لضمان أنه يوفر مقياسا مستقرة من الكينماتيكا كتفي. ضمان قياسات موثوقة سيمكن التغيرات في الكينماتيكا كتفي، وذلك بسبب تدخل، على سبيل المثال، إلى أن تقاس وفحصها. وقد وصفت الطرق المستخدمة لقياس الكينماتيكا كتفي أماكن أخرى 29،33. كان الهدف من هذه الدراسة إلى تقديم دليل ومرجع أداة خطوة بخطوة لتطبيق هذه الطرق باستخدام نظام التقاط الحركة السلبي، علامة، مع النظر في المصادر المحتملة للخطأ، ودراسة إمكانية الاعتماد على طريقة القياس .

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="583">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Passive marker capture system</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Nexus</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Data capture software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Bodybuilder</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Modeling software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">14 mm retro reflective markers</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VACC-V162B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">6.5mm retro reflective markers</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VACC-V166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Calibration wand</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Plastic base</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Constructed &#39;in-house&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Numerical modelling software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics using an acromion marker cluster to minimize skin movement artifact

قياس الكينماتيكا كتفي ديناميكية معقدة نظرا لطبيعة الانزلاق من لوح الكتف تحت سطح الجلد. وكان الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو وصف واضح للطريقة العنقودية الأخرم علامة (AMC) لتحديد الكينماتيكا كتفي عند استخدام نظام التقاط علامة الحركة السلبي، مع إيلاء الاعتبار لمصادر الخطأ التي يمكن أن تؤثر على صحة وموثوقية القياسات. ينطوي على طريقة AMC وضع مجموعة من علامات على الأخرم الخلفي، ومن خلال معايرة المعالم التشريحية فيما يتعلق الكتلة علامة أنه من الممكن للحصول على قياسات صحيحة من الكينماتيكا كتفي. تم فحص موثوقية من الأسلوب بين يومين في مجموعة من 15 أشخاص أصحاء (الذين تتراوح أعمارهم بين 19-38 عاما، ثمانية ذكور)، وأدوا الذراع الارتفاع، إلى 120 درجة مئوية، وخفض في أمامي، كتفي والطائرات السهمي. وأظهرت النتائج أن موثوقية بين اليوم كانت جيدة للتناوب كتفي التصاعدي (معامل ... المزيد الصورةالارتباط iple. CMC = 0.92) والميل الخلفي (CMC = 0.70) ولكن معرض للتناوب الداخلي (CMC = 0.53) خلال المرحلة الذراع الارتفاع. كان الخطأ الموجي أقل للدوران التصاعدي (2.7 درجة الى 4.4 درجة) والميل الخلفي (1.3 درجة الى 2.8 درجة)، مقارنة مع دوران داخلي (5.4 درجة الى 7.3 درجة). وكانت الموثوقية خلال مرحلة خفض مماثلة لنتائج لوحظ خلال مرحلة الارتفاع. إذا تم الالتزام بروتوكول الواردة في هذه الدراسة، تقدم AMC قياس موثوق للدوران التصاعدي والميل الخلفي خلال الارتفاع ومراحل خفض حركة الذراع.

تم تجنيد خمسة عشر المشاركين الذين قد لا يعرف تاريخ اصابات في الكتف والرقبة أو الذراع على الدراسة (الجدول 2). لتقييم داخل التصنيفات (بين يوم) الموثوقية، وحضر المشاركون دورتين جمع البيانات مفصولة 24 ساعة على الأقل وبحد أقصى 7 أيام. خلال كل دورة جمع البيانات، وإجر?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

ويعرض هذا التقرير تفاصيل عن كيفية اعتماد طريقة العنقودية الأخرم علامة للحصول على الكينماتيكا كتفي عند استخدام جهاز علامة التقاط الحركة السلبي. كما وصفت في الأدب، وهذه الطريقة توفر قياس قوي، غير الغازية، ثلاثي الأبعاد، ودينامية وصالح الكينماتيكا كتفي، والتقليل من حركة الجلد قطعة أثرية.

قياس من ديناميك الثوب الكينماتيكا باستخدام العنقودية الأخرم ماركر لتقليل قطعة أثرية حركة الجلد

The measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics is complex due to the sliding nature of the scapula beneath the skin surface. The aim of the study was to ...

measurement-dynamic-scapular-kinematics-using-an-acromion-marker

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

19.0K Views.  University of Southampton.  ويعرض هذا التقرير تفاصيل عن كيفية اعتماد طريقة العنقودية الأخرم علامة للحصول على الكينماتيكا كتفي عند استخدام جهاز علامة التقاط الحركة السلبي. كما وصفت في الأدب، وهذه الطريقة توفر قياس قوي، غير الغازية، ثلاثي الأبعاد، ودينامية وصالح الك?...

Video: Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues as well as altered cytokine homeostasis. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and other endogenous danger stimuli. One of the major cytokines released by innate immune cells is Interleukin (IL)-1. Therefore, we utilize a whole blood stimulation assay in order to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and specifically of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1&beta; 1, 2, 3.
Patients with genetic dysfunctions of the innate immune system causing autoinflammatory syndromes show an exaggerated release of mature IL-1&beta; upon stimulation with LPS alone. In order to evaluate the innate immune component of patients who present with inflammatory-associated pathologies, we use a specific immunoassay to detect cellular immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These PAMPs are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on the cells of the innate immune system 4, 5, 6, 7. A primary signal, LPS, in conjunction with a secondary signal, ATP, is necessary for the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-IL-1&beta; to its mature, bioactive form 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
The whole blood assay requires minimal sample manipulation to assess cytokine production when compared to other methods that require labor intensive isolation and culturing of specific cell populations. This method differs from other whole blood stimulation assays; rather than diluting samples with a ratio of RPMI media, we perform a white blood cell count directly from diluted whole blood and therefore, stimulate a known number of white blood cells in culture 2. The results of this particular whole blood assay demonstrate a novel technique useful in elucidating patient cohorts presenting with autoinflammatory pathophysiologies.

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&amp;#946; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

We describe a simple immunoassay to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta production, in patients presenting with autoinflammatory phenotypes. By activating cells in whole blood cultures with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, specifically with lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion can be conveniently evaluated in whole blood supernatants.

دقيقة وبسيطة قياس الموالية للالتهابات سايتوكاين 1β ايل باستخدام تحفيز الدم الجامعة الفحص

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

الكمية التصور والكشف عن سرطان الجلد باستخدام التصوير الحراري الديناميكي

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

قياس وعلاج الحول في قمع

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes.
Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session.
This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.

Retraining abnormal movement patterns following injury or disease is a key component of physical rehabilitation. Recent advances in technology have permitted accurate assessment of movement during a variety of tasks, with near instantaneous quantification of results. This provides new opportunities for modification of faulty movement patterns in real time.

حركة إعادة التدريب في الوقت الحقيقي باستخدام ملاحظات من الأداء

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

باستخدام الكمي في الوقت الحقيقي PCR لتحديد الجهات المانحة Engraftment خلية في التنافسية نموذج الفئران زرع نخاع العظم

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

التباين الديناميكي المحسن التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي لنموذج مثلي سرطان البنكرياس ماوس

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to assess human gait. The primary aim of this manuscript is to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by a smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. The secondary aim was to develop a protocol for clinicians on the set up of the smartphone camera for video movement analysis.
The sagittal plane knee angle was measured during heel strike and toe off events using the smart phone app and a 3D motion-capture system in 32 healthy subjects. Three trials were performed at near (2-m) and far (4-m) smartphone camera distances. The order of the distances was randomized. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the height of the camera based on either the subject&#39;s height or leg length.
Absolute measurement errors were least during toe off (3.12 &#177; 5.44 degrees) compared to heel strike (5.81 &#177; 5.26 degrees). There were significant (p &#60; 0.05) but moderate agreements between the application and 3D motion capture measures of knee angles. There were also no significant (p &#62; 0.05) differences between the absolute measurement errors between the two camera positions. The measurement errors averaged between 3 - 5 degrees during toe off and heel strike events of the gait cycle.
The use of smartphone apps can be a useful tool in the clinic for performing gait or human movement analysis. Further studies are needed to establish the accuracy in measuring movements of the upper extremity and trunk.

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study

This manuscript describes the method to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by the smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. This protocol will enable clinicians to set up smartphones for video capture of human movement.

فيديو تحليل الحركة عن طريق الهواتف الذكية (VIMAS): دراسة استطلاعية

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

التصوير بالموجات فوق الصوتية ثلاثية الأبعاد: مورفوميتري سريعة وفعالة من حيث التكلفة لانسجة العضلات والعظام

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

A Novel Approach to Overcome Movement Artifact When Using a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging System for Alternating Speeds of Blood Microcirculation

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic responses, the LSCI is used in the same way as a conventional Laser Doppler Imager (LDI). However, with a maximum skin depth of approximately 1 mm, the LSCI is designed to focus on mainly superficial blood flow. It is used to measure skin surface areas of up to 15 cm x 20 cm. The new technique introduced in this paper accounts for alternating speeds of microcirculations; i.e. both slow and fast flow flux measurement using the LSCI. The novel technique also overcomes LSCI&#39;s biggest shortcoming, which is high sensitivity to artifact movement. An adhesive opaque patch (AOP) is introduced for satisfactory recording of microcirculatory blood flow, by subtracting the LSCI signal from the AOP from the laser speckle skin signal. The optimal setting is also defined because the LSCI is most powerful when flux changes are measured relative to a reference baseline, with blood microcirculatory flux expressed as a percentage change from the baseline. These changes may be used for analyzing the status of the blood flow system.

This study introduces a novel technique for the measurement and analysis of alternating speeds of blood microcirculation in a single experiment using a laser speckle contrast imager.

نهج جديد للتغلب على حركة القطع الأثرية عند استخدام تباين البقع واللطخ ليزر نظام تصوير للتناوب بسرعة دوران الأوعية الدقيقة الدم

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic ...

Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart

Coronary arterial tone along with the opening or closing of the capillaries largely determine the blood flow to cardiomyocytes at constant perfusion pressure. However, it is difficult to monitor the dynamic changes of the coronary arterioles and the capillaries in the whole heart, primarily due to its motion and non-stop beating. Here we describe a method that enables monitoring of arterial perfusion rate, pressure and the diameter changes of the arterioles and capillaries in mouse right ventricular papillary muscles. The mouse septal artery is cannulated and perfused at a constant flow or pressure with the other dynamically measured. After perfusion with a fluorescently labeled lectin (e.g., Alexa Fluor-488 or -633 labeled Wheat-Germ Agglutinin, WGA), the arterioles and capillaries (and other vessels) in right ventricle papillary muscle and septum could be readily imaged. The vessel-diameter changes could then be measured in the presence or absence of heart contractions. When genetically encoded fluorescent proteins were expressed, specific features could be monitored. For examples, pericytes were visualized in mouse hearts that expressed NG2-DsRed. This method has provided a useful platform to study the physiological functions of capillary pericytes in heart. It is also suitable for studying the effect of reagents on the blood flow in heart by measuring the vascular/capillary diameter and the arterial luminal pressure simultaneously. This preparation, combined with a state-of-the-art optic imaging system, allows one to study the blood flow and its control at cellular and molecular level in the heart under near-physiological conditions.

Presented here is a protocol to study the coronary microcirculation in living murine heart tissue by ex vivo monitoring of the arterial perfusion pressure and flow that maintains the pressure, as well as vascular tree components including the capillary beds and pericytes, as the septal artery is cannulated and pressurized.

دينامية القياس والتصوير من الشعيرات الدموية، والشريين، و Pericytes في قلب الماوس

Coronary arterial tone along with the opening or closing of the capillaries largely determine the blood flow to cardiomyocytes at constant perfusion ...