Name: integrating a triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion system to enhance dye-sensitized solar cell response to sub-bandgap light
Uploaded: 2014-09-12T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 11 min 26 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light at JoVE.com

A.N. acknowledges contributions from the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) and the Australian National Fabrication Facility (ANFF). This research project is funded by the Australian Solar Institute (6-F020 and A-023), with contributions from The New South Wales Government and the University of Sydney. Aspects of this research were supported under Australian Research Council&#8217;s Discovery Projects funding scheme (DP110103300). Equipment was purchased with support from the Australian Research Council (LE0668257).

1，DSC制造 1.1。工作电极的制备<ol><li>的F干净的整片:SnO 2的涂覆的玻璃（110毫米×110毫米×2.3毫米，&lt;8Ω/□），通过顺序地超声处理在肥皂水中，然后用丙酮，最后乙醇（每次10分钟）。 </li><li>沉积一层致密的二氧化钛遵循以下步骤: <ol><li>干玻璃用压缩空气和耐热玻璃〜450℃的热板（导电面朝上）。 </li><li>稀二异丙醇钛双（乙酰丙酮）（异丙醇75重量％）与1乙醇:9比例。 </li><li>从约100毫米的距离喷洒稀溶液到加热玻璃，具有横跨玻璃板5喷雾剂。 </li><li>喷雾，每10秒一回合12回合。 </li><li>玻璃保持在450℃，再5分钟，关断热板前。发表于加热板上的玻璃并使其缓慢冷却至室温。 </li></ol></li><li>放置在玻璃上该网板印刷机表（再次导电面朝上）。将屏幕对准图案的玻璃。添加的TiO 2浆料到屏幕并打印一个或两个层。如果沉积两层，从打印机中取出玻璃板打印之间，覆盖并允许返回到打印机打印后续层之前沉降〜5分钟，然后加热至125℃保持10分钟。 </li><li>一旦最终打印由运行一个完整的烧结程序。加热所述电极到150℃，在12.5°/分钟，保持10分钟，然后至325℃，在11.7°/分钟，保持5分钟，然后以375℃在10℃/分钟，保持5分钟，然后加入到450 ℃，在10.7°/分钟，保持30分钟，最后以500℃在10℃/分钟，保持15分钟。缓慢冷却至室温后，本。 </li><li>切断主盘为单独的电极，确保有足够的空间，在印刷膜周围的垫片被后使用。删除使用压缩空气任何玻璃碎片。 </li><li>电极浸泡在20mm 四氯化钛</子&gt;解决方案（AQ），涵盖松散和地点容器中，烤箱预热（70℃，30分钟）。 Subsquently，一次更彻底和烧结洗电极在500℃下进行30分钟。 </li><li>一旦冷却到100℃以下，将其浸入电极在0.5mM的染料溶液。在这种情况下使用，D149于乙腈:叔丁醇（1:1）。 </li><li> Ø染色后/ N去除电极和冲洗大力在乙腈〜30秒，然后让坐在另外30秒。从漂洗槽液退出电极和干燥压缩空气。 </li></ol> 1.2。对电极的制备<ol><li>切为2.3mm˚F另一个工作表:SnO 2的玻璃成18.3毫米×27.5毫米件。 </li><li>沉浸在对电极在水中钻一小孔，在角（φ= 1毫米，从每个角落2.5毫米）作为填充端口来使用，用钻石头的牙科毛刺装在一个小台钻。 </li><li>清洁电极按第1.1节0.1 </li><li>与导电面朝上平铺干电极和地点。申请一滴铂酸溶液（H 2 PTCL 6，10毫乙醇中）和散布用移液管的端部。地方瓦到预热（400℃）加热板上15分钟。在此之后，除去玻璃和瓷砖，让冷却的长凳上。 </li></ol> 1.3。反射器<ol><li>切下一块不导电2毫米玻璃来18.3毫米×27.5毫米，钻两个孔，相邻的角沿长边，使用相同的技术作为反电极（第1.2.2节）。 </li><li>清洁玻璃，使用一次相同的协议如上述（1.1.1） </li><li>大盘在清洁，干燥的玻璃在板凳上三面，使用低渣带。应用一滴的Al 2 O 3贴（2.0克0.3微米的Al 2 O 3颗粒，胶体的Al 2 O 3 +1毫升乙醇2ml）和画下来用玻璃棒。 </li><li>让电影干，取出磁带和SINTER玻璃​​在500℃下进行30分钟。 </li></ol> 1.4。设备组装<ol><li>切两个批次的热熔粘合剂衬垫。 注意:第一，对于DSC，是25微米厚，并具有为17mm×8毫米的尺寸和21毫米×12平方毫米的外部尺寸。美国证券交易委员会，为变频室，采用翻了一倍给予120微米的厚度为60微米的衬垫材料。折叠时，该垫片具有为17mm×21毫米的尺寸和21毫米×25 mm外部尺寸。 </li><li>放置第一个密封垫在所述对电极的角落，从而确保在填充端口可访问。将工作电极置于此，使得该印刷区域是完全密封垫的内部，并获得良好的密封。 </li><li>移动此组件的加热板上（120℃）和压力施加到衬垫软化和熔化，从而可以在视觉上被观察为垫圈润湿玻璃表面。删除组件，并允许冷却。 </li><li>地点在反射第二垫片，再次确保灌装口不包括在内。置于DSC上顶端，使得印刷区域是直接在印刷氧化铝反射器的前方。再次加热装置，同时施加压力，直到垫圈软化，附着，如第1.4.3。这个组件被示于图1。 </li></ol> 1.5。灌装腔<ol><li>制备0.1M的的LiI，0.6M的1,2 - 二甲基-3-丙基咪唑碘化物和0.05M的碘甲氧基丙腈的电解液。 </li><li>将装置附真空管的小塑料容器中，用对置电极朝上。 </li><li>放点在孔电解液和顶部的一块玻璃。应用真空几秒钟提取空气从DSC空腔，在释放之前，这将绘制电解质到空腔中。 </li><li>通过层叠热熔密封材料在铝箔上制备的密封件。在一个烤盘，卡斯将这些等物质的一面朝上。彻底清洁反电极的背面，然后通过加压装置对衬垫材料为〜5秒的密封。 </li><li>制备TTA-UC溶液中溶解0.6毫钯染料的(tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-6&#39;-amino-7&#39;-nitro-tetrakisquinoxalino[2,3-b&#39;7,8-b&#39;&#39;12,13-b&#39;&#39;&#39;17,18-b&#39;&#39;&#39;&#39;-porphyrinato)钯（II））和红荧烯的22 mM的苯。脱气充分使用三个液氮冷冻 - 泵 - 解冻循环该溶液中。 </li><li>内部的手套箱，介绍TTA-UC解决方案进入后腔，使毛细作用力通过绘制它。一旦满了，再一次彻底清洁表面，并用密封另一块铝制的支持衬垫材料。 </li></ol> 2，测量 2.1。电接点<ol><li>对其进行焊接暴露女:利用声波烙铁和焊锡适当的工作和反电极的SnO 2。 </lI&gt; <li>附加使用正常焊料导线连接到阳极和阴极。 </li><li>应用UV固化环氧开边。 注意:这是为了作为对氧气进入和溶剂蒸发装置的二次封装，以及增加设备，尤其是金属线安装的鲁棒性。 </li><li>通过接线端子连接的阳极和阴极线，以一个不限成员名额BNC电缆。 </li></ol> 2.2。 IPCE测量设置<ol><li>使用图2示意性地示出的设置中，装入集成设备到一个细胞保持部。 </li><li>通过对可调节的安装一面镜子照亮集成器件（〜2毫米×1毫米），670 nm的连续波激光束（以下简称"泵浦光束"）的一部分。 </li><li>照亮了综合TTA-UC DSC带语无伦次准单色光（以下简称"探测光束&#39;）生成使用氙灯，通过405纳米长波通滤波器后的第一，然后choppeř轮动作，在29赫兹，单色，有角度的载玻片（此处用作〜4％的分束器）和抛物面反射镜。产生背景三峰人口中的TTA-UC层通过激励UC层与泵浦光束，入射在这样一个角度，它不照亮被探测的DSC有源层，但仅在UC层。 </li><li>使用可调节的反射镜支架对齐TTA-UC层上的泵和探测光束。测量通过它扫过在可见光谱中为5nm的增量使用动态信号采集装置，电流放大器和内部控制软件的探针产生的短路电流。 </li><li>同时记录的探测光束从与功率计和具有模拟输出馈送到信号采集装置的光电二极管的载玻片反射的功率变化。通过在软件的探针变异校正从设备歼SC。 </li><li>置换泵束稍微用可调后视镜<html>安装，使得它击中相邻的探测光束的器件的有源层。重复测量与所述泵和探测光束未对准。 </li><li>记录六套与对准和不对准测量时获得更好的信噪比相同的位置上。 </li><li>减少泵浦光束强度通过把泵浦光束在不同的中性密度过滤器与已知的发射在670nm处，并重复进行了一系列强度的步骤2.2.4至2.2.7。 </li><li>测量无泵束源主动集成元件J SC。 </li><li>通过将光电二极管在样本位置测量探头功率入射​​在DSC中的电流由光电二极管产生的条件。 </li><li>测量的研究设备与UC室使用UV可见分光光度计，得到的透射谱，T DSC除去的传输。 注:此步骤可以1.4和1.5之间交替进行的。 </li></ol>"&gt; 2.3。泵浦源特性<ol><li>测量泵浦光束功率在每个使用的滤波条件的DSC位置，使用光电二极管和功率表（如在第2.2.10中描述）。 </li><li>就拿泵浦光束投射到一张纸格的位置相当于那里的TTA层是在实验过程中的照片。严重削弱梁如有必要，以防止相机探测器的饱和度。使用此映像和图像分析软件来确定泵的光斑大小。 </li></ol> 3，数据处理 3.1。插值计算所有数据为1 nm的增幅。 3.2。 IPCE测定<ol><li>计算光通量（φ）到达距离测量电流的光电二极管（ 一）所产生的探测能力和电荷（Q）的集成器件: </li><li>计算德维的细胞事件的光子转换电子的效率（IPCE 0）从歼SC测量CE无泵照明和探测光束。 </li><li>取测量值之间的比率与泵和探头对准和不对准，从激活的上变换器得到的相对增强。 </li><li>太阳能集中系数确定</li><li>敏化剂的消光系数转换成吸收截面，σ。 </li><li>通过利用光子通量密度的产品，从太阳光谱，透射率在DSC和敏化剂（σ）在每个波长，然后相加得到的标准AM1.5G太阳光谱，（Kφ）下敏化剂的激发速率产品横跨敏Q带吸收，通常为600nm至750nm。 </li><li>计算，从泵浦源，具有不同的中性密度过滤器泵的光子通量密度的功率和光斑尺寸。然后采取磁通密度的产品，在DSC的透射率和敏化剂在670纳米，以获得泵激发速率。 </li><li>计算从泵激发速率AM1.5G条件下，激发速率之比太阳能聚集因子（ʘ）。 </li></ol> 3.3。模型拟合和优异的确定图<ol><li>适合相对增强= 1 +常数×（T DSC / IPCE 0）×[（σ泵 ×σ 探头 ）/（σ 泵 +σ 探头 ），到实验结果的增强，其中σ 泵和σ探头的典范是截面相对于所述泵和探针的波长; σ 泵是固定的每台泵的强度和σ 探头随波长而变化。 </li><li>估计从IPCE UC和IPCE 0和太阳通量DENSIT之间的差的上转换效应（ΔJSC）中获得以J SC的增强年。 </li><li>计算FOM由太阳能集中系数的平方标准化ΔJ 资深大律师 ，因为TTA-UC具有在低激发强度对输入功率的二次依赖。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>O'Regan, B., Gr&#228;tzel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+low-cost,+high-efficiency+solar-cell+based+on+dye-sensitized+colloidal+TiO2+films.">A low-cost, high-efficiency solar-cell based on dye-sensitized colloidal TiO2 films.</a> Nature. 353, 737-740 (1991).</li><li>Gr&#228;tzel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoelectrochemical+cells.">Photoelectrochemical cells.</a> Nature. 414 (6861), 338-344 (2001).</li><li>Hagfeldt, A., Boschloo, G., Sun, L., Kloo, L., Pettersson, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> Chem. Rev. 110 (11), 6595-6663 (2010).</li><li>Tayebjee, M. J. Y., Hirst, L. C., Ekins-Daukes, N. J., Schmidt, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+efficiency+limit+of+solar+cells+with+molecular+absorbers:+A+master+equation+approach.">The efficiency limit of solar cells with molecular absorbers: A master equation approach.</a> J. Appl. Phys. 108, 124506 (2010).</li><li>Daeneke, T., Gr&#228;f, K., Watkins, S. E., Thelakkat, M., Bach, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Infrared+Sensitizers+in+Titania-Based+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells+using+a+Dimethylferrocene+Electrolyte.">Infrared Sensitizers in Titania-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells using a Dimethylferrocene Electrolyte.</a> ChemSusChem. 6, 2056-2060 (2013).</li><li>Tian, H. N., Yang, X., Chen, R., Hagfelt, A., Sun, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+metal-free+"black+dye"+for+panchromatic+dye-sensitized+solar+cells.">A metal-free "black dye" for panchromatic dye-sensitized solar cells.</a> Energ. Environ. Sci. 2 (6), 674-677 (2009).</li><li>Daeneke, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye+Regeneration+Kinetics+in+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells.">Dye Regeneration Kinetics in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134 (41), 16925-16928 (2012).</li><li>Green, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Third Generation Photovoltaics: Advanced Solar Energy Conversion. , (2003).</li><li>He, J. J., Lindstr&#246;m, H., Hagfeldt, A., Lindquist, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye-sensitized+nanostructured+p-type+nickel+oxide+film+as+a+photocathode+for+a+solar+cell.">Dye-sensitized nanostructured p-type nickel oxide film as a photocathode for a solar cell.</a> J. Phys. Chem. B. 103 (42), 8940-8943 (1999).</li><li>Nattestad, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+photocathodes+for+dye-sensitized+tandem+solar+cells.">Highly efficient photocathodes for dye-sensitized tandem solar cells.</a> Nat. Mater. 9 (1), 31-35 (2010).</li><li>Nattestad, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cell+with+Integrated+Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation+Upconversion+System.">Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell with Integrated Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion System.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 4 (12), 2073-2078 (2013).</li><li>Liu, M., Lu, Y., Xie, Z. B., Chow, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancing+Near-Infrared+Solar+Cell+Response+Using+Upconverting+Transparent+Ceramics.">Enhancing Near-Infrared Solar Cell Response Using Upconverting Transparent Ceramics.</a> Sol. Energ. Mat. Sol. C. 95, 800-803 (2011).</li><li>Shan, G. B., Demopolous, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Near-Infrared+Sunlight+Harvesting+in+Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells+Via+the+Insertion+of+an+Upconverter-TiO2+Nanocomposite+Layer.">Near-Infrared Sunlight Harvesting in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Via the Insertion of an Upconverter-TiO2 Nanocomposite Layer.</a> Adv. Mater. 22, 4374-4377 (2010).</li><li>Yuan, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+Colloidal+Upconversion+Nanocrystals+for+Energy+Relay+Solar+Cell+Light+Harvesting+in+the+Near-Infrared+Region.">Use of Colloidal Upconversion Nanocrystals for Energy Relay Solar Cell Light Harvesting in the Near-Infrared Region.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 22, 16709-16713 (2012).</li><li>Cheng, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Approaches+to+Third+Generation+Photovoltaics:+Photochemical+Up-conversion.">Molecular Approaches to Third Generation Photovoltaics: Photochemical Up-conversion.</a> Next Generation (Nano) Photonic and Cell Technologies for Solar Energy Conversion. , 7772-7777 (2010).</li><li>Parker, C. A., Hatchard, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+Fluorescence+from+solutions+of+Anthracene+and+Phenanthracene.">Delayed Fluorescence from solutions of Anthracene and Phenanthracene.</a> P. R. Soc. London. 269, 574-584 (1962).</li><li>Zhao, J., Ji, S., Guo, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation+Based+Upconversion:+From+Triplet+Sensitizers+and+Triplet+Acceptors+to+Upconversion+Quantum+Yields.">Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Based Upconversion: From Triplet Sensitizers and Triplet Acceptors to Upconversion Quantum Yields.</a> RSC Adv. 1, 937-950 (2011).</li><li>Singh-Rachford, T. N., Castellano, F. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photon+Upconversion+Based+on+Sensitized+Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation.">Photon Upconversion Based on Sensitized Triplet-Triplet Annihilation.</a> Coordin. Chem. Rev. 254, 2560-2573 (2010).</li><li>Baluschev, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Up-Conversion+Fluorescence:+Noncoherent+Excitation+by+Sunlight.">Up-Conversion Fluorescence: Noncoherent Excitation by Sunlight.</a> Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 143903 (2006).</li><li>Ceroni, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+Up-Conversion+by+Low-Power+Excitation:+New+Applications+of+an+Old+Concept.">Energy Up-Conversion by Low-Power Excitation: New Applications of an Old Concept.</a> Chem. Eur. J. 17, 9560-9564 (2011).</li><li>Penconi, M., Ortica, F., Elisei, F., Gentili, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Molecular+Pairs+for+Low+Power+Non-Coherent+Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation+Based+Upconversion:+Dependence+on+the+Triplet+Energies+of+Sensitizer+and+Emitter.">New Molecular Pairs for Low Power Non-Coherent Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Based Upconversion: Dependence on the Triplet Energies of Sensitizer and Emitter.</a> J. Lumin. 135, 265-270 (2013).</li><li>Liu, Q., Yang, T., Feng, F., Li, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blue-Emissive+Upconversion+Nanoparticles+for+Low-Power-Excited+Bioimaging+in+Vivo.">Blue-Emissive Upconversion Nanoparticles for Low-Power-Excited Bioimaging in Vivo.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 5390-5397 (2012).</li><li>Simon, Y. C., Weder, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-Power+Photon+Upconversion+through+Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation+in+Polymers.">Low-Power Photon Upconversion through Triplet-Triplet Annihilation in Polymers.</a> J. Mater. Chem. 22, 20817-20830 (2012).</li><li>Jankus, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energy+Conversion+via+Triplet+Fusion+in+Super+Yellow+PPV+Films+Doped+with+Palladium+Tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin:+a+Comprehensive+Investigation+of+Exciton+Dynamics.">Energy Conversion via Triplet Fusion in Super Yellow PPV Films Doped with Palladium Tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin: a Comprehensive Investigation of Exciton Dynamics.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 23, 384-393 (2013).</li><li>Cheng, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Entropically+Driven+Photochemical+Upconversion.">Entropically Driven Photochemical Upconversion.</a> J. Phys. Chem. A. 115, 1047-1053 (2011).</li><li>Cheng, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+Analysis+of+Photochemical+Upconversion+by+Triplet-Triplet+Annihilation:+Beyond+Any+Spin+Statistical+Limit.">Kinetic Analysis of Photochemical Upconversion by Triplet-Triplet Annihilation: Beyond Any Spin Statistical Limit.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 1 (12), 1795-1799 (2010).</li><li>Baluschev, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upconversion+with+ultrabroad+excitation+band:+Simultaneous+use+of+two+sensitizers.">Upconversion with ultrabroad excitation band: Simultaneous use of two sensitizers.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 181103 (2007).</li><li>Borjesson, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photon+upconversion+facilitated+molecular+solar+energy+storage.">Photon upconversion facilitated molecular solar energy storage.</a> J. Mater. Chem. A. 1, 8521-8524 (2013).</li><li>Cheng, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+the+light-harvesting+of+amorphous+silicon+solar+cells+with+photochemical+upconversion.">Improving the light-harvesting of amorphous silicon solar cells with photochemical upconversion.</a> Energ. Environ. Sci. 5 (5), 6953-6959 (2012).</li><li>Dominici, L., Kosyachenko, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dye-Sensitized+Solar+Cells:+Basic+Photon+Management+Strategies.">Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Basic Photon Management Strategies.</a> Solar Cells - Dye-Sensitized Devices. , 291 (2011).</li><li>Schulze, T. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photochemical+Upconversion+Enhanced+Solar+Cells:+Effect+of+a+Back+Reflector.">Photochemical Upconversion Enhanced Solar Cells: Effect of a Back Reflector.</a> Aust. J. Chem. 65 (5), 480-485 (2012).</li><li>Schulze, T. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficiency+Enhancement+of+Organic+and+Thin-Film+Silicon+Solar+Cells+with+Photochemical+Upconversion.">Efficiency Enhancement of Organic and Thin-Film Silicon Solar Cells with Photochemical Upconversion.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 116 (43), 22794-22801 (2012).</li><li>Haefele, A., Blumhoff, B., Khnayzer, R. S., Castellano, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+to+the+(Square)+Root+of+the+Problem:+How+to+Make+Noncoherent+Pumped+Upconversion+Linear.">Getting to the (Square) Root of the Problem: How to Make Noncoherent Pumped Upconversion Linear.</a> J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 3, 299-303 (2012).</li><li>Lewitzka, F., L&#246;hmannsr&#246;ben, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+Triplet+Teracene+and+Triplet+Rubrene+in+Solution.">Investigation of Triplet Teracene and Triplet Rubrene in Solution.</a> Z. Phys. Chem. 150, 69-86 (1986).</li><li>Ventura, B., Esposti, A. D., Koszarna, B., Gryko, D. T., Flamigni, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photophysical+characterization+of+free-base+corroles,+promising+chromophores+for+light+energy+conversion+and+singlet+oxygen+generation.">Photophysical characterization of free-base corroles, promising chromophores for light energy conversion and singlet oxygen generation.</a> New J. Chem. 29, 1559-1566 (2005).</li><li>MacQueen, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanostructured+upconverters+for+improved+solar+cell+performance.">Nanostructured upconverters for improved solar cell performance.</a> Proceedings SPIE. 8824, 882408-882409 (2013).</li><li>Yella, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Porpyrin-sensitized+Solar+Cells+with+Cobalt+(II/III)-based+redox+electrolyte+exceed+12+percent+efficiency.">Porpyrin-sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)-based redox electrolyte exceed 12 percent efficiency.</a> Science. 334, 629-634 (2011).</li></ol>

There is nothing to disclose.

该协议提供了实现光子上转换增强DSC和细节上如何正确衡量这种装置的方法。 FOM的允许可以预料，在不同光照强度的预期ΔJSC改进了简单的计算，包括1太阳。这里示出的值是不变的光强度（ 图4的插图），为每期望当系统处于低于其饱和度阈值33。与FOM，我们可以标准化TTA-UC或其它非直线UC过程的增强效果，以允许容易地比较。 虽然在本研究中得?...

染料敏化太阳能电池（DSC）的已被宣布为一个有前途的概念，经济实惠的太阳能收集1-3。虽然如此热情，广泛的商业化还没有出现。有许多原因已提出了这一点，与一个迫切的问题是吸收发病的相对高的能量，限制了这些器件4的可实现的光捕获效率。虽然这是可以克服的，从而降低了吸收发病通常伴随着在开路电压的降低，过多地削弱了在电流密度为5，6的任何增益。 DSC中的一般操作涉及从光激发染料的半导体（一般为二氧化钛），其次是氧化染料通过氧化还原介体的再生的电子转移。这两个过程似乎需要大量的驱动力（电势），以进行高效率7 </suP&gt;。有了这样显著固有的损耗，它变得很明显，最佳的吸收发生在这些设备是相当高的能量。为有机光伏（OPV），由于所需的有效电荷分离的大的化学驱动力存在再次类似的问题。因此，上部太阳能到电的转换效率限制到基于这两种技术的单结器件的预测涉及吸收剂具有宽的（有效）的带隙4。 为了克服以上提出的光收获问题，一些方法已被采取。这包括"第三代"8的方法串联结构9，第10和光子上转换11-14。 最近11我们报道的DSC的工作和反电极组成的一体化设备，具有三重态-三重态湮灭基础上转换（TTA-UC）的注册系统到的结构。这TTA-UC元件是能收获穿过活性层发射的红光和化学转换（如在下面详细描述），以更高的能量的光子可能通过DSC的活性层所吸收，并产生光电流。还有要注意有关该系统的两个重要点。首先，TTA-UC比其他的光子上转换系统11许多潜在的优势;其次，它展示了一个可行的架构（证明型原则）为TTA-UC，还有所欠缺的TTA-UC文学到该点的结合。 TTA-UC 15-24的方法涉及"敏化剂"分子的激发，在此情况下钯卟啉，通过光与下面的设备发病能量的能量。单线激敏进行快速系统间跨越到能量最低的三重态。从那里，他们可以传递能量到基态三重接受"射＆＃8217;种类，例如红荧烯，只要传递被允许通过自由能25。红荧烯的第一三线态（T 1）大于它的第一激发单重态（S 1），但在T 2的不到一半的能量一半的能量，也就是说，两个三态激励rubrenes一遇到复杂的可以消灭到举一个单重激发发射剂分子（以及其他在基态）以相当高的概率。其他国家，统计预测，最有可能大力人迹罕至的红荧烯26。然后将单重激发红荧烯分子能够发射光子（按照荧光）与能量足以激发染料在DSC的工作电极。这个过程示于动画1。 TTA-UC提供了许多优点相比其他的UC系统，如广泛吸收范围和不连贯性27，28，使它成为一个有吸引力的选择腠用DSC耦（以及OPV）。 TTA-UC已被证实在相对低的光强度和在漫射照明条件下操作。无论是DSC和OPV是最有效的在低光强的制度。太阳能浓度是昂贵的且仅正当的高效率，成本高的设备。 TTA-UC系统，可在低强度光照条件下的相对高的性能，是由于涉及到与强，宽吸收带敏化剂的发色团在音乐会和长寿命的三线态，其能够扩散的顺序，以与相互反应的物质接触的过程。此外，TTA-UC已被发现具有高的固有效率从动力学研究26。 虽然TTA-UC工作在低的光强度，但仍然（至少在低光强度）与入射光强度和射出光之间的二次关系。这是由于该方法的双分子性质。考虑到对于这一点，报告的不同群体的不同实验条件（尤其是光的强度），择优录取（FOM）系统的数字应采用米乘上转换所提供的性能增强。这FOM被定义为ΔJSC /ʘ，其中ΔJSC是增加的短路电流（通常由积分入射光子的确定载流子的效率，IPCE，有和没有上转换效应）和ʘ是有效的太阳能浓度（基于在相关区域中的光子通量，即敏化剂的Q带吸收）2 29。 在这里，一个协议，用于生产和正确表征集成的DSC-TTA-UC设备被报道，特别关注在设备检测潜在的隐患。希望这将成为在这一领域的进一步工作的基础。

<table><tbody><tr><td>(tetrakis(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)-6&amp;rsquo;-amino-7&amp;rsquo;-nitro-tetrakisquinoxalino[2,3-b&#039;7,8-b&#039;&#039;12,13-b&#039;&#039;&#039;17,18-b&#039;&#039;&#039;&#039;-porphyrinato) palladium(II))</td><td>in house</td><td>in house</td><td>Chem. Commun., 4851&amp;ndash;4853 (2007)</td></tr><tr><td>1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>33150</td><td>Material warning: Irritant</td></tr><tr><td>405 nm longpass filter</td><td>Semrock</td><td>BLP01-405R-25</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>670 nm laser</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>LDS5 + CPS198</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Chemsupply</td><td>AA008-20L-P</td><td>Material warning: Flammable</td></tr><tr><td>Acetonitrile</td><td>Sigma</td><td>271004</td><td>Material warning: Flammable</td></tr><tr><td>Alumina</td><td>Alfa Aesar</td><td>12733</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alumina</td><td>Leeco</td><td>810-782</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Back filling chamber</td><td>Sistema</td><td>1303</td><td>Klip it round, modified</td></tr><tr><td>Benzene</td><td>Scharlau</td><td>BE0033</td><td>Material warning: Toxic</td></tr><tr><td>BNC cable</td><td>Jaycar</td><td>RG- 59U</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cerasolzer</td><td>MBR</td><td>CS186</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chopper wheel</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>MC1000A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Control software</td><td>in house</td><td>in house</td><td>Written in LabVIEW</td></tr><tr><td>Current Amplifier</td><td>Standford Research&amp;nbsp;</td><td>SR 570</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D149 dye</td><td>1m</td><td>OSO149</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dental burr</td><td>Priority dental supplies</td><td>835.104.008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Detergent</td><td>Palmolive</td><td>Original</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Diamond wheel</td><td>Frameco</td><td>14220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Drill</td><td>Dremmel</td><td>220</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic dignal acquisition device</td><td>National Instruments</td><td>USB-4431</td><td>Analog to Digital</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Univar</td><td>214</td><td>Material warning: Flammable</td></tr><tr><td>Glovebox</td><td>IT systems</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PtCl&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>334472</td><td>Material warning: corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>Hot melt adhesive gasket</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>Meltronic 1170-25</td><td>Surlyn</td></tr><tr><td>Hot melt adhesive gasket</td><td>Solaronix</td><td>Meltronix 1170-60</td><td>Surlyn</td></tr><tr><td>Hotplate</td><td>Harry Gestigkeit</td><td>PR 5 3T / PZ28-3T</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hotplate</td><td>IKA</td><td>RCT basic</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image analysis software</td><td>National Institutes for Health</td><td>Image-J</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iodine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>326143</td><td>Material warning: corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>Laser engraver</td><td>Universal Laser Systems</td><td>PLS6WM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Liquid Nitrogen</td><td>Air Liquide</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lithium Iodide</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>518018</td><td>Material warning: toxic</td></tr><tr><td>Methoxypropionitrile</td><td>Sigma</td><td>65290</td><td>Material warning: Flammable</td></tr><tr><td>Mirror</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>PF10-03-P01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mirror mount</td><td>Thorlabs</td><td>KM100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Monochromator</td><td>Spectral Products&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CM110</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Neutral density filters</td><td>Edmund Industrial Optics</td><td>64-352</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parabolic mirror</td><td>Newport</td><td>50329AL, 50338AL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Photodiode</td><td>Newport</td><td>918D-UV-OD3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power meter</td><td>Newport</td><td>1936-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rubrene</td><td>Sigma</td><td>551112</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Semi-automatic screen printer</td><td>Keywell</td><td>KY-500FH</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spray pyrolyser</td><td>Glaskeller</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tape</td><td>3M</td><td>Magic Tape</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Terminal block</td><td>Jaycar</td><td>HM3194</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>tert-Butanol</td><td>Sigma</td><td>360538</td><td>Material warning: Flammable</td></tr><tr><td>TiCl&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>89545</td><td>Material warning: corrosive</td></tr><tr><td>Tile</td><td>Johnson tiles</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tile cutter</td><td>DTA</td><td>DTA-310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; paste</td><td>Dyesol</td><td>NR18-T</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><td>Titanium diisopropoxide bis(acetylacetonate) (75% in isopropanol)</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>325252</td><td>Material warning: Flammable</td></tr><tr><td>Ultrasonic soldering iron</td><td>MBR</td><td>USS-9200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV cure epoxy</td><td>Dymax</td><td>425</td><td>Material warning: Irritant</td></tr><tr><td>UV cure system</td><td>Dymax</td><td>BlueWave 50</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV Visible Spectrophotometer</td><td>Varian Cary</td><td>1E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum cuvette</td><td>Custom made</td><td>Custom made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vacuum pump</td><td></td><td>Rotary backed diffusion pump</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wipes</td><td>Kimtech</td><td>34120KC</td><td>Kimwipes</td></tr><tr><td>Xe lamp</td><td>Energetiq&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LDLSTM EQ-1500</td><td>White light source</td></tr></tbody></table>

integrating a triplet-triplet annihilation up-conversion system to enhance dye-sensitized solar cell response to sub-bandgap light

染料敏化太阳能电池（DSC）的红色和红外光的反应冷淡是显著妨碍实现更高的光电流，从而提高效率。光子上转换用的三重态 - 三重态湮灭的方式（TTA-UC）是一个有吸引力的技术，对于使用这些否则浪费掉的低能量光子产生的光电流，而不是与以有害的方式将photoanodic性能的干扰。进一步向此，TTA-UC具有许多功能，从其它报道光子上转换技术截然不同，这使得它特别适合于用DSC技术耦合。在这项工作中，经过验证的高性能TTA-UC系统，包括钯卟啉敏化剂和红荧烯发射器，结合了高性能的DSC（利用有机染料D149）于一体的综合设备。该装置示出了一个增强的响应子带隙光随所得的最高网络连接的吸收范围的TTA-UC子单元的gure优异的上转换辅助DSC性能过时。

不同的测量条件下测量的三维显示增强的响应，以影响在下文中更详细地讨论- 图3A。从原始电流密度的增强，应当清楚，这些结果在图4A和4B是归属于上转换，与峰值电流的提高和IPCE增强与吸收光谱的敏化剂，通过在有源层衰减传输匹配良好DSC。 为了避免由激光施力泵浦光束引入测量工件已被调整到在UC层以较大的角度，以?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light at JoVE.com

Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

一个集成的设备，掺入的染料敏化太阳能电池与三重态 - 三重态湮灭升压转换单元制作，得到增强的光收获，从太阳光谱的较宽部分。在温和的辐射水平显著增强应对低能光子证实，得到好处的创纪录的数字为染料敏化太阳能电池。

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

The poor response of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) to red and infrared light is a significant impediment to the realization of higher photocurrents ...

integrating-triplet-triplet-annihilation-up-conversion-system-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

12.5K 次观看.  The University of Wollongong. 一个集成的设备，掺入的染料敏化太阳能电池与三重态 - 三重态湮灭升压转换单元制作，得到增强的光收获，从太阳光谱的较宽部分。在温和的辐射水平显著增强应对低能光子证实，得到好处的创纪录的数字为染料敏化太阳能电池。 

视频: Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light

Ambient Method for the Production of an Ionically Gated Carbon Nanotube Common Cathode in Tandem Organic Solar Cells

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two solution-processed polymeric cells connected in parallel by a transparent carbon nanotubes (CNT) interlayer. This structure includes improvements in fabrication techniques for tandem OPV devices. First the need for ambient-processed cathodes is considered. The CNT anode in the tandem device is tuned via ionic gating to become a common cathode. Ionic gating employs electric double layer charging to lower the work function of the CNT electrode. Secondly, the difficulty of sequentially stacking tandem layers by solution-processing is addressed. The devices are fabricated via solution and dry-lamination in ambient conditions with parallel processing steps. The method of fabricating the individual polymeric cells, the steps needed to laminate them together with a common CNT cathode, and then provide some representative results are described. These results demonstrate ionic gating of the CNT electrode to create a common cathode and addition of current and efficiency as a result of the lamination procedure.

A method of fabricating, in ambient conditions, organic photovoltaic tandem devices in a parallel configuration is presented. These devices feature an air-processed, semi-transparent, carbon nanotube common cathode.

对于一个以离子门控碳纳米管共阴极的串联有机太阳能电池的生产环境法

A method of fabricating organic photovoltaic (OPV) tandems that requires no vacuum processing is presented. These devices are comprised of two ...

科研

工程学

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less environmentally damaging with lower processing temperatures presenting a viable and low cost alternative to conventional production. This paper further enhances these environmental credentials by evaluating the digital printing and therefore additive production route for these cells. This is achieved here by investigating the formation and performance of a metal oxide photoelectrode using nanoparticle sized titanium dioxide. An ink-jettable material was formulated, characterized and printed with a piezoelectric inkjet head to produce a 2.6 &#181;m thick layer. The resultant printed layer was fabricated into a functioning cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and a power conversion efficiency of 3.5%. The binder-free formulation resulted in a reduced processing temperature of 250 &#176;C, compatible with flexible polyamide substrates which are stable up to temperatures of 350 &#730;C. The authors are continuing to develop this process route by investigating inkjet printing of other layers within dye sensitized solar cells.

This paper investigates the suitability of inkjet printing for the manufacturing of dye-sensitized solar cells. A binder-free TiO2 nanoparticle ink was formulated and printed onto a FTO glass substrate. The printed layer was fabricated into a cell with an active area of 0.25 cm2 and an efficiency of 3.5%.

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Electrospinning of Photocatalytic Electrodes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of electrospun titanium dioxide nanofibers (TiO2-NFs) on top of a blocking layer made of commercially available titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs). This is achieved by first electrospinning a solution of titanium (IV) butoxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), and glacial acetic acid in ethanol to obtain composite PVP/TiO2 nanofibers. These are then calcined at 500 &#176;C to remove the PVP and to obtain pure anatase-phase titania nanofibers. This material is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photoanode is prepared by first creating a blocking layer through the deposition of a TiO2-NPs/terpineol slurry on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass slide using doctor blading techniques. A subsequent thermal treatment is performed at 500 &#176;C. Then, the light-scattering layer is formed by depositing a TiO2-NFs/terpineol slurry on the same slide, using the same technique, and calcinating again at 500 &#176;C. The performance of the photoanode is tested by fabricating a dye-sensitized solar cell and measuring its efficiency through J-V curves under a range of incident light densities, from 0.25-1 Sun.

The overall goal of this project was to use electrospinning to fabricate a photoanode with improved performance for dye-sensitized solar cells.

染料敏化太阳能电池的光催化电极的电纺丝

This work demonstrates a protocol to fabricate a fiber-based photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells, consisting of a light-scattering layer made of ...

Time-resolved Photophysical Characterization of Triplet-harvesting Organic Compounds at an Oxygen-free Environment Using an iCCD Camera

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables the acquisition of photoluminescence spectra covering the time regime from nanoseconds up to 0.1 s. This enables us to follow the changes in the intensity (decay) and emission of the spectra over time. Using this method, it is possible to study diverse photophysical phenomena, such as the emission of phosphorescence, and the contributions of prompt and delayed fluorescence in molecules showing thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Remarkably, all spectra and decays are obtained in a single experiment. This can be done for solids (thin film, powder, crystal) and liquid samples, where the only limitations are the spectral sensitivity of the camera and the excitation wavelength (532 nm, 355 nm, 337 nm, and 266 nm). This technique is, thus, very important when investigating the excited state dynamics in organic emitters for their application in organic light-emitting diodes and other areas where triplet harvesting is of paramount importance. Since triplet states are strongly quenched by oxygen, emitters with efficient TADF luminescence, or those showing room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), must be correctly prepared in order to remove any dissolved oxygen from solutions and films. Otherwise, no long-lived emission will be observed. The method of degassing solid samples as presented in this work is basic and simple, but the degassing of liquid samples creates additional difficulties and is particularly interesting. A method of minimizing solvent loss and changing the sample concentration, while still enabling to remove oxygen in a very efficient and a repeatable manner, is presented in this work.

Here, we present a method of the spectroscopic characterization of organic molecules by means of time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy on the nanosecond-to-millisecond timescale in oxygen-free conditions. Methods to efficiently remove oxygen from the samples and, thus, limit luminescence quenching are also described.

利用 iccd 摄像机对无氧环境下的三重收集有机化合物进行光物理表征

Here, we present a sensible method of the acquisition and analysis of time-resolved photoluminescence using an ultrafast iCCD camera. This system enables ...

化学

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex donor-acceptor emitters is presented. With a step-by-step procedure, readers will be able to repeat and produce OLED devices based on simple organic emitters. A patterning procedure allowing the creation of personalized indium tin oxide (ITO) shape is shown. This is followed by the evaporation of all layers, encapsulation and characterization of each individual device. The end goal is to present a procedure that will give the opportunity to repeat the information presented in cited publication but also using different compounds and structures in order to prepare efficient OLEDs.

A protocol for the production of simple structured organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is presented.

真空沉积有机发光二极管的生产与表征

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex ...

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation displays and solid-state lighting technologies. The brightness and efficiency of blue QDs-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) remain inferior to their red and green counterparts, due to the inherently unfavorable energy levels of different colors of light. To solve these problems, a device structure should be designed to balance the injection holes and electrons into the emissive QD layer. Herein, through a simple autoxidation strategy, pure blue QD-LEDs which are highly bright and efficient are demonstrated, with a structure of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Poly-TPD/QDs/Al:Al2O3. The autoxidized Al:Al2O3 cathode can effectively balance the injected charges and enhance radiative recombination without introducing an additional electron transport layer (ETL). As a result, high color-saturated blue QD-LEDs are achieved with a maximum luminance over 13,000 cd m-2, and a maximum current efficiency of 1.15 cd A-1. The easily controlled autoxidation procedure paves the way for achieving high-performance blue QD-LEDs.

A protocol is presented for fabricating high-performance, pure blue ZnCdS/ZnS-based quantum dots light-emitting diodes by employing an autoxidized aluminum cathode.

采用部分氧化铝阴极增强电子注入和激子约束的纯蓝色量子点发光二极管

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation ...

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

Developing photocatalytic H2 production devices is the one of the key steps for constructing a global H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. A number of photoactive assemblies have emerged where a photosensitizer and cobaloxime-based H2 production catalysts work in tandem to convert light energy into the H-H chemical bonds. However, the long-term instability of these assemblies and the need for hazardous proton sources have limited their usage. Here, in this work, we have integrated a stilbene-based organic dye into the periphery of a cobaloxime core via a distinct axial pyridine linkage. This strategy allowed us to develop a photosensitizer-catalyst hybrid structure with the same molecular framework. In this article, we have explained the detailed procedure of the synthesis of this hybrid molecule in addition to its comprehensive chemical characterization. The structural and optical studies have exhibited an intense electronic interaction between the cobaloxime core and the organic photosensitizer. The cobaloxime was active for H2 production even in the presence of water as the proton source. Here, we have developed a simple airtight system connected with an online H2 detector for the investigation of the photocatalytic activity by this hybrid complex. This photosensitizer-catalyst dyad present in the experimental setup continuously produced H2 once it was exposed in the natural sunlight. This photocatalytic H2 production by the hybrid complex was observed in aqueous/organic mixture media in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor under complete aerobic conditions. Thus, this photocatalysis measurement system along with the photosensitizer-catalyst dyad provide valuable insight for the development of next generation photocatalytic H2 production devices.

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions

We have directly incorporated a stilbene-based organic dye into a cobaloxime core to generate a photosensitizer-catalyst dyad for photocatalytic H2 production. We have also developed a simple experimental setup for evaluating the light-driven H2 production by photocatalytic assemblies.

开发用于在水有条件条件下进行太阳能驱动 H2生产的光敏剂-钴氧混合剂

Developing photocatalytic H2 production devices is the one of the key steps for constructing a global H2-based renewable energy infrastructure. A number ...

Close-Space Sublimation-Deposited Ultra-Thin CdSeTe/CdTe Solar Cells for Enhanced Short-Circuit Current Density and Photoluminescence

Developments in photovoltaic device architectures are necessary to make solar energy a cost-effective and reliable source of renewable energy amidst growing global energy demands and climate change. Thin film CdTe technology has demonstrated cost-competitiveness and increasing efficiencies due partially to rapid fabrication times, minimal material usage, and introduction of a CdSeTe alloy into a ~3 &#956;m absorber layer. This work presents the close-space sublimation fabrication of thin, 1.5 &#181;m CdSeTe/CdTe bilayer devices using an automated in-line vacuum deposition system. The thin bilayer structure and fabrication technique minimize deposition time, increase device efficiency, and facilitate future thin absorber-based device architecture development. Three fabrication parameters appear to be the most impactful for optimizing thin CdSeTe/CdTe absorber devices: substrate preheat temperature, CdSeTe:CdTe thickness ratio, and CdCl2 passivation. For proper sublimation of the CdSeTe, the substrate temperature prior to deposition must be ~540 &#176;C (higher than that for CdTe) as controlled by dwell time in a preheat source. Variation in the CdSeTe:CdTe thickness ratio reveals a strong dependence of device performance on this ratio. The optimal absorber thicknesses are 0.5 &#956;m CdSeTe/1.0 &#956;m CdTe, and non-optimized thickness ratios reduce efficiency through back-barrier effects. Thin absorbers are sensitive to CdCl2 passivation variation; a much less aggressive CdCl2 treatment (compared to thicker absorbers) regarding both temperature and time yields optimal device performance. With optimized fabrication conditions, CdSeTe/CdTe increases device short-circuit current density and photoluminescence intensity compared to single-absorber CdTe. Additionally, an in-line close-space sublimation vacuum deposition system offers material and time reduction, scalability, and attainability of future ultra-thin absorber architectures.

This work describes the complete fabrication process of thin absorber cadmium selenium telluride/cadmium telluride photovoltaic devices for enhanced efficiency. The process utilizes an automated in-line vacuum system for close-space sublimation deposition that is scalable, from fabrication of small area research devices as well as large-scale modules.

近空间升升-沉积超薄CDSeTe/CdTe太阳能电池，增强短路电流密度和光致发光

Developments in photovoltaic device architectures are necessary to make solar energy a cost-effective and reliable source of renewable energy amidst ...

Triplet Fusion Upconversion Nanocapsule Synthesis

Triplet fusion upconversion (UC) allows for the generation of one high energy photon from two low energy input photons. This well-studied process has significant implications for producing high energy light beyond a material's surface. However, the deployment of UC materials has been stymied due to poor material solubility, high concentration requirements, and oxygen sensitivity, ultimately resulting in reduced light output. Toward this end, nanoencapsulation has been a popular motif to circumvent these challenges, but durability has remained elusive in organic solvents. Recently, a nanoencapsulation technique was engineered to tackle each of these challenges, whereupon an oleic acid nanodroplet containing upconversion materials was encapsulated with a silica shell. Ultimately, these nanocapsules (NCs) were durable enough to enable triplet fusion upconversion-facilitated volumetric three-dimensional (3D) printing. By encapsulating upconversion materials with silica and dispersing them in a 3D printing resin, photopatterning beyond the surface of the printing vat was made possible. Here, video protocols for the synthesis of upconversion NCs are presented for both small-scale and large-scale batches. The outlined protocols serve as a starting point for adapting this encapsulation scheme to multiple upconversion schemes for use in volumetric 3D printing applications.

This protocol details the synthesis of upconversion nanocapsules for subsequent use in photopolymerizable resins for triplet fusion upconversion-facilitated volumetric 3D printing.

三重融合上转换纳米胶囊合成

Triplet fusion upconversion (UC) allows for the generation of one high energy photon from two low energy input photons. This well-studied process has ...

Development of Efficient OLEDs from Solution Deposition

The use of highly efficient organic emitters based on the thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) concept is interesting due to their 100% internal quantum efficiency. Presented here is a solution deposition method for the fabrication of efficient organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on a TADF emitter in a simple device structure. This fast, low-cost, and efficient process can be used for all OLED emissive layers that follow the host-guest concept. The fundamental steps are described along with necessary information for further reproduction. The goal to establish a general protocol that can be easily adapted for principal organic emitters currently under study and development.

Presented here is a protocol for the fabrication of efficient, simple, solution-deposited organic light-emitting diodes with low roll-off.

集成的三重态 - 三重态湮灭上转换系统，提高染料敏化太阳能电池的响应子带隙光

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节