이 작품은 세인트 조셉 재단 (AJF, LJI)과 미국 폐 협회, RG-224607-N (LJI)에서 교부금에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 셀 라인의 유지 보수 <ol><li> 불후의 성격 효소 (TERT) 단백질 11 반대로 인간 텔로 머라 아제의 안정적인 형질 전환에 의해 고급 이형성 (CP-B, CP-C, CP-D) 및 화생이 있으면서 (CP-A) 세포주합니다. </li><li> 유지 세포 소 뇌하수체 추출물 (BPE), 표피 성장 인자 (EGF), 5 % 태아 소 혈청 (FBS), 비 필수 아미노산 (NEAA), 페니실린 - 스트렙토 마이신-네오 마이신 (PSN)로 보충 각질 미디어 라인 및 표준 BE 조직 배양 조건 (37 ° C에서 5 % CO 2, 98 % 습도). </li></ol> 2. 셀 도금하고있다 <ol><li> 12 - 웰 플레이트 / 커버 슬립의 제조. 유리 페트리 접시와 오토 클레이브에 18mm 커버 슬립을 놓습니다. 전송 진공관에 부착 멸균 유리 피펫을 사용하여 12 - 웰 조직 배양 접시에 18mm 유리 커버 슬립을 멸균. 멸균 PBS 및 미디어 커버 슬립을 씻으십시오. </li><li> 를 Trypsinize 및 불후의 BE 세포를 계산합니다. 세포 USI를 계산자동 셀 카운터 또는 혈구를 겨. 20,000-40,000 세포 / ml의 농도로 배양 배지에서 세포를 희석. </li><li> 각이 잘 20,000-40,000 세포 / 웰의 총 세포 수에 대한 커버 슬립을 포함에 세포를 1 ㎖를 놓습니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 세포가 커버 슬립에 부착하도록 우물의 바닥에 커버 슬립을 밀어 멸균 피펫 팁을 사용합니다. </li></ol> BE 세포의 3. 약물 치료 <ol><li> 원하는 농도로 따뜻한 (37 ℃) 매체 선택 약을 희석 반복 튜브를 반전 또는 와류 믹서를 사용하여 잘 섞는다. 경험적으로 결정 약물 농도. 커버 슬립에 대한 세포의 부착을 허용하는 BE 세포의 초기 시딩 다음 치료 24 시간을 시작합니다 </li><li> 비교 및 제어를 위해, 배양 배지에 희석 0.1 % 차량 (디메틸 설폭 사이드 [DMSO] 또는 대리인이 화합물을 용해하는 데 사용)과 함께 세포의 추가 커버 슬립을 취급합니다. 약을 확인하고 Ve에 대한 실험실 펜 라벨 판차 량은 샘플을 처리. 37 ° C, 5 % CO 2, 98 %의 습도로 설정 세포 배양 인큐베이터에 세포를 넣고 원하는 시점에 품어. </li></ol> 4. 면역 형광 염색법 <ol><li> 정착 <ol><li> 약물 치료의 원하는 배양 시간에 따라, 미디어를 대기음 실온 (RT, 25 ° C)에서 1X 인산염 완충 생리 식염수 (PBS)으로 신속하게 커버 슬립을 씻는다. </li><li> PBS를 대기음도 각각 4 % PFA [4 % PFA / PBS를 함유하는 PBS 1 ㎖를 추가하고 실온에서 30 분 동안 배양한다. </li><li> 4 % PFA / PBS를 대기음 RT에서 PBS와 coverslips는 3 배, 5 분마다 씻어. 원하는 경우 4 ° C에서 PBS/0.1의 % PFA에 일 주일간 매장의 coverslips. </li></ol></li><li> Permeabilization / 차단 항체가 세포 내 표적 액세스 할 수 있도록 고정 PFA 세포를 투과. 세포는 단백질 표면의 경우, 1X의 PBS/0.5의 %의 BSA 용액에 첨가 사포닌하지 않고 이후의 모든 단계를 수행합니다. <ol><li> 실온에서 10 분 동안 PBS에 희석하는 50 mM NH 4 망할 CIA와 함께 배양하여 배경을 줄이고 5 분 동안 한 번 RT PBS로 세척. </li><li> 0.1 % 사포닌 및 0.5 % 소 혈청 알부민 (BSA)을 함유하는 PBS의 100-300 μL에 30 분 동안 BE 세포를 배양한다. , 필터 살균 10 %의 주식에서 사포닌을 희석 물을 준비하고 4 ℃에서 저장 </li></ol> 참고 :이 0.5 % BSA의 첨가에 의한 커버 슬립을 차단하여 세포 단백질에 대한 항체의 비특이적 결합 방지 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 항체의 비특이적 결합을 줄이기 위해 5 %로 희석 염소 혈청과 BSA를 대체합니다. </li><li> 인간의 상공 회의소의 준비 <ol><li> 젖은 종이 타월 챔버의 바닥을 적층하여 사각형 생물 검정 접시를 준비하고 위에 파라 필름의 층을 배치합니다. </li><li> 부드럽게 겸자 및 주사기 바늘을 이용하여 파라 필름 상으로 향하도록 커버 슬립, 세포를 옮긴다. </li><li> 커버 슬립을 식별 할 수있는 실험실 펜으로 파라 필름을 표시합니다. </li></ol></li><li>일차 항체 배양 <ol><li> 0.5 % BSA 및 0.1 % 사포닌을 모두 함유하는 PBS에 일차 항체를 희석. </li><li> 부드럽게 실험실 조직을 사용하여 차단 솔루션을 몰아 내고 차 항체 용액 100 μl를 추가합니다. 4 ℃에서 하룻밤 BE 세포의 일차 항체를 품어 </li></ol></li><li> 차 항체 보육 <ol><li> 슬라이드는 RT에서 5 분마다 PBS/0.5 %의 BSA/0.1 %의 사포닌으로 3 배 씻으십시오. </li><li> 차 항체는 일차 항체가 발생되었을 때의 종을 인식 PBS/0.5 %의 BSA/0.1 %의 사포닌에 형광 태그로 복합 이차 항체를 희석. </li><li> 각 coverslip에 희석 항체의 100 μl를 추가합니다. 실온에서 2 시간 동안 차 항체를 품어. </li></ol></li><li> 세척 및 Coverslips는 실장 <ol><li> PBS/0.5 %의 BSA/0.1 %의 사포닌에 coverslips는 3 배, 5 분마다 씻으십시오. 세척 버퍼를 제거하고 커버 슬립에 PBS의 100 ~ 300 μl를 추가합니다. 참고 : 더블 안티 들어몸의 얼룩, 반복 토론에 나와있는 정보에 따라 원하는 추가 기본 및 보조 항체 4.4-4.5 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 집게를 사용하여 부드럽게 커버 슬립을 들어 올려 실험실 조직이나 종이 타월을 사용하여 PBS를 얼룩. </li><li> 유리 현미경 슬라이드에 세포 아래로, 커버 슬립에 4를 포함하는 적절한 안티 페이드 설치 미디어 &#39;-1,6 - diamidino -2 - 페닐 인돌 (DAPI)의 15 μl를 추가하고, 커버 슬립을 반전. </li><li> 슬라이드 폴더에 슬라이드를 삽입하고 하드 설정 반대로 페이드 매체는 치료 할 수 있도록 RT에서 하룻밤 직사 빛에서 배양, 제조 업체의 지침에 따라. 반대로 페이드 매체가 설정되면, 슬라이드는 현미경 가시화 될 때까지 C ° 4 °의 C 또는 -20 하나에 저장할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li></ol> Coverslips는 5. 현미경 시각화 염색 된 세포는 공 초점 현미경 또는 하나를 통해 이미지화 할 수있는 경우 가능한 수직 microscop전자. 공 초점 현미경은 불연속 깊이에 고해상도 이미지를 제공하지만, 직립 현미경 빠르고 유용한 이미지를 생산할 수있다. 간결하게, 영상의 방법은 표준 현미경을 제시하여 셀 BE 스테인드. 일반적으로 이미지 형광 이소 티오 시아 네이트 (FITC) 또는 유사한 형광 물질 (즉, 녹색 형광 단백질)로, 텍사스 레드와 DAPI,이 형광 물질을 구별 할 수있는 필터를 사용하여 현미경이 필요합니다. 호환 형광을 결정하는 프로토콜을 시작하기 전에 현미경을 확인합니다. <ol><li> 표준 IF 현미경 영상 <ol><li> -20 ° C ~ 4 ° C에서 저장 슬라이드 / 커버 슬립을 제거하고 실내 온도를 따뜻하게 할 수 있습니다. 현미경 및 수은 아크 램프의 전원을 켭니다. </li><li> 커버 슬립이 현미경 무대에 목표를 향과 현미경 슬라이드를 놓습니다. 오일 침지 목적의 사용을 위해, 커버 슬립 상에 침지 기름 방울을 추가한다. </li><li> DAPI 필터를 선택하고 셔터를 엽니 다. </li&gt; <li> 이미지가 나타날 때까지 접안 렌즈를 통해보고하는 동안 목표를 초점을 맞 춥니 다. 모든 셀 DAPI로 염색되므로, 핵은 쉽게 관찰되어야한다. </li><li> 각각의 화상 처리 소프트웨어를 사용하여 이미지를 수집한다. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
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저자는 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

우리는이 세포에 따라 타겟 요법의 생리적 효과를 해명으로 BE 세포의 IF를 적용하는 방법을 설명했다. 우리는 BE 세포 향한 이러한 절차의 사용을 설명하는 동안, 우리는이 방법 또한 다른 세포 유형 13,17,18의 다양한 적용 할 수있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 또한, 이러한 절차는 특정 대상에 대한 염색을 최적화하는 여러 가지 방법으로 변경할 수 있습니다. 우리는 적절?...

바렛 식도 (BE)은 식도의 편평 상피 세포 및 정상적인 위 식도 역류 질환 (GERD) (1)로부터 얻어진 위 내용물에 대한 만성 노출의 결과에 화생이 있으면서 변화이다. BE는 GERD에 대한 응답으로 보호 메커니즘 것으로 생각됩니다, 그러나 BE의 존재는 식도 선암 (EAC), 현저하게 생존율 1을 전달하는 질병의 증가 위험을 부여. 현재 견적은 미국 인구의 최대 5.6 %가달라고하는 것이 좋습니다 BE는 종종 무증상으로, 그러나, BE의 대부분이이 진단되지 않은 남아 있다고 생각합니다. GERD와 EAC 모두의 발생률이 계속 성장 3 본 바와 같이,이 정보는 잠재적으로 EAC하는의 진행을 방지하는 방향으로 치료 방법을 제공 할 수있다, 특히로, EAC하는의 진행에 관여하는 분자 메커니즘을 이해하는 것이 중요 해지고있다. 1의 현재 패러다임에 성공. 만성 염증, 상처, 그리고 위의 내용에 장기간 노출로 인한 유전 독성 피해는 EAC에 종양의 진행을 촉진 BE 병변에 선택적 압력을 발휘. 유전 변경의 숫자는 동안 EAC 진행하는 확인되었습니다. 그러나 이것에도 불구하고 세포 신호의 정확한 변화와 세포의 구조와 기능에 따라 이후의 영향에 대한 이해의 명백한 부족하다. 특히 표적 치료 화합물의 효과를 조사에서, 세포 신호 전달의 효과를 연구하기위한 유용한 도구가 시험 관내 세포 라인에 불멸화. 불후의 BE 세포주의 최근 상용화는 연구 할 수 있습니다. 이러한 널리 사용 생존력 분석 높은 처리량 분석법은 세포 증식 및 스와시 타겟 요법의 효과를 평가하는데 유용 할 수 있지만rvival 4-6, 이러한 분석은 세포 형태에 따라 세포 신호 전달의 효과를 심문하는 데 유용하지 않습니다. 면역 형광 염색 (IF)는 세포의 형태학, 성장 및 생존 성과 관련된 단백질시 타겟 요법의 효과를 조사하기위한 유용한 기술이다. 우리 연구소는 약물 치료 7 가능한 화학적 예방법 처리 및 바이오 마커를 서술의 희망 BE 세포 라인에 따라 임상 적으로 사용 가능한 약물의 효과를 평가하는 경우에 사용하는, 불후의 BE 세포 라인으로 이러한 방법을 적용하고있다. 마찬가지로, EAC에서 이러한 기술의 응용 프로그램이 있고 그리고 불후의 식도 세포 라인은 EAC 진행 8-10 일 수에 관한 중요한 연구 결과를 서술하고있다. 표적으로 한 치료로 치료 세포의 분석은 세포 구조와 단백질 지방화의 변화 특성을 허용, 가치가 있다면, 우리는 찾을 수 있습니다. 여기, 우리는 우리의 방법을 제시 IF C로되어 영원 세포의약물 치료를 haracterize.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="743">
	<tbody>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:295px;">Name of the Material/Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:108px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:224px;">Comments/ Description (optional)</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-A (Metaplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-B (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-C (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4029</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CP-D (High-grade Dysplastic Cell Line)</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-4030</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Keratinocyte-SFM (1X), Liquid</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17005-042</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.25% Trypsin-EDTA (1X), Phenol Red&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum, Qualified, HI</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10438026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PSN ANTIBIOTIC MIXTURE</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS - Phosphate-Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pro-long Gold Antifade Reagent with DAPI&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Circular Glass Coverslip 18mm</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15-183-86</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">&#946;-catenin Primary Antibody (Rabbit)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>9562S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Alexafluor 488 (Goat Anti-Rabbit)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11008</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10cm TC treated PS dish, sterile</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>CC7682-3394</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">12-well TC treated PS plate, sterile</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>5666-5180</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>276855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A9434</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Saponin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>47036</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bovine Serum Albumin - Fraction V</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>85040C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">SKI-606 (Bosutinib)</td>
			<td>Selleck Chemicals</td>
			<td>S1014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Square Bioassay Dish&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>240835</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Parafilm&#160;</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82024-546</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Disposable Pasteur Pipets, Flint Glass</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>14672-380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nexcelom Mini Cell Counter</td>
			<td>Nexcelom</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cellometer Counting Chambers</td>
			<td>Nexcelom</td>
			<td>CHT4-SD100-014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Zeiss Apotome microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an immunofluorescent method for characterization of barrett&#8217;s esophagus cells

식도 선암 (EAC)는 전체 생존보다 17 %의 속도와 EAC의 발병률은 지난 20 년 동안 극적으로 증가했다가 있습니다. EAC의 주요 위험 요인 중 하나는 바렛 식도 (BE), 만성 가슴 앓이에 대한 응답으로 정상 편평 식도의 화생이 있으면서 변화입니다. EAC 사이의 잘 설정된 연결에도 불구하고, 분자 이벤트의 진행을 포함 특히 변경된 신호 전달 경로의 심문은 EAC에, 제대로 이해 못할 것이다. 이 중 대부분은 이러한 질병을 연구하는 데 사용할 수 체외 모델에 적합한의 부족 때문이다. 최근 불후의 BE 세포주 BE의 생체 연구를 허용 시판되고있다. 여기서, 우리는 치료 화합물에 노출 된 후 세포 신호 및 구조의 시험 관내 특성화 있도록 BE 불멸화 세포주의 면역 염색을위한 방법을 제시한다. 이러한 기술의 적용은 그러는 것p는 EAC 진행하는에 관련된 메커니즘에 대한 통찰력을 개발하고 치료 및 EAC의 예방을위한 잠재적 인 수단을 제공합니다.

개시된 방법의 애플리케이션으로부터 얻어진 결과의 일례는도 1a-D에 도시되어있다. CP-D와 CP-C BE 세포와 커버 슬립은 Src에 가족 억제제 SKI-606, 또는 차량 (DMSO)의 1 μM로 24 시간 동안 처리하여 단백질, β 신호있는 adherens 접합 Wnt에 대해 위의 절차를 사용하여 염색 - 카테닌. 세포 핵의 라벨이 DAPI (파란색)로 표시하여 수행하는 동안 β-catenin의 시각화는, 녹색 형광체에 결합 된 항 토끼 IgG...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrettâ€™s Esophagus Cells at JoVE.com

An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&amp;#8217;s Esophagus Cells

바렛 식도의 분자 드라이버에 대한 개선 된 정보를 식별 할 필요가있다. 면역 형광 염색은 세포 형태에 세포 신호 전달의 효과를 이해하기위한 유용한 기술이다. 우리는 바렛 식도 세포의 치료 적 처치를 평가하기 위하여 면역 형광 염색법을 사용하기위한 간단한 효과적인 프로토콜을 제시한다.

바렛 식도 세포의 특성에 대한 면역 방법

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) has an overall survival rate of less than 17% and incidence of EAC has risen dramatically over the past two decades. One ...

an-immunofluorescent-method-for-characterization-barretts-esophagus

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JoVE Journal

Biology

An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus Cells

14.0K 조회수.  St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center.  바렛 식도의 분자 드라이버에 대한 개선 된 정보를 식별 할 필요가있다. 면역 형광 염색은 세포 형태에 세포 신호 전달의 효과를 이해하기위한 유용한 기술이다. 우리는 바렛 식도 세포의 치료 적 처치를 평가하기 위하여 면역 형광 염색법을 사용하기위한 간단한 효과적인 프로토콜을 제시한다. 

비디오: An Immunofluorescent Method for Characterization of Barrett&#8217;s Esophagus Cells

A Method For Production of Recombinant mCD1d Protein in Insect Cells.

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated heavy chains that are noncovalently associated with beta2-microglobulin. They bind lipids rather than peptides. Although their structure confirms the similarity of CD1 proteins to MHC class I and class II antigen presenting molecules, the mCD1d groove is relatively narrow, deep, and highly hydrophobic and it has two binding pockets instead of the several shallow pockets described for the classical MHC-encoded antigen-presenting molecules. Based upon their amino acid sequences, such a hydrobphobic groove provides an ideal environment for the binding of lipid antigens. The Natural Killer T (NKT) cells use their TCR to recognize glycolipids bound to or presented by CD1d. T cells reactive to lipids presented by CD1 have been involved in the protection against autoimmune and infectious diseases and in tumor rejection. Thus, the ability to identify, purify , and track the response of CD1-reactive NKT cell is of great importance . The generation of tetramers of alpha Galactosyl ceramide (a-Galcer) with CD1d has significant insight into the biology of NKT cells. Tetramers constructed from other CD1 molecules have also been generated and these new reagents have greatly expanded the knowledge of the functions of lipid-reactive T cells, with potential use in monitoring the response to lipid-based vaccines and in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and other treatments.

A Method to prepare Insect cells and infect them with baculovirus for the the purpose of production of recombinant mCD1d proteinand generating mCD1d tetramers.

곤충 세포에서 재조합 단백질의 생산 mCD1d하는 방법.

CD1 proteins constitute a third class of antigen-presenting molecules. They are cell surface glycoproteins, expressed as approximately 50-kDa glycosylated ...

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생물학

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require direct access to cells and isolation of specific cell types, could not be applied in C. elegans. This limitation was due to the fact that tissues are confined within a pressurized cuticle which is not easily digested by treatment with enzymes and/or detergents. Based on early pioneer work by Laird Bloom, Christensen and colleagues 1 developed a robust method for culturing C. elegans embryonic cells in large scale. Eggs are isolated from gravid adults by treatment with bleach/NaOH and subsequently treated with chitinase to remove the eggshells. Embryonic cells are then dissociated by manual pipetting and plated onto substrate-covered glass in serum-enriched media. Within 24 hr of isolation cells begin to differentiate by changing morphology and by expressing cell specific markers. C. elegans cells cultured using this method survive for up 2 weeks in vitro and have been used for electrophysiological, immunochemical, and imaging analyses as well as they have been sorted and used for microarray profiling.

A Method for Culturing Embryonic C. elegans Cells

We describe here a revised protocol for large-scale culture of embryonic C. elegans cells. Embryonic C. elegans cells cultured in vitro using this method, appear to differentiate and recapitulate the expression of genes in a cell specific manner. Techniques that require direct access to the cells or isolation of specific cell types from the other tissues can be applied on C. elegans cultured cells.

배아 배양하는 방법<em&gt; C. 엘레</em&gt; 셀

C. elegans is a powerful model system, in which genetic and molecular techniques are easily applicable. Until recently though, techniques that require ...

An Innovative Method for Exosome Quantification and Size Measurement

Although the biological importance of exosomes has recently gained an increasing amount of scientific and clinical attention, much is still unknown about their complex pathways, their bioavailability and their diverse functions in health and disease. Current work focuses on the presence and the behavior of exosomes (in vitro as well as in vivo) in the context of different human disorders, especially in the fields of oncology, gynecology and cardiology.
Unfortunately, neither a consensus regarding a gold standard for exosome isolation exists, nor is there an agreement on such a method for their quantitative analysis. As there are many methods for the purification of exosomes and also many possibilities for their quantitative and qualitative analysis, it is difficult to determine a combination of methods for the ideal approach. 
Here, we demonstrate nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), a semi-automated method for the characterization of exosomes after isolation from human plasma by ultracentrifugation. The presented results show that this approach for isolation, as well as the determination of the average number and size of exosomes, delivers reproducible and valid data, as confirmed by other methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

A method for isolation of exosomes from whole blood and further analysis by nanoparticle tracking using a semi-automatic instrument is presented in this article. The presented technology provides an extremely sensitive method for visualizing and analyzing particles in liquid suspension.

엑소 정량화 및 크기 측정을위한 혁신적인 방법

Although the biological importance of exosomes has recently gained an increasing amount of scientific and clinical attention, much is still unknown about ...

Isolation of Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Esophagus

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for 25 min. Human esophageal resection specimens are stripped of muscularis propria and adventitia and the remaining mucosa is minced, and subjected to enzymatic digestion with collagenase and dispase for up to 6 hr. Cultured cells express &#945;-SMA and vimentin and express desmin weakly or not at all. Culture conditions are not conducive to growth of epithelial, hematopoietic, or endothelial cells. Culture purity is further confirmed by flow cytometric evaluation of cell surface marker expression of potential contaminating hematopoietic and endothelial cells. The described technique is straightforward and results in consistent generation of non-hematopoieitc, non-endothelial stromal cells. Limitations of this technique are inherent to the use of primary cultures in molecular biology studies, i.e., the unavoidable variability encountered among cultures established across different mice or humans. Primary cultures however are a more representative reflection of the in vivo state compared to cell lines. These methods also provide investigators the ability to isolate and culture stromal cells from different clinical and experimental conditions, allowing comparisons between groups. Characterized esophageal stromal cells can also be used in functional studies investigating epithelial-stromal interactions in esophageal disorders.

We present a protocol to generate primary cultures of murine and human esophageal stromal cells with a myofibroblast phenotype. Cultured cells have spindle shaped morphology, express &#945;-SMA and vimentin, and lack epithelial, hematopoietic and endothelial cell surface markers. Characterized stromal cells can be used in functional studies of epithelial-stromal interactions.

마우스 및 인간의 식도에서 근섬유 아세포의 분리

Murine and human esophageal myofibroblasts are generated via enzymatic digestion. Neonate (8-12 day old) murine esophagus is harvested, minced, washed, ...

Improved Swiss-rolling Technique for Intestinal Tissue Preparation for Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescent Analyses

Understanding the role of factors that regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to injury and regeneration is important. The current literature describes several different methodological approaches to obtain images of intestinal tissues for data validation. In this paper, we delineate a common protocol relating to the derivation and processing of mouse intestinal tissues. Proper fixation of intestinal tissues and Swiss-roll techniques that enhance intestinal epithelial morphology are discussed. Postresection processing and reorientation of embedded intestinal tissues are critical in obtaining paraffin-embedded blocks that display intact intestinal structural features after sectioning. The Swiss-rolling technique helps in histological assessment of the complete intestinal or colonic sections examined. An ability to differentiate intestinal structural features can be vital in quantitative measurements of intestinal inflammation and tumorigenesis along the entire length. Finally, paraffin-embedded sections are ideal for robust processing using both immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent detection methods. Nonfluorescent immunohistochemical sections provide a vibrant image of the tissue detailing different cellular structural features but do not provide flexibility for intracellular co-localization experiments. Multiple fluorescent channels can be appropriately utilized with immunofluorescent detection for co-localization experiments, lending support to mechanistic studies.

Accurate identification and location of epithelial cells along the intestinal mucosal lining are essential to define different cell lineages. Proper imaging of intestinal tissues is crucial for identification of protein expression patterns with maximum resolution. This study aims to delineate the optimal methods and conditions for processing mouse intestinal tissues.

면역 조직 화학적 및 면역 형광 분석을위한 창자 조직 준비를위한 향상된 스위스 압연 기술

Understanding the role of factors that regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis and response to injury and regeneration is important. The current ...

An Easy Method for Plant Polysome Profiling

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the analysis of translational regulation. The method described here is an easy and economical way for fractionating polysomes from various plant tissues. A sucrose gradient is made without the need for a gradient maker by sequentially freezing each layer. Cytosolic extracts are then prepared in a buffer containing cycloheximide and chloramphenicol to immobilize the cytosolic and chloroplastic ribosomes to mRNA and are loaded onto the sucrose gradient. After centrifugation, six fractions are directly collected from the bottom to the top of the gradient, without piercing the ultracentrifugation tube. During collection, the absorbance at 260 nm is read continuously to generate a polysome profile that gives a snapshot of global translational activity. Fractions are then pooled to prepare three different mRNA populations: the polysomes, mRNAs bound to several ribosomes; the monosomes, mRNAs bound to one ribosome; and mRNAs that are not bound to ribosomes. mRNAs are then extracted. This protocol has been validated for different plants and tissues including Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and adult plants, Nicotiana benthamiana, Solanum lycopersicum, and Oryza sativa leaves.

This protocol describes an easy method to extract and fractionate transcripts from plant tissues on the basis of the number of bound ribosomes. It allows a global estimate of translation activity and the determination of the translational status of specific mRNAs.

공장 Polysom​​e 프로파일 링을위한 쉬운 방법

Translation of mRNA to protein is a fundamental and highly regulated biological process. Polysome profiling is considered as a gold standard for the ...

Nephrotoxin Microinjection in Zebrafish to Model Acute Kidney Injury

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid decline in renal function and development of the clinical syndrome known as acute kidney injury (AKI). Pharmacological agents used to treat medical circumstances ranging from bacterial infection to cancer, when administered individually or in combination with other drugs, can initiate AKI. Zebrafish are a useful animal model to study the chemical effects on renal function in vivo, as they form an embryonic kidney comprised of nephron functional units that are conserved with higher vertebrates, including humans. Further, zebrafish can be utilized to perform genetic and chemical screens, which provide opportunities to elucidate the cellular and molecular facets of AKI and develop therapeutic strategies such as the identification of nephroprotective molecules. Here, we demonstrate how microinjection into the zebrafish embryo can be utilized as a paradigm for nephrotoxin studies.

Renal injuries incurred from nephrotoxins, which include drugs ranging from antibiotics to chemotherapeutics, can result in complex disorders whose pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. This protocol demonstrates how zebrafish can be used for disease modeling of these conditions, which can be applied to the identification of renoprotective measures.

Zebrafish의에서 콩팥 세포 독소 미세 주입은 급성 신장 손상을 모델링하기

The kidneys are susceptible to harm from exposure to chemicals they filter from the bloodstream. This can lead to organ injury associated with a rapid ...

A Graphical User Interface for Software-assisted Tracking of Protein Concentration in Dynamic Cellular Protrusions

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex signaling mechanisms underlying filopodial initiation, elongation and subsequent stabilization or retraction, it is crucial to determine the spatio-temporal protein activity in these dynamic structures. To analyze protein function in filopodia, we recently developed a semi-automated tracking algorithm that adapts to filopodial shape-changes, thus allowing parallel analysis of protrusion dynamics and relative protein concentration along the whole filopodial length. Here, we present a detailed step-by-step protocol for optimized cell handling, image acquisition and software analysis. We further provide instructions for the use of optional features during image analysis and data representation, as well as troubleshooting guidelines for all critical steps along the way. Finally, we also include a comparison of the described image analysis software with other programs available for filopodia quantification. Together, the presented protocol provides a framework for accurate analysis of protein dynamics in filopodial protrusions using image analysis software.

We present a software solution for semi-automated tracking of relative protein concentration along the length of dynamic cellular protrusions.

동적 세포 돌출부에서 소프트웨어를 이용한 단백질 농도 추적을위한 그래픽 사용자 인터페이스

Filopodia are dynamic, finger-like cellular protrusions associated with migration and cell-cell communication. In order to better understand the complex ...

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal muscle development and regeneration, and the autophagic process has been described in several muscular pathologies and age-related muscle disorders. A recently described block of the autophagic process that correlates with the functional exhaustion of satellite cells during muscle repair supports the notion that active autophagy is coupled with productive muscle regeneration. These data uncover the crucial role of autophagy in satellite cell activation during muscle regeneration in both normal and pathological conditions, such as muscular dystrophies. Here, we provide a protocol to monitor the autophagic process in the adult Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) compartment during muscle regenerative conditions. This protocol describes the setup methodology to perform in situ immunofluorescence imaging of LC3, an autophagy marker, and MyoD, a myogenic lineage marker, in muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice. The methodology reported allows for monitoring the autophagic process in one specific cell compartment, the MuSC compartment, which plays a central role in orchestrating muscle regeneration.

In Situ Immunofluorescent Staining of Autophagy in Muscle Stem Cells

Active autophagy is associated with productive muscle regeneration, which is essential for Muscle Stem Cell (MuSC) activation. Here, we provide a protocol for the in situ detection of LC3, an autophagy marker in MyoD-positive MuSCs of muscle tissue sections from control and injured mice.

근육 줄기 세포에서 Autophagy의 원위치 Immunofluorescent 얼룩

Increasing evidence points to autophagy as a crucial regulatory process to preserve tissue homeostasis. It is known that autophagy is involved in skeletal ...

An Antegrade Perfusion Method for Cardiomyocyte Isolation from Mice

In basic research using mouse heart, isolating viable individual cardiomyocytes is a crucial technical step to overcome. Traditionally, isolating cardiomyocytes from rabbits, guinea pigs or rats has been performed via retrograde perfusion of the heart with enzymes using a Langendorff apparatus. However, a high degree of skill is required when this method is used with a small mouse heart. An antegrade perfusion method that does not use a Langendorff apparatus was recently reported for the isolation of mouse cardiomyocytes. We herein report a complete protocol for the improved antegrade perfusion of the excised heart to isolate individual heart cells from adult mice (8 - 108 weeks old). Antegrade perfusion is performed by injecting perfusate near the apex of the left ventricle of the excised heart, the aorta of which was clamped, using an infusion pump. All procedures are carried out on a pre-warmed heater mat under a microscope, which allows for the injection and perfusion processes to be monitored. The results suggest that ventricular and atrial myocytes, and fibroblasts can be well isolated from a single adult mouse simultaneously.

We developed a simple method for isolating high quality individual mouse heart cells by the antegrade perfusion technique. This method is Langendorff-free and useful for isolating ventricular and atrial myocytes or interstitial cells, such as cardiac fibroblasts or progenitors.