This work lies within the multidisciplinary Southampton Musculoskeletal Research Unit (Southampton University Hospitals Trust/University of Southampton) and the Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis. The authors wish to thank their funding sources; Arthritis Research UK for funding of laboratory equipment (Grant No: 18512) and Vicon Motion System, Oxford UK for providing funding for a PhD studentship (M.Warner). The authors also wish to thank the participants, and Kate Scott and Lindsay Pringle for their help with participant recruitment.

注：使用人类参与者批准健康科学伦理委员会的才干在南安普敦大学。所有参与者签署同意书之前的数据收集展开。在这项研究中运动提供的数据使用由12台摄像机被动标志运动捕捉系统记录; 6 400万像素的摄像头，并在120赫兹的采样频率运行6个16万像素的摄像头。 1.参与者准备<ol><li>要求受试者以消除他们的上身衣服或佩戴运动胸罩，马甲，或者露肩顶部。它能使衣服不干扰所述标记物的移动或从照相机的视图阻塞标记是很重要的。 </li><li>构造一个肩峰标记簇组成的一“L”形的塑料片为70mm沿着各方面的长度。附上3回射标记物的AMC，一个在各方面中的各端的端部和1其中eACH方面满足（ 图1）。 </li><li>附上肩峰标记簇（AMC）上，其中肩峰符合肩胛冈，使用双面胶带肩峰的后部。板应遵循肩胛骨指向内侧的脊柱的一个方面，另外应前指向肩胛平面（ 图1）。 </li><li>附加集群标志设置为使用带（ 图2）上臂。 </li><li>附加的回射标记物为以下解剖学界标在推荐的生物力学33的国际协会（ 图1和2）：胸骨切迹（IJ;胸骨切迹的最深关节），剑突（PX;对大多数胸骨尾点）， C7（棘突的C7椎体的过程），T8（T8的椎体棘突），胸锁关节（SC;在胸锁关节最腹点），桡骨茎突（大多数尾POINT上的桡骨茎突）和尺骨茎突（大多数在尺骨茎突尾点）。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/51717/51717fig1highres.jpg" /> 图1：肩峰标记集群的位置，C7和T8解剖标志这一数字已经从华纳，MB，查普尔，PH和斯托克斯，MJ修饰手臂使用肩峰标记集群坎降低时测量肩胛运动学。乐章。科学31，386-396，DOI：HTTP：//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2011.07.004（2012年）。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/51717/51717fig2highres.jpg" /> 图2：胸骨切迹标记位置（IJ），剑突（PX），胸锁（SC），上臂集群，尺骨茎突（美国），桡骨茎突（RS）。 2. Participan吨校准注：需要的肩胛骨的解剖标志位置应相对于肩峰标记集群确定。需要每个参与者的地标校准。 <ol><li>构建一个校准棒组成的置入“T”形成（ 图3）4的反射标记。测量从所述校准棒，所述第一棒标记的前端的距离。 </li><li>触诊并找到以下解剖标志所推荐的生物力学33国际协会。广场上的地标性校准杖尖（ 图3）。捕捉运动捕捉系统，确保对棒标记数据三秒钟，AMC和上臂集群都是可见的摄像头。 <ol><li>肩锁关节（AC） - 放在锁骨一只手，然后横向移动，直到那里的锁骨达到肩峰点。将杖尖在锁骨肩峰和之间的联合。 </li><li>肩峰角（AA）， - 触诊沿肩胛骨到最外侧点脊柱。放置在肩峰背侧棒的前端在最外侧点（ 图3）。 </li><li>肩胛骨（TS）的内侧棘 - 触诊沿肩胛骨最中间点的脊椎。将杖尖在那里脊柱符合肩胛骨内侧缘点。 </li><li>肩胛骨（AI）的下角 - 下方触诊沿肩胛骨内侧缘。将杖尖上的肩胛骨最尾点。 </li><li>肱骨内上髁（EM） - 以90度的屈曲指向前方，与他们的拇指朝上参与者的弯头，放置在内侧肘部的手来定位内上髁。将杖尖上的肱骨内上髁的最尾端点。 </li&gt; <li>侧向上髁（EL） - 随着参与者的弯头在90度屈曲的指向前方，与他们的拇指朝上，放置在肘的侧面手来定位外上髁。将杖尖上外上髁的最尾端点。 </li></ol></li><li>要确定盂肱关节中心，要求参与者与他们用肘部上臂完全伸直执行环转运动，从零度手臂抬高约40度仰角的手臂。他们必须执行这个动作，同时旨在最大限度地减少冗长/收缩和肩部复杂的仰角/抑郁症;如有必要，研究者可以提供帮助。记录该运动为大约30秒。 </li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/51717/51717fig3highres.jpg" /> 图3：校准棒使用定位解剖骨里程碑意义就肩峰标记集群（AMC）。 3.实验协议<ol><li>要求参与者从零执行的手臂抬高到120°手臂抬高，然后再由他们一边降低他们的手臂回落到休息矢状，额叶和肩胛飞机。肩胛平面为约40°的前方的冠状面。 </li></ol> 4.后处理动态数据的注：以下步骤详细说明在动态运动试验计算肩胛运动所需要的程序。这些步骤已经被描述和广泛探讨了文学21,33,34内的以下部分的目的是提供一个综合和一步一步的指导，贯彻以获得肩胛运动所需的建模步骤。这些步骤的应用在相关的运动建模软件进行。该软件CONTA插件命令，使创建局部坐标系，坐标从全球到地方的转换坐标系，坐标转换，从地方到全球坐标系和欧拉角度旋转的计算。这些步骤将允许肩胛骨，肱骨和胸部被定义为刚性体。接着旋转肩胛骨相对于胸廓，并且相对于胸部肱骨然后可确定。 <ol><li>使用上的AMC标记的坐标，确定一个任意的局部坐标用于AMC（ 图4a）的系统。对于每个肩胛骨解剖标志校准试验中，通过以下步骤确定所述棒，它代表了解剖标志的位置的尖端的位置，相对于在AMC的局部坐标系。 注意：运动建模软件包含的命令来实现从一个全球性的创建局部坐标坐标系统和转换到本地坐标，参见图4，例如命令。 <ol><li>使用标记的魔杖运动建模软件使用下面的命令来创建棒（ 图4a）局部坐标系：AMC = [AMCO，AMCA，AMCO，AMCO-AMCM，XYZ]其中，AMCO，AMCA和AMCM是给对AMC标记的标签。 </li><li>使用的运动建模软件，计算全局坐标系中的棒的前端的位置。在所提供的本例为83毫米的标记1（M1）的沿着所述棒的X轴（ 图4b）;使用命令：棒= [M1，M1-M2，M3，M4，XYZ]和Wandtip = M1 + {83,0,0} * ATTITUDE（棒），其中M1，M2，M3和M4都给予标记的标签在棒。 </li><li>确定杆的相对于前端的位置到本地使用建模命令坐标的AMC（$％AA）（ 图4c）的系统：$％的AA = WandTip / AMC和参数（$％AA）。 </li><li>重复步骤4.1.1至4.1.3每个肩胛骨解剖标志。 </li><li>相对于所述肱骨标记簇确定，而不是AMC的内侧和外侧髁的位置，使用通过上述步骤。 </li></ol></li><li>使用动态校准试验来计算相对于肩胛骨盂肱关节中心的位置。计算盂肱关节中心的位置，相对于肩胛骨，如肱骨和肩胛骨之间的螺旋轴的枢转点。有关该技术的更多详情，请参阅Veeger 35。 </li><li>肱骨计算肘关节中心（ELJC），为横向（EL）之间的中距离和内侧髁（EM）; ELJC =（EM + EL）/ 2。 </li><li>在动态试验中，使用的解剖标志的已知位置相对于所述AMC到全局坐标系（ 图5）内确定的解剖标志的位置。 <br/&gt;注：建模软件包含的命令来启动转换，从局部坐标系坐标系统的全球坐标系， 见图5，例如命令。 <ol><li>请参考图5A，显示肩峰角地标的位置相对于所述AMC（$％AA），如点4.1所述。 </li><li> $％AA虚拟标记的位置转换为每个时间点的全局坐标系统中的动态试验期间创建肩峰角（AA）的地标（ 图5b）使用以下运动学模型的命令：AA = $％AA * AMC和OUTPUT（AA）。 </li><li>重复步骤4.4.2每个解剖标志。 </li></ol></li><li>通过计算相关标记之间的单位矢量表示每个轴对于给定的刚体使用以下运动学建模命令定义为胸部和肩胛骨一个局部坐标系：肩胛骨= [AA，TS-AA，AA-AI，ZXY] 。胸部= [IJ，MUTHX-MLTHX，IJ-C7，YZX]，其中MUTHX是IJ和C7的地标之间的中点，并MLTHX是对PX和T8的地标之间的中点。 注：轴定义为基础的生物力学的国际社会“（ISB）的建议33（ 表1和图6）上。 <ol><li>用类似的方法，定义一个局部坐标系为肱骨利用&#39;选项2&#39;所推荐的ISB 33。 注：选项2需要由gleohumeral接头中心形成一个足够的平面，肘关节中心和尺骨茎突， 即一定程度的屈肘是必需的。如果参与者接近满伸肘，肱骨轴可能会变得不稳定，因此，&#39;方案1&#39;，应使用（ 表1）。参见Wu 等人（2005）的进一步细节。 </li></ol></li><li>动态试验期间确定相对于所述胸部为每个时间点的肩胛骨的取向使用欧拉角分解方法与内旋（Y），向上方转动（X&#39;）和后倾斜（Z&#39;）的一个旋转序列33使用以下运动学模型的命令：ScapularKin = - &lt;胸廓，肩胛骨，YXZ&gt;（ 图7）。 </li><li>使用Y的非万向旋转序列（仰角平面）使用相关的运动建模软件中，X&#39;（海拔）和Y&#39;&#39;（轴向转动）36动态试验期间确定相对于所述胸部肱骨的方向。 注：宏是可以从制造商要想在这个手稿中使用的动态建模软件中确定非万向旋转序列下载。 </li></ol><img alt="表1" fo:content-width="6in" src="/files/ftp_upload/51717/51717table1.jpg" width="600" /> IJ和C7之间MUTHX =中点。 PX和T8之间MLTHX =中点。 GH = GLenohumeral联合中心。 ELJC =肘关节中心。 数学运算： ^ =交叉的两个向量积 || =向量的绝对值 表1：本地坐标系统中为每个刚性区段。 5.数据缩减和分析注意：下面的数据缩减和分析步骤是在数值模拟软件（如MATLAB），它允许操作数据矩阵执行。运动数据被分成仰角和肱骨运动的下降阶段，时间归为运动的每个阶段，然后肩胛运动学被表示为相对于肱骨仰角。 <ol><li>确定肱骨标高的标高和降低阶段，如下所述（ 图8）。这些阶段从角速度肱骨仰角（ 图8）的确定。见ElevationLoweringPhases.m功能文件。 <ol><li>确定肱骨高程的开始时的角速度肱骨超过最大肱骨角速度的阈值的2％。 </li><li>确定的标高相作为在该肱骨角速度低于最大肱骨角速度的2％的点，或者当肱骨仰角超过120°的端部。 </li><li>确定肱骨降低阶段开始时的角速度低于最低角速度，或者在该肱骨海拔低于120℃的点的2％。 </li><li>确定降低阶段结束时的角速度超过最小角速度的2％。 </li></ol></li><li>通过内插运动数据中的运动，以101个数据点（ 图9）的各相归一化的数据。见Time_normalisation.m功能文件。 </li><li>通过绘制臂角（度）与向上ř表达相对于肱骨高程肩胛运动学浮选（度）（ 图10）。见PlotScapHumRhythm.m功能文件。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+scapular+local+coordinate+systems.">Comparison of scapular local coordinate systems.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 25, 415-421 (2010).</li><li>Ludewig, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motion+of+the+shoulder+complex+during+multiplanar+humeral+elevation.">Motion of the shoulder complex during multiplanar humeral elevation.</a> The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. 91, 378-389 (2009).</li><li>Johnson, G. R., Stuart, P. R., Mitchell, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+the+measurement+of+three-dimensional+scapular+movement.">A method for the measurement of three-dimensional scapular movement.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 8, 269-274 (1993).</li><li>Helm, F. C., Pronk, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+recording+and+description+of+motions+of+the+shoulder+mechanism.">Three-dimensional recording and description of motions of the shoulder mechanism.</a> Journal of Biomechanical Engineering. 117, 27-40 (1995).</li><li>McQuade, K. J., Smidt, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+Scapulohumeral+rhythm:+The+effects+of+external+resistance+during+elevation+of+the+arm+in+the+scapular+plane.">Dynamic Scapulohumeral rhythm: The effects of external resistance during elevation of the arm in the scapular plane.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy. 27, 9 (1998).</li><li>Matsui, K., Shimada, K., Andrew, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deviation+of+skin+marker+from+bone+target+during+movement+of+the+scapula.">Deviation of skin marker from bone target during movement of the scapula.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Science. 11, 180-184 (2006).</li><li>Meskers, C. G. M., Jvan de Sande, M. A., de Groot, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+between+tripod+and+skin-fixed+recording+of+scapular+motion.">Comparison between tripod and skin-fixed recording of scapular motion.</a> J. Biomech. 40, 941-948 (2007).</li><li>Andel, C. J., van Hutten, K., Eversdijk, M., Veeger, D. J., Harlaar, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recording+scapular+motion+using+an+acromion+marker+cluster.">Recording scapular motion using an acromion marker cluster.</a> Gait and Posture. 29, 123-128 (2009).</li><li>Warner, M. B., Chappell, P. H., Stokes, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+scapular+kinematics+during+arm+lowering+using+the+acromion+marker+cluster.">Measuring scapular kinematics during arm lowering using the acromion marker cluster.</a> Hum. Mov. Sci. 31, 386-396 (2012).</li><li>Worsley, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+control+retraining+exercises+for+shoulder+impingement:+effects+on+function,+muscle+activation,+and+biomechanics+in+young+adults.">Motor control retraining exercises for shoulder impingement: effects on function, muscle activation, and biomechanics in young adults.</a> Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 22, e11-e19 (2013).</li><li>Shaheen, A. F., Alexander, C. M., Bull, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+attachment+position+and+shoulder+orientation+during+calibration+on+the+accuracy+of+the+acromial+tracker.">Effects of attachment position and shoulder orientation during calibration on the accuracy of the acromial tracker.</a> J. Biomech. 44, 1410-1413 (2011).</li><li>Prinold, J. A. I., Shaheen, A. F., Bull, A. M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin-fixed+scapula+trackers:+A+comparison+of+two+dynamic+methods+across+a+range+of+calibration+positions.">Skin-fixed scapula trackers: A comparison of two dynamic methods across a range of calibration positions.</a> J. Biomech. 44, 2004-2007 (2011).</li><li>Wu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ISB+recommendation+on+definitions+of+joint+coordinate+systems+of+the+various+joints+for+the+reporting+of+human+joint+motion+-+Part+II:+shoulder,+elbow,+wrist+and+hand.">ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of the various joints for the reporting of human joint motion - Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand.</a> J. Biomech. 38, 981-992 (2005).</li><li>Karduna, A. R., McClure, P. W., Michener, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scapular+kinematics:+effects+of+altering+the+Euler+angle+sequence+of+rotations.">Scapular kinematics: effects of altering the Euler angle sequence of rotations.</a> J. Biomech. 33, 1063-1068 (2000).</li><li>Veeger, H. E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+position+of+the+rotation+center+of+the+glenohumeral+joint.">The position of the rotation center of the glenohumeral joint.</a> J. Biomech. 33, 1711-1715 (2000).</li><li>Doorenbosch, C. A. M., Harlaar, J., Veeger, H. E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+globe+system:+an+unambiguous+description+of+shoulder+positions+in+daily+life+movements.">The globe system: an unambiguous description of shoulder positions in daily life movements.</a> J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 40, 147-156 (2003).</li><li>Kadaba, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeatability+of+kinematic,+kinetic,+and+electromyographic+data+in+normal+adult+gait.">Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait.</a> Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 7, 849-860 (1989).</li><li>Schwartz, M. H., Trost, J. P., Wervey, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+and+management+of+errors+in+quantitative+gait+data.">Measurement and management of errors in quantitative gait data.</a> Gait and Posture. 20, 196-203 (2004).</li><li>Jaspers, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+reliability+of+upper+limb+kinematics+in+children+with+hemiplegic+cerebral+palsy.">The reliability of upper limb kinematics in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy.</a> Gait and Posture. 33, 568-575 (2011).</li><li>Thigpen, C. A., Gross, M. T., Karas, S. G., Garrett, W. E., Yu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+repeatability+of+scapular+rotations+across+three+planes+of+humeral+elevation.">The repeatability of scapular rotations across three planes of humeral elevation.</a> Research in Sports Medicine. 13, 181-198 (2005).</li><li>Groot, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+variability+of+shoulder+motions+recorded+by+means+of+palpation.">The variability of shoulder motions recorded by means of palpation.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 12, 461-472 (1997).</li></ol>

None of the authors had any affiliation with any organization that could influence the outcome of this work.

方法的确定肩胛运动学的选择是至关重要的，考虑的有效性，可靠性和适宜性进行研究性学习应给予。各种方法已被采用在整个文献，但每一种方法都有其局限性。肩峰标记簇通过提供肩胛骨的非侵入性的动态运动测量克服了许多这些限制，诸如从2D成像或要求肩胛骨的位置的重复解释投影误差。然而，该AMC方式仍然容易受到皮肤运动伪影，尤其是在较高的臂的仰角和使成问题的方法，在这些较?...

肩胛运动学的客观，定量测定可以在在肩部撞击2-8观察到臂抬高提供与肩功能障碍相关联的异常的运动模式，如减少向上旋转，后倾斜的评估。肩胛运动学测量，但是，是困难的，因为骨骼的深位置和滑翔自然皮肤表面1之下。安装反光标记过的解剖标志不充分跟踪肩胛骨，因为它下滑皮肤表面之下9典型的运动测量技术。各种方法已被采用在整个文献中，克服这些困难，包括;成像（X射线或磁共振）10-14，测角仪15,16，骨销钉17-22，手动触诊23,24，和肩峰方法3,5,19,25。每一种方法，然而，也有其局限性，其中包括：前曝光辐射，在二维图像为基础的分析的情况下的投影误差，需要反复肩胛骨的位置的主观解释，是静态的性质或具有高度侵入性（ 例如骨引脚）。 中的溶液，以克服这些困难的是采用其中一个电磁传感器安装肩峰25，骨的平坦部分，其在前方肩胛骨从脊柱领先最外侧部分延伸的平坦部肩峰方法肩胛骨。使用肩峰方法背后的原理构思是减少皮肤的运动伪影，因为肩峰已经显示出具有最少量的皮肤运动伪影比其他网站上肩胛骨26。肩峰方法是非侵入性的，并提供肩胛运动学动态三维测量。验证研究已经显示肩峰方法臂埃尔期间是有效的高达120°使用电磁传感器17,27时evation阶段。当使用基于标记的动作捕捉装置的一系列排列成簇，肩峰标记簇（AMC）的标记，是必要的，已被证明使用活性标志物的动作捕捉系统28时是有效的，并同时使用的无源标记物在手臂抬高和手臂降低29动作捕捉系统。 使用AMC的带有被动标记的动作捕捉装置，用于测量肩胛运动学已经用来评估以下内容的介入来解决肩部撞击30在肩胛运动学变化。的有效使用这种方法，然而，依赖于准确地施加标记的簇的能力，其位置已被证明影响的结果31，校准解剖学界标32和确保臂动作内的运动的有效范围（ 即低于120°手臂抬高）29。它也有人建议将标记簇的再施用，使用有源基于标记的动作捕捉系统的时候，被认为是增加了错误的来源为肩胛后倾斜28。中，因此，重要的是建立肩峰方法的日间可靠性，以确保它提供肩胛运动学的稳定措施。确保测量是可靠将使变化肩胛运动学，由于干预，例如，要被测量和检查。用于测量肩胛运动学的方法已在别处29,33描述本研究的目的是为使用被动标记运动捕捉系统应用这些方法，并考虑到误差的潜在来源提供一步一步的指导和参考工具，并且检查测量方法的可靠性。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="583">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Passive marker capture system</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Nexus</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Data capture software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Bodybuilder</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Modeling software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">14 mm retro reflective markers</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VACC-V162B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">6.5mm retro reflective markers</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VACC-V166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Calibration wand</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Vicon Motion Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Plastic base</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Constructed &#39;in-house&#39;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Matlab</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Numerical modelling software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics using an acromion marker cluster to minimize skin movement artifact

动态肩胛运动学测量是复杂的，由于在皮肤表面下方的肩胛骨的滑动性质。这项研究的目的是为了清楚地描述确定肩胛运动学使用无源标记物运动捕捉系统时，考虑为错误的可能影响测量的有效性和可靠性的来源的肩峰标记簇（AMC）方法。 AMC方式包括将标记簇在后部肩峰，并通过解剖标志校准相对于所述标记簇有可能获得肩胛运动学测量值有效。该方法的可靠性2天之间进行了检查在一组的，因为它们进行的臂抬高15健康个体（年龄19-38岁，8名男性），以120℃，并降低在额叶，肩胛和矢状平面。结果表明，日之间的可靠性是有利于向上旋转肩胛骨（系数MULT的IPLE相关性; CMC = 0.92）和后倾（CMC = 0.70），但公平在手臂抬高阶段内旋（CMC = 0.53）。波形误差较低向上旋转（2.7°至4.4°）和后倾斜（1.3°至2.8°），相对于内旋（5.4°至7.3°）。在降低阶段的可靠性媲美在海拔阶段观察到的结果。如果在这项研究中列出的协议遵守，对AMC的高度和手臂的运动降低阶段期间提供向上旋转和后倾的可靠测量。

十五与会者谁没有已知的肩膀，颈部或手臂受伤的历史被招入的研究（ 表2）。为了评估内部信度（间天），参加者出席了至少24小时，最长7天分开的两个数据收集会话。在每个数据采集时段，同一人的协议，用于连接反光标记，肩峰标记集群，解剖标志校准，上面详细。使用多个相关（CMC）37的系数的运动波形，从动态试验中获得的可靠性进行评价。波形的测量误差被用来?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact at JoVE.com

Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

这份报告介绍了如何采用采用被动标志动作捕捉设备时获得肩胛运动学的肩峰标记集群方法的细节。如在文献中进行了描述，该方法提供肩胛运动学一个健壮的，非侵入性的，三维的，动态的和有效的测量，尽量减少皮肤的运动伪影。

动态肩胛运动学使用的肩峰标记集群尽量减少与皮肤运动伪影测量

The measurement of dynamic scapular kinematics is complex due to the sliding nature of the scapula beneath the skin surface. The aim of the study was to ...

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19.0K 次观看.  University of Southampton. 这份报告介绍了如何采用采用被动标志动作捕捉设备时获得肩胛运动学的肩峰标记集群方法的细节。如在文献中进行了描述，该方法提供肩胛运动学一个健壮的，非侵入性的，三维的，动态的和有效的测量，尽量减少皮肤的运动伪影。 

视频: Measurement of Dynamic Scapular Kinematics Using an Acromion Marker Cluster to Minimize Skin Movement Artifact

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&beta; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues as well as altered cytokine homeostasis. The innate immune system plays a crucial role in recognizing pathogens and other endogenous danger stimuli. One of the major cytokines released by innate immune cells is Interleukin (IL)-1. Therefore, we utilize a whole blood stimulation assay in order to measure the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and specifically of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1&beta; 1, 2, 3.
Patients with genetic dysfunctions of the innate immune system causing autoinflammatory syndromes show an exaggerated release of mature IL-1&beta; upon stimulation with LPS alone. In order to evaluate the innate immune component of patients who present with inflammatory-associated pathologies, we use a specific immunoassay to detect cellular immune responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as the gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These PAMPs are recognized by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which are found on the cells of the innate immune system 4, 5, 6, 7. A primary signal, LPS, in conjunction with a secondary signal, ATP, is necessary for the activation of the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that processes pro-IL-1&beta; to its mature, bioactive form 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10.
The whole blood assay requires minimal sample manipulation to assess cytokine production when compared to other methods that require labor intensive isolation and culturing of specific cell populations. This method differs from other whole blood stimulation assays; rather than diluting samples with a ratio of RPMI media, we perform a white blood cell count directly from diluted whole blood and therefore, stimulate a known number of white blood cells in culture 2. The results of this particular whole blood assay demonstrate a novel technique useful in elucidating patient cohorts presenting with autoinflammatory pathophysiologies.

Accurate and Simple Measurement of the Pro-inflammatory Cytokine IL-1&amp;#946; using a Whole Blood Stimulation Assay

We describe a simple immunoassay to measure the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 beta production, in patients presenting with autoinflammatory phenotypes. By activating cells in whole blood cultures with pathogen-associated molecular patterns, specifically with lipopolysaccharide, cytokine secretion can be conveniently evaluated in whole blood supernatants.

使用全血刺激试验的促炎性细胞因子IL -1β的精确和简单的测量

Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of soluble mediators by immune cells, lead to various manifestations in skin, joints and other tissues ...

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医学

Quantitative Visualization and Detection of Skin Cancer Using Dynamic Thermal Imaging

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment for melanoma remains surgical excision, therefore, the key to extended survival is early detection 2,3. Considering the large numbers of patients diagnosed every year and the limitations in accessing specialized care quickly, the development of objective in vivo diagnostic instruments to aid the diagnosis is essential. New techniques to detect skin cancer, especially non-invasive diagnostic tools, are being explored in numerous laboratories. Along with the surgical methods, techniques such as digital photography, dermoscopy, multispectral imaging systems (MelaFind), laser-based systems (confocal scanning laser microscopy, laser doppler perfusion imaging, optical coherence tomography), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, are being tested. Each technique offers unique advantages and disadvantages, many of which pose a compromise between effectiveness and accuracy versus ease of use and cost considerations. Details about these techniques and comparisons are available in the literature 4.
Infrared (IR) imaging was shown to be a useful method to diagnose the signs of certain diseases by measuring the local skin temperature. There is a large body of evidence showing that disease or deviation from normal functioning are accompanied by changes of the temperature of the body, which again affect the temperature of the skin 5,6. Accurate data about the temperature of the human body and skin can provide a wealth of information on the processes responsible for heat generation and thermoregulation, in particular the deviation from normal conditions, often caused by disease. However, IR imaging has not been widely recognized in medicine due to the premature use of the technology 7,8 several decades ago, when temperature measurement accuracy and the spatial resolution were inadequate and sophisticated image processing tools were unavailable. This situation changed dramatically in the late 1990s-2000s. Advances in IR instrumentation, implementation of digital image processing algorithms and dynamic IR imaging, which enables scientists to analyze not only the spatial, but also the temporal thermal behavior of the skin 9, allowed breakthroughs in the field.
In our research, we explore the feasibility of IR imaging, combined with theoretical and experimental studies, as a cost effective, non-invasive, in vivo optical measurement technique for tumor detection, with emphasis on the screening and early detection of melanoma 10-13. In this study, we show data obtained in a patient study in which patients that possess a pigmented lesion with a clinical indication for biopsy are selected for imaging. We compared the difference in thermal responses between healthy and malignant tissue and compared our data with biopsy results. We concluded that the increased metabolic activity of the melanoma lesion can be detected by dynamic infrared imaging.

We demonstrated that malignant pigmented lesions with increased metabolic activity generate quantifiable amounts of heat and the measurement of the transient thermal response of the skin to a cooling excitation allows quantitative identification of melanoma and other skin cancers (vs. non-proliferative nevi) at an early stage of the disease.

定量可视化和皮肤癌症使用动态热成像检测

In 2010 approximately 68,720 melanomas will be diagnosed in the US alone, with around 8,650 resulting in death 1. To date, the only effective treatment ...

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

测量和制止在弱视治疗

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

Movement Retraining using Real-time Feedback of Performance

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular patterns responsible for governing the movement performance. This motor learning can be enhanced through a number of methods that are utilized in research and clinical settings alike. In general, verbal feedback of performance in real-time or knowledge of results following movement is commonly used clinically as a preliminary means of instilling motor learning. Depending on patient preference and learning style, visual feedback (e.g. through use of a mirror or different types of video) or proprioceptive guidance utilizing therapist touch, are used to supplement verbal instructions from the therapist. Indeed, a combination of these forms of feedback is commonplace in the clinical setting to facilitate motor learning and optimize outcomes.
Laboratory-based, quantitative motion analysis has been a mainstay in research settings to provide accurate and objective analysis of a variety of movements in healthy and injured populations. While the actual mechanisms of capturing the movements may differ, all current motion analysis systems rely on the ability to track the movement of body segments and joints and to use established equations of motion to quantify key movement patterns. Due to limitations in acquisition and processing speed, analysis and description of the movements has traditionally occurred offline after completion of a given testing session.
This paper will highlight a new supplement to standard motion analysis techniques that relies on the near instantaneous assessment and quantification of movement patterns and the display of specific movement characteristics to the patient during a movement analysis session. As a result, this novel technique can provide a new method of feedback delivery that has advantages over currently used feedback methods.

Retraining abnormal movement patterns following injury or disease is a key component of physical rehabilitation. Recent advances in technology have permitted accurate assessment of movement during a variety of tasks, with near instantaneous quantification of results. This provides new opportunities for modification of faulty movement patterns in real time.

的运动再培训采用实时反馈的性能

Any modification of movement - especially movement patterns that have been honed over a number of years - requires re-organization of the neuromuscular ...

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

采用实时定量PCR检测供体细胞植入一个具有竞争力的小鼠骨髓移植模型

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

原位胰腺癌小鼠模型的动态对比增强磁共振成像

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones (ViMAS): A Pilot Study

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to assess human gait. The primary aim of this manuscript is to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by a smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. The secondary aim was to develop a protocol for clinicians on the set up of the smartphone camera for video movement analysis.
The sagittal plane knee angle was measured during heel strike and toe off events using the smart phone app and a 3D motion-capture system in 32 healthy subjects. Three trials were performed at near (2-m) and far (4-m) smartphone camera distances. The order of the distances was randomized. Regression analysis was performed to estimate the height of the camera based on either the subject&#39;s height or leg length.
Absolute measurement errors were least during toe off (3.12 &#177; 5.44 degrees) compared to heel strike (5.81 &#177; 5.26 degrees). There were significant (p &#60; 0.05) but moderate agreements between the application and 3D motion capture measures of knee angles. There were also no significant (p &#62; 0.05) differences between the absolute measurement errors between the two camera positions. The measurement errors averaged between 3 - 5 degrees during toe off and heel strike events of the gait cycle.
The use of smartphone apps can be a useful tool in the clinic for performing gait or human movement analysis. Further studies are needed to establish the accuracy in measuring movements of the upper extremity and trunk.

Video Movement Analysis Using Smartphones ViMAS: A Pilot Study

This manuscript describes the method to test the concurrent validity of kinematic measures recorded by the smartphone application in comparison to a 3D motion capture system in the sagittal plane. This protocol will enable clinicians to set up smartphones for video capture of human movement.

视频运动分析使用智能手机（ViMAS）的初步研究

The use of smartphones in clinical practice is steadily increasing with the availability of low cost/freely available &#34;apps&#34; that could be used to ...

3D Ultrasound Imaging: Fast and Cost-effective Morphometry of Musculoskeletal Tissue

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS images are constructed from calibrated freehand 2D B-mode ultrasound images, which are positioned into a voxel array. Ultrasound (US) imaging allows quantification of muscle size, fascicle length, and angle of pennation. These morphological variables are important determinants of muscle force and length range of force exertion. The presented protocol describes an approach to determine volume and fascicle length of m.&#160;vastus lateralis and m.&#160;gastrocnemius medialis. 3DUS facilitates standardization using 3D anatomical references. This approach provides a fast and cost-effective approach for quantifying 3D morphology in skeletal muscles. In healthcare and sports, information on the morphometry of muscles is very valuable in diagnostics and/or follow-up evaluations after treatment or training.

3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) allows fast and cost-effective morphometry of musculoskeletal tissues. We present a protocol to measure muscle volume and fascicle length using 3DUS.

3D 超声成像: 快速、经济高效的肌骨骼组织形态分析

The developmental goal of 3D ultrasound imaging (3DUS) is to engineer a modality to perform 3D morphological ultrasound analysis of human muscles. 3DUS ...

A Novel Approach to Overcome Movement Artifact When Using a Laser Speckle Contrast Imaging System for Alternating Speeds of Blood Microcirculation

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic responses, the LSCI is used in the same way as a conventional Laser Doppler Imager (LDI). However, with a maximum skin depth of approximately 1 mm, the LSCI is designed to focus on mainly superficial blood flow. It is used to measure skin surface areas of up to 15 cm x 20 cm. The new technique introduced in this paper accounts for alternating speeds of microcirculations; i.e. both slow and fast flow flux measurement using the LSCI. The novel technique also overcomes LSCI&#39;s biggest shortcoming, which is high sensitivity to artifact movement. An adhesive opaque patch (AOP) is introduced for satisfactory recording of microcirculatory blood flow, by subtracting the LSCI signal from the AOP from the laser speckle skin signal. The optimal setting is also defined because the LSCI is most powerful when flux changes are measured relative to a reference baseline, with blood microcirculatory flux expressed as a percentage change from the baseline. These changes may be used for analyzing the status of the blood flow system.

This study introduces a novel technique for the measurement and analysis of alternating speeds of blood microcirculation in a single experiment using a laser speckle contrast imager.

用激光散斑对比成像系统克服运动伪影的新方法血液微循环的交替速度

The laser speckle contrast imager (LSCI) provides a powerful yet simple technique for measuring microcirculatory blood flow. Ideal for blood dynamic ...

Dynamic Measurement and Imaging of Capillaries, Arterioles, and Pericytes in Mouse Heart

Coronary arterial tone along with the opening or closing of the capillaries largely determine the blood flow to cardiomyocytes at constant perfusion pressure. However, it is difficult to monitor the dynamic changes of the coronary arterioles and the capillaries in the whole heart, primarily due to its motion and non-stop beating. Here we describe a method that enables monitoring of arterial perfusion rate, pressure and the diameter changes of the arterioles and capillaries in mouse right ventricular papillary muscles. The mouse septal artery is cannulated and perfused at a constant flow or pressure with the other dynamically measured. After perfusion with a fluorescently labeled lectin (e.g., Alexa Fluor-488 or -633 labeled Wheat-Germ Agglutinin, WGA), the arterioles and capillaries (and other vessels) in right ventricle papillary muscle and septum could be readily imaged. The vessel-diameter changes could then be measured in the presence or absence of heart contractions. When genetically encoded fluorescent proteins were expressed, specific features could be monitored. For examples, pericytes were visualized in mouse hearts that expressed NG2-DsRed. This method has provided a useful platform to study the physiological functions of capillary pericytes in heart. It is also suitable for studying the effect of reagents on the blood flow in heart by measuring the vascular/capillary diameter and the arterial luminal pressure simultaneously. This preparation, combined with a state-of-the-art optic imaging system, allows one to study the blood flow and its control at cellular and molecular level in the heart under near-physiological conditions.

Presented here is a protocol to study the coronary microcirculation in living murine heart tissue by ex vivo monitoring of the arterial perfusion pressure and flow that maintains the pressure, as well as vascular tree components including the capillary beds and pericytes, as the septal artery is cannulated and pressurized.

鼠标心脏中毛细血管、动脉和腹膜的动态测量和成像

Coronary arterial tone along with the opening or closing of the capillaries largely determine the blood flow to cardiomyocytes at constant perfusion ...