这项工作是从圣，若瑟基金会（AJF，LJI）和美国肺脏协会，RG-224607-N（LJI）资助。

1。细胞株维护<ol><li>永生化人是高度不典型增生（CP-B，CP-C，CP-D）和化生（CP-）细胞株的端粒酶稳定转染逆转录酶（TERT）蛋白11。 </li><li>维持在补充有牛垂体提取物（BPE），表皮生长因子（EGF），5％胎牛血清（FBS），非必需氨基酸（NEAA），青霉素 - 链霉素 - 新霉素（PSN）角质形成细胞介质的细胞系，以及标准组织培养条件下（37℃，5％CO 2，98％湿度）。 </li></ol> 2，BE细胞电镀<ol><li>制备12孔板/盖玻片。放置18毫米盖玻片到玻璃培养皿中并高压灭菌。转让蒸压18毫米盖玻片成使用连接到真空管中的无菌玻璃吸管12孔组织培养皿中。用无菌PBS和媒体冲洗盖玻片。 </li><li>胰蛋白酶消化并计数BE永生细胞。计数细胞USI纳克自动细胞计数器或血球。稀释细胞培养基至20,000-40,000个细胞/ ml的浓度。 </li><li>取1 ml萃取池在每孔中含有盖玻片为20,000-40,000个细胞/孔的细胞总数。 </li><li>使用无菌移液管尖端到盖玻片轻轻推到井的底部，以确保细胞附着在盖玻片上。 </li></ol> 3，新药必须经过细胞治疗<ol><li>稀释所选药物在温暖（37℃）介质到所需的浓度和通过反复颠倒试管或用涡旋混合器充分混合。确定药物浓度经验。以下的BE细胞的初始接种，以允许细胞附着在盖玻片开始治疗24小时</li><li>为了便于比较和对照，治疗BE细胞与0.1％的车辆（二甲基亚砜[DMSO]或代理人用于溶解化合物）稀释培养基附加盖玻片。标牌与实验室用笔来识别药品和VEhicle处理的样品。放置细胞到细胞培养孵化器设置在37℃，5％CO 2，98％湿度下孵育期望的时间点。 </li></ol> 4，免疫荧光染色<ol><li>固定术<ol><li>下列药物的治疗所需的温育时间，吸出介质并在室温（RT，25℃）用1×磷酸盐缓冲盐水（PBS）快速洗涤盖玻片。 </li><li>吸出PBS并加入1ml的PBS含4％PFA [4％PFA / PBS]向每个孔中，并在室温下孵育30分钟。 </li><li>吸出4％PFA / PBS中，并用PBS在室温下洗涤​​盖玻片3次，每次5分钟。店铺盖玻片在PBS/0.1％PFA中于4℃，如果需要一个星期。 </li></ol></li><li>透/封锁 通透固定PFA细胞，使抗体来访问胞内靶标。对于细胞外蛋白质浮出水面，执行所有后续步骤而无需皂甙添加到1X PBS/0.5％BSA溶液。 <ol><li>减少背景通过用50mM NH 4 Cl 2稀释在PBS中在RT下10分钟温育和利用RT PBS洗涤一次5分钟。 </li><li>在100-300微升PBS，含0.1％皂角苷和0.5％牛血清白蛋白（BSA）孵育BE细胞30分钟。从过滤灭菌的10％储备稀皂甙，在水中制备并保存于4℃。 </li></ol>注意：这可以防止非特异性的抗体对细胞内蛋白的结合通过阻止由于加入了0.5％BSA的盖玻片。可替换地，代替牛血清白蛋白稀释至5％，以帮助降低抗体的非特异性结合的山羊血清。 </li><li>人力商会的制备<ol><li>通过层叠用湿纸巾的腔室的底部准备一个正方形的生物测定皿，然后将封口膜之上的层。 </li><li>轻轻地用钳子和一个注射器针头朝上盖玻片，细胞，转移到的封口膜。 </li><li>标记的封口膜与实验室笔识别盖玻片。 </li></ol></li><li>初级抗体孵育<ol><li>稀释的一抗在PBS中含有0.5％BSA和0.1％皂苷。 </li><li>用实验室组织轻轻吸去封闭液，加入​​100微升的主要抗体溶液。孵育一抗上的BE细胞过夜，在4℃下</li></ol></li><li>二抗孵育<ol><li>洗了3倍的幻灯片用PBS/0.5％BSA/0.1％皂素为每5分钟在室温。 </li><li>稀释缀合有荧光标记在PBS/0.5％BSA/0.1％皂苷，二次抗体识别，其中第一抗体升高的物种的二级抗体。 </li><li>加入100μl稀释抗体每个盖玻片。孵育二次抗体为2小时，在室温。 </li></ol></li><li>洗涤和盖玻片的安装<ol><li>在PBS/0.5％BSA/0.1％皂素的洗涤盖玻片3次，每次5分钟。除去洗涤缓冲液，并加入100-300微升PBS的盖玻片。 注：对于双反体染色，重复根据在讨论中所述的信息的步骤4.4-4.5与所需的额外初级和次级抗体。 </li><li>使用镊子，轻轻抬起盖玻片，吸去PBS的使用实验室组织或纸巾。 </li><li>加入15微升含4的合适的抗褪色封固剂&#39;，6 - 二脒基-2 - 苯基吲哚（DAPI）的盖玻片和反转盖玻片，将细胞下来，到玻璃显微镜载片上。 </li><li>将幻灯片放入幻灯片的文件夹，并培育远离直射光隔夜在室温，使硬盘设置防褪色媒体治愈，根据制造商的说明。一旦防褪色介质已经设置，幻灯片可以存储在任一4℃或-20℃直到显微可视化。 </li></ol></li></ol>盖玻片5。微观可视化染色的细胞可以通过两种共聚焦显微镜或成像如能直立microscopË。虽然激光共聚焦显微镜提供高清晰度图像离散深处，一个堂堂正正的显微镜能够产生有用的图像的速度更快。为了简便起见，成像的方法染色用标准显微镜呈现BE细胞。在一般情况下，对图像异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）或类似荧光基团（ 即绿色荧光蛋白），德克萨斯红和DAPI，需要有能够识别这些荧光团的过滤器的显微镜。开始协议来确定兼容的荧光团前​​请检查显微镜。 <ol><li>成像上一个标准的IF显微镜<ol><li>从-20℃或4℃保存删除幻灯片/盖玻片，让他们温至室温。上电镜和汞弧灯。 </li><li>将载玻片与盖玻片朝向目标到显微镜的阶段。使用油浸物镜，加一滴浸油的盖玻片上。 </li><li>选择DAPI过滤器，然后打开快门。 </li&gt; <li>专注于目标，同时通过目镜找，直到图像的显示。由于所有细胞将用DAPI染色，细胞核应便于观察。 </li><li>使用相应的图像处理软件采集图像。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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作者宣称，他们有没有竞争的财务权益。

我们提出的申请，如果来的细胞对阐明在这些细胞的靶向治疗药物的生理效应的方法。尽管我们已经描述了使用对BE细胞这些过程，我们已经发现，这些方法也适用于各种不同类型的细胞13,17,18的。此外，这些程序可以改变多种方式来优化染色的具体目标。 我们发现，在具有适当的中频，直接影响一个参数是固定的选择。我们已经描述了使用4％PFA / PBS中固定在上面的?...

巴雷特食管（BE）是在食管的正常鳞状上皮和慢性暴露于胃食管返流疾病（GERD）1得到的胃内容物的结果化生变化。 BE被认为是针对胃食管反流病的一种保护机制，不过需要的存在赋予食管腺癌（EAC），这种疾病它带有一个显著较差生存1的风险增加。目前的估计表明，美国人口最多5.6％的BE，但是因为BE是常无症状，它被认为是被大多数人仍然未确诊2。由于两个GERD和EAC的发病率已经看到了持续增长3，它已成为重要的是了解参与是EAC的发展的分子机制，特别是因为这些信息可能会提供对预防是选管会的进展的治疗方法。 1的当前模式。慢性炎症，损伤，以及长期暴露于胃内容物造成基因毒性损伤施加的BE病灶促进肿瘤进展到选管会选择压力。许多遗传​​改变已经确定过程中，以选管会的进展。然而，尽管这有一个明显的缺乏了解的细胞信号转导的确切变化，在细胞结构和功能后续影响。 永生体外细胞系是研究细胞信号传导的影响，特别是在调查针对性治疗化合物的作用的有用工具。 BE永生化细胞系的近期商业可用性允许这种研究。虽然高通量测定法，如广泛使用的活力检测，可以在评估靶向疗法后的细胞增殖和苏效果是有价值的rvival 4-6，这些测定是不用于询问细胞信号后的细胞形态的影响是有用的。免疫荧光染色（IF）是用于研究的靶向治疗后细胞的形态学，生长和存活的特性和所涉及的蛋白质的效果的有效技术。我们实验室已经适应了这些方法对永生化BE细胞系，用IF来评价在划定一个可能的化学预防治疗和生物标志物的药物治疗7的希望时BE细胞系在临床可用的药物的作用。同样，在选管会应用这些技术，BE和食管永生化细胞系已划定有关BE选管会的进展8-10关键的发现。我们发现如果用靶向疗法治疗BE细胞的分析具有价值，允许改变细胞结构和蛋白定位的表征。在这里，我们提出我们的方法，如果永生BE细胞的characterize药物治疗。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="743">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Name of the Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Comments/ Description (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-A (Metaplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-B (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-C (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-D (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Keratinocyte-SFM (1X), Liquid</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17005-042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1X), Phenol Red&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum, Qualified, HI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10438026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PSN ANTIBIOTIC MIXTURE</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pro-long Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Circular Glass Coverslip 18mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-183-86</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">&#946;-catenin Primary Antibody (Rabbit)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>9562S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alexafluor 488 (Goat Anti-Rabbit)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10cm TC treated PS dish, sterile</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>CC7682-3394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">12-well TC treated PS plate, sterile</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>5666-5180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>276855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Saponin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bovine Serum Albumin - Fraction V</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>85040C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SKI-606 (Bosutinib)</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S1014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Square Bioassay Dish&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>240835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Parafilm&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82024-546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Disposable Pasteur Pipets, Flint Glass</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14672-380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nexcelom Mini Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Nexcelom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cellometer Counting Chambers</td>
			<td>Nexcelom</td>
			<td>CHT4-SD100-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Zeiss Apotome microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an immunofluorescent method for characterization of barrett&#8217;s esophagus cells

食管腺癌（EAC）小于17％，总生存率和EAC的发病率急剧上升，在过去的二十年。其中选管会的主要危险因素是Barrett食管（BE），正常食管鳞状在应对慢性胃灼热化生变化。尽管东非共同体之间的行之有效的连接进行的分子事件，涉及的进展特别是改变信号通路的审讯是选管会，了解甚少。这在很大程度上是由于可用来研究这些疾病的体外模型缺乏合适的。最近，永生BE细胞系已成为市售允许在体外研究中BE的。在这里，我们提出了BE永生细胞株的免疫荧光染色的方法，使在细胞信号传导和结构暴露于治疗化合物后体外表征。这些技术的应用将HELp开发洞察参与是EAC的发展机制，并为治疗和预防EAC的潜在途径。

从应用程序的描述的方法获得的结果的一个例子示于图1A-D中 。盖玻片带CP-D和CP-C BE细胞24小时，分别用1微米的Src家族抑制剂，SKI-606，或车辆（DMSO），并使用了粘着连接和Wnt上述程序信号蛋白，β染色-catenin的。 β-连环蛋白的可视化是通过用抗兔IgG结合到绿色荧光标记来实现，而在细胞核的标记是完成了用DAPI（蓝色）标记。盖玻片封片使用硬设置安装并使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜使?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrettâ€™s Esophagus Cells at JoVE.com

An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&amp;#8217;s Esophagus Cells

有一个明显的需要对Barrett食管的分子驱动程序改进的信息。免疫荧光染色对于理解细胞信号转导的对细胞形态的影响的有效技术。我们提出了一个简单，有效的协议，使用免疫荧光染色，以评估在Barrett食管细胞治疗治疗。

免疫荧光法Barrett食管细胞的表征

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has an overall survival rate of less than 17% and incidence of EAC has risen dramatically over the past two decades. One ...

an-immunofluorescent-method-for-characterization-barretts-esophagus

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus Cells

14.0K 次观看.  St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center. 有一个明显的需要对Barrett食管的分子驱动程序改进的信息。免疫荧光染色对于理解细胞信号转导的对细胞形态的影响的有效技术。我们提出了一个简单，有效的协议，使用免疫荧光染色，以评估在Barrett食管细胞治疗治疗。 

视频: An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus Cells

A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells.

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated heavy chains that are noncovalently associated with beta2-microglobulin. They bind lipids rather than peptides. Although their structure confirms the similarity of CD1 proteins to MHC class I and class II antigen presenting molecules, the mCD1d groove is relatively narrow, deep, and highly hydrophobic and it has two binding pockets instead of the several shallow pockets described for the classical MHC-encoded antigen-presenting molecules. Based upon their amino acid sequences, such a hydrobphobic groove provides an ideal environment for the binding of lipid antigens. The Natural Killer T (NKT) cells use their TCR to recognize glycolipids bound to or presented by CD1d. T cells reactive to lipids presented by CD1 have been involved in the protection against autoimmune and infectious diseases and in tumor rejection. Thus, the ability to identify, purify , and track the response of CD1-reactive NKT cell is of great importance . The generation of tetramers of alpha Galactosyl ceramide (a-Galcer) with CD1d has significant insight into the biology of NKT cells. Tetramers constructed from other CD1 molecules have also been generated and these new reagents have greatly expanded the knowledge of the functions of lipid-reactive T cells, with potential use in monitoring the response to lipid-based vaccines and in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and other treatments.

A Method to prepare Insect cells and infect them with baculovirus for the the purpose of production of recombinant mCD1d proteinand generating mCD1d tetramers.

重组昆虫细胞中的mCD1d的蛋白质的生产方法。

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated ...

科研

生物学

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require direct access to cells and isolation of specific cell types, could not be applied in C. elegans. This limitation was due to the fact that tissues are confined within a pressurized cuticle which is not easily digested by treatment with enzymes and/or detergents. Based on early pioneer work by Laird Bloom, Christensen and colleagues 1 developed a robust method for culturing C. elegans embryonic cells in large scale. Eggs are isolated from gravid adults by treatment with bleach/NaOH and subsequently treated with chitinase to remove the eggshells. Embryonic cells are then dissociated by manual pipetting and plated onto substrate-covered glass in serum-enriched media. Within 24 hr of isolation cells begin to differentiate by changing morphology and by expressing cell specific markers. C. elegans cells cultured using this method survive for up 2 weeks in vitro and have been used for electrophysiological, immunochemical, and imaging analyses as well as they have been sorted and used for microarray profiling.

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

We describe here a revised protocol for large-scale culture of embryonic C. elegans cells. Embryonic C. elegans cells cultured in vitro using this method, appear to differentiate and recapitulate the expression of genes in a cell specific manner. Techniques that require direct access to the cells or isolation of specific cell types from the other tissues can be applied on C. elegans cultured cells.

一种用于培养胚胎<em&gt; C。线虫</em&gt;细胞

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require ...

An Innovative Method for Exosome Quantification and Size Measurement

Although the biological importance of exosomes has recently gained an increasing amount of scientific and clinical attention, much is still unknown about their complex pathways, their bioavailability and their diverse functions in health and disease. Current work focuses on the presence and the behavior of exosomes (in vitro as well as in vivo) in the context of different human disorders, especially in the fields of oncology, gynecology and cardiology.
Unfortunately, neither a consensus regarding a gold standard for exosome isolation exists, nor is there an agreement on such a method for their quantitative analysis. As there are many methods for the purification of exosomes and also many possibilities for their quantitative and qualitative analysis, it is difficult to determine a combination of methods for the ideal approach. 
Here, we demonstrate nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), a semi-automated method for the characterization of exosomes after isolation from human plasma by ultracentrifugation. The presented results show that this approach for isolation, as well as the determination of the average number and size of exosomes, delivers reproducible and valid data, as confirmed by other methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

A method for isolation of exosomes from whole blood and further analysis by nanoparticle tracking using a semi-automatic instrument is presented in this article. The presented technology provides an extremely sensitive method for visualizing and analyzing particles in liquid suspension.

对于外来体定量和尺寸测量新方法研究

Although the biological importance of exosomes has recently gained an increasing amount of scientific and clinical attention, much is still unknown about ...

Isolation of Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Esophagus

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for 25 min. Human esophageal resection specimens are stripped of muscularis propria and adventitia and the remaining mucosa is minced, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for up to 6 hr. Cultured cells express &#945;-SMA and vimentin and express desmin weakly or not at all. Culture conditions are not conducive to growth of epithelial, hematopoietic, or endothelial cells. Culture purity is further confirmed by flow cytometric evaluation of cell surface marker expression of potential contaminating hematopoietic and endothelial cells. The described technique is straightforward and results in consistent generation of non-hematopoieitc, non-endothelial stromal cells. Limitations of this technique are inherent to the use of primary cultures in molecular biology studies, i.e., the unavoidable variability encountered among cultures established across different mice or humans. Primary cultures however are a more representative reflection of the in vivo state compared to cell lines. These methods also provide investigators the ability to isolate and culture stromal cells from different clinical and experimental conditions, allowing comparisons between groups. Characterized esophageal stromal cells can also be used in functional studies investigating epithelial-stromal interactions in esophageal disorders.

We present a protocol to generate primary cultures of murine and human esophageal stromal cells with a myofibroblast phenotype. Cultured cells have spindle shaped morphology, express &#945;-SMA and vimentin, and lack epithelial, hematopoietic and endothelial cell surface markers. Characterized stromal cells can be used in functional studies of epithelial-stromal interactions.

从小鼠和人类食管隔离肌纤维母细胞

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, ...

Improved Swiss-rolling Technique for Intestinal Tissue Preparation for Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescent Analyses

Understanding the role of factors that regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to injury and regeneration is important. The current literature describes several different methodological approaches to obtain images of intestinal tissues for data validation. In this paper, we delineate a common protocol relating to the derivation and processing of mouse intestinal tissues. Proper fixation of intestinal tissues and Swiss-roll techniques that enhance intestinal epithelial morphology are discussed. Postresection processing and reorientation of embedded intestinal tissues are critical in obtaining paraffin-embedded blocks that display intact intestinal structural features after sectioning. The Swiss-rolling technique helps in histological assessment of the complete intestinal or colonic sections examined. An ability to differentiate intestinal structural features can be vital in quantitative measurements of intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis along the entire length. Finally, paraffin-embedded sections are ideal for robust processing using both immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent detection methods. Nonfluorescent immunohistochemical sections provide a vibrant image of the tissue detailing different cellular structural features but do not provide flexibility for intracellular co-localization experiments. Multiple fluorescent channels can be appropriately utilized with immunofluorescent detection for co-localization experiments, lending support to mechanistic studies.

Accurate identification and location of epithelial cells along the intestinal mucosal lining are essential to define different cell lineages. Proper imaging of intestinal tissues is crucial for identification of protein expression patterns with maximum resolution. This study aims to delineate the optimal methods and conditions for processing mouse intestinal tissues.

瑞士改进轧制技术肠组织准备免疫组化和免疫分析

Understanding the role of factors that regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to injury and regeneration is important. The current ...

An Easy Method for Plant Polysome Profiling

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the analysis of translational regulation. The method described here is an easy and economical way for fractionating polysomes from various plant tissues. A sucrose gradient is made without the need for a gradient maker by sequentially freezing each layer. Cytosolic extracts are then prepared in a buffer containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol to immobilize the cytosolic and chloroplastic ribosomes to mRNA and are loaded onto the sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, six fractions are directly collected from the bottom to the top of the gradient, without piercing the ultracentrifugation tube. During collection, the absorbance at 260 nm is read continuously to generate a polysome profile that gives a snapshot of global translational activity. Fractions are then pooled to prepare three different mRNA populations: the polysomes, mRNAs bound to several ribosomes; the monosomes, mRNAs bound to one ribosome; and mRNAs that are not bound to ribosomes. mRNAs are then extracted. This protocol has been validated for different plants and tissues including Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and adult plants, Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa leaves.

This protocol describes an easy method to extract and fractionate transcripts from plant tissues on the basis of the number of bound ribosomes. It allows a global estimate of translation activity and the determination of the translational status of specific mRNAs.

植物多聚核糖体剖面的简单方法

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

肾毒素显微注射斑马鱼到模型急性肾损伤

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

软件辅助跟踪动态细胞突变中蛋白质浓度的图形用户界面

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal muscle development and regeneration, and the autophagic process has been described in several muscular pathologies and age-related muscle disorders. A recently described block of the autophagic process that correlates with the functional exhaustion of satellite cells during muscle repair supports the notion that active autophagy is coupled with productive muscle regeneration. These data uncover the crucial role of autophagy in satellite cell activation during muscle regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions, such as muscular dystrophies. Here, we provide a protocol to monitor the autophagic process in the adult Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) compartment during muscle regenerative conditions. This protocol describes the setup methodology to perform in situ immunofluorescence imaging of LC3, an autophagy marker, and MyoD, a myogenic lineage marker, in muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice. The methodology reported allows for monitoring the autophagic process in one specific cell compartment, the MuSC compartment, which plays a central role in orchestrating muscle regeneration.

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Active autophagy is associated with productive muscle regeneration, which is essential for Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) activation. Here, we provide a protocol for the in situ detection of LC3, an autophagy marker in MyoD-positive MuSCs of muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice.

肌肉干细胞中自噬的原位免疫荧光染色

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal ...

An Antegrade Perfusion Method for Cardiomyocyte Isolation from Mice

In basic research using mouse heart, isolating viable individual cardiomyocytes is a crucial technical step to overcome. Traditionally, isolating cardiomyocytes from rabbits, guinea pigs or rats has been performed via retrograde perfusion of the heart with enzymes using a Langendorff apparatus. However, a high degree of skill is required when this method is used with a small mouse heart. An antegrade perfusion method that does not use a Langendorff apparatus was recently reported for the isolation of mouse cardiomyocytes. We herein report a complete protocol for the improved antegrade perfusion of the excised heart to isolate individual heart cells from adult mice (8 - 108 weeks old). Antegrade perfusion is performed by injecting perfusate near the apex of the left ventricle of the excised heart, the aorta of which was clamped, using an infusion pump. All procedures are carried out on a pre-warmed heater mat under a microscope, which allows for the injection and perfusion processes to be monitored. The results suggest that ventricular and atrial myocytes, and fibroblasts can be well isolated from a single adult mouse simultaneously.

We developed a simple method for isolating high quality individual mouse heart cells by the antegrade perfusion technique. This method is Langendorff-free and useful for isolating ventricular and atrial myocytes or interstitial cells, such as cardiac fibroblasts or progenitors.