作者要感谢以下人员和机构的帮助和支持:威廉·波塔斯和詹姆斯希思曼（行业顾问，壳牌E＆P），理查德·利特尔和罗德尼·潘宁顿（壳牌Westhollow技术中心），丹尼尔·迪克雷申佐（壳牌研究嘛工程师），比尔·卡拉瑟斯（拉法基），蒂姆·夸克（现已与雪佛龙），格里·马斯特曼和曼努埃尔·韦恩（LSU PERTT实验室），里克·扬（路易斯安那州立大学岩石力学实验室），和SEER实验室的成员（东海堂Oyibo，淘淘和约尔丹Bossev）。

1.复合材料样品（图1） 注:在墨西哥湾（美国）采用H级水泥18完成大部分水泥作业，因此，相同类型的水泥用于进行实验室试验以模拟油田样的条件下，这种技术对SCP的潜在适用性整治墨西哥湾。 <ol><li>样品制备 注:61厘米长的样品由两个B级电动抵制焊接（ERW）碳钢管（ 图1）。内管为61厘米长并且具有6厘米外径（OD）为2.8壁厚。外管59.7厘米长，具有10厘米外径和5.7毫米的壁厚。屈服强度和管的抗拉强度为241兆帕和414兆帕，分别。 <ol><li>钻上的外管12的孔为2.4mm的膨胀和岩石的模拟物的孔隙率在野外条件中提供的压力的缓解。接下来的日钻88.6毫米孔ê外管，90°与4孔13厘米的顶部和四个孔53厘米的顶部。 </li><li>这些螺纹孔3.2毫米NPT（美国国家管螺纹）螺纹端部，以便与管件，尼龙管歧管组件样品的底部（入口）和顶部（出口）端连接。确保该入口和出口端口是40.64厘米开并且被用于预处理和后处理的扩展的多速率气体流通过实验的运行。 </li><li>涂层外管具有防腐蚀喷涂，以防止腐蚀期间可能干扰由于形成氢氧化铁和腐蚀产物可能造成水泥的微破裂实验的固化周期。 注:该方案将在未来的实验作为测定金属的腐蚀是经常存在于井筒的系统。 </li><li>机出来的焊珠上的内管的内壁上。 </li><li>切定做钢制联轴器，以4.5厘米的长度，从6.35厘米外径管。牛逼hread片上的内壁和其焊接到0.63厘米厚的钢板环（ 图2）。螺纹上的外壁中为4.5厘米长的内管的底部，以允许与焊接耦合连接， 如图2所示。 </li><li>焊接外管到钢板环。 </li><li>润滑所述内管的外壁上用凡士林和喷烤沿其整个长度。内管拧入连接来完成复合材料样品装配。 </li><li>水泥内管与外管之间的容积与1.57克/ cm 3的水泥浆，0.87 W / C比。 </li><li>固化的样品在水浴中进行28天的最小周期的环境条件。保持12和13之间的水浴的pH值通过添加Ca（OH）2的水，以保持高pH环境。 </li></ol></li><li> 13.1磅/加仑的泥浆制备（对于2.2升容积） <ol><li>倾1350克的水进入4升，3.75马力实验室搅拌器和预先水合的膨润土为30g（水泥重量的2％）5分钟，在低速（30,000 xg离心）。 </li><li> 5分钟后，倾5毫升消泡剂和1500克水泥粉末放入搅拌机中，并剪切40秒上的51755×g的速度快。倒入水泥浆进入管组件的环，并用湿布和保鲜膜覆盖，避免与空气接触，防止水泥碳化。 </li><li>六小时后的水泥浆液的管道之间倾，旋转内管四分之一圈来回，每15分钟在接下来的20小时水泥水化的，以防止水泥粘接与内管，并​​创建一个微通道（用于microannular气流）。 </li><li>水平放置的胶结复合材料样品在水浴中放置28天的最小时段。确保水浴具有大约13，其通过添加百克的Ca（OH）2成20升水中获得的pH值。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.预扩流，通过实验<ol><li>拧上样品的外管3.2毫米件成四个入口和出口。连接入口和出口歧管压力传感器的接头（ 图5）。 </li><li>加压气瓶到初始的50千帕的入口压力。打开计算机软件来记录的压力。 </li><li>打开流量计，并开始流过试验。监测入口和出口的压力在屏幕上，持续1分钟，如示于图6。 </li><li>加压气瓶到入口的172千帕的压力，并监视另一2分钟的压力。 </li><li>尾流过试验和压力记录。关闭气筒和泄剩余气体排入大气。拆除的歧管和覆盖所述样品的顶部用湿布，同时供电的扩展单元，以防止碳化和水泥的干燥。 </li><li>与升内管的外套的内壁ubricant的膨胀圆锥顺利进行，样品准备用于扩展。 </li></ol> 3.扩展设置和扩展程序<ol><li>完全保留从下壳体中的膨胀心轴由液压缸， 如图4a所示 。通过开口的顶部（ 图4b）放置在固定装置的下侧试料壳体水合的水泥复合材料的样品。 </li><li>通过之后将扩张锥体具有所需发泡倍率（ 图3）被滑到它，如在图4c中的样品充分伸长膨胀心轴。螺丝固定芯棒上膨胀心轴，然后用螺钉将止动芯棒引导到下壳体的下部连接。样品准备扩张。 </li><li>液压单元的功率为10.3兆帕的最佳压力，并打开计算机软件轴向力记录。 </li><li>启动合作ntrol切换到缩回的膨胀心轴和通过样品的内管拉出的扩大，从而扩大管和压缩水泥环。扩大样本以40.64厘米（ 图4d）的长度，然后伸长膨胀心轴成原来的位置。停止录制轴向力。 </li><li>拧下固定芯棒引导并取下护心轴。起飞膨胀锥从膨胀心轴和完全缩回芯棒以除去样品形成下部壳体。 </li><li>取出样品后，准备将其扩展后的多速率气体流过的实验。 </li></ol> 4.扩展后的多速率流量，通过实验<ol><li>干净的入口和出口，从任何多余的挤水泥膏。 </li><li>螺丝管件成四个入口和出口上的样品的外管。连接的入口和出口歧管的管接头，如图<strong&gt;图5。 </li><li>压力气瓶初始的172千帕的进口压力。打开计算机软件来记录的压力。 </li><li>打开流量计，并开始流过试验。监测入口和出口的画面（ 图6）上的压力。 </li><li> 5分钟后，加压气瓶到入口的345千帕的压力，并监视另一个5分钟的压力。 </li><li> 5分钟后，增加进气压力至517千帕。 </li><li> 5分钟后，增加入口压力为690千帕的最终进气压力进行5分钟。 </li><li>最终流过试验和压力记录。关闭气筒和泄剩余气体排入大气。拆下从样品歧管。 </li></ol> 5.计算的微环的有效渗透率备注:本研究的主要目的是提供前和电子商务之后就存在气流的定性信息xpansion。实验设计不具有复杂的部件，以便能够测量信道的宽度和流量精度。在这些初步的实验密封气体流是主要的焦点。因此，任何在这里示出的渗透性的计算是更半定量和研究的不主要目标。 <ol><li>为了有效渗透率计算，使用约Q恒定的氮气流速=1.42厘米后压力稳定3 /秒。为氮气在环境条件下的气体偏差因子为Z = 1和粘度μ= 0.018厘泊。进行所有的在T = 535ºR环境条件下的流过试验。 </li><li>通过取所述外管的内半径计算胶合环形空间的面积，R Oinn = 4.6Hz厘米，和所述内管的外半径，R IOUT =3.05厘米。入口和出口之间的（ΔL）的距离为40.64厘米。压力差（P 进 -P 出口 ），REC通过入口和出口的压力传感器orded，是在预制造的微环（K EF）19的有效磁导率的计算中使用的唯一的变量: <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq1.jpg" />式。 1 Q -氮气流速[3厘米/秒] K EF -有效烫发。微环[MD] ř 电流输出 -外管[厘米] R Oinn的ID -内管[厘米]的OD μ -气体粘度[CP】Z -气体偏差系数 牛逼 - temperatu重[ºR]ΔL -压力传感器之间的距离[厘米] P 进 -进气压力[ATM] P 的出口 -出口压力[ATM] </li><li>取代所有上述值的入公式1，计算与实施例1中的预膨胀的流通试验记录，入口压力在图所示的有效磁导率是P 入口 = 12千帕（0.12大气压），而出口压力换能器是P 口 = 0.4千帕（0.004大气压）。 实施例1: <img alt="式（2）" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq2.jpg" /></li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The reported experimental procedure has two main components that are critical: composite cylinders that simulate wellbores and the expansion fixture that is used to carry out mechanical manipulation of cement. When designing wellbore models (cement/pipe composite cylinders), it is critical to choose adequate cement density, store samples under total humidity conditions (100% RH) and establish pipe-cement debonding before cement slurry completely sets. Failing to achieve this would make the entire gas flow experiment impo...

所报告的实验步骤，有两个主要的组件是关键的:其模拟井孔和一个用于进行机械操作的水泥的膨胀夹具复合气瓶。 井孔可用于生产地下流体（水，油，气体或蒸汽），以及注射各种流体的主网关。不管其功能的，井眼需要提供生产/注入的流体的受控流动。井筒施工有两种不同的操作:钻井和完井。井水泥，完井过程的一部分，主要提供层位封隔，机械支撑的金属管（套管），并且从腐蚀性液体保护金属部件。这些是不打折扣的，全功能的井筒的基本要素。井筒水泥护套的完整性是水合的水泥的化学和物理性质的函数，所述C的几何ASED很好，周围地层/岩层的性质体液2,3。不完全去除钻井液会导致较差的区域隔离，因为它可以防止在岩石和/或金属界面形成牢固关系。水泥笔杆能井的寿命期间可以经受许多类型的故障。引起的完井和生产操作压力和温度振幅向水泥基体中裂缝的发展;剥离是由压力和/或温度的变化和水泥水化收缩4,5,6引起的。其结果是几乎总是microannular流体流动的存在，但它的发生，可提前或经过多年的使用寿命检测。 希思曼和Beck（2006年）创建的水泥外壳经过了100的压力和温度循环载荷，这表明可见剥离，水泥裂缝能带来优惠的途径迁移流的起始模型&lt;SUP&gt; 7。在该领域中，膨胀和井孔的金属部件的收缩，也不会与这些水泥和岩石的重合，引起界面剥离和形成微环，从而导致增加了水泥环的渗透性。一个附加的壳装载可导致在水泥基体径向裂纹的传播，一旦拉伸应力超过材料8的拉伸强度。所有前述水泥的故障可能会导致微沟道，从而导致气体迁移时，SCP的发生，和长期的环境风险。 有相当多的生产和废弃井与SCP构成连续的天然气排放9的潜在新来源。沃森和315,000石油，天然气和注水井在艾伯塔省巴楚（2009年）进行了分析，加拿大还显示，井偏差，井型，抛弃法和水泥质量的关键因素合ntributing到势阱中的泄漏以及10的浅部。现有的补救行动是昂贵的和不成功的;挤注水泥，其中最常用的补救技术之一，具有仅50％11成功率。 在本文中，我们报告了膨胀套管技术（ECT）的为漏井筒12,13新的修复技术评估。 ECT可以在新的或现有的14口井应用。由雪佛龙公司于1999年11月15日进行的良好这项技术的首次商业安装在墨西哥海湾的浅水水域，目前运行范围为膨胀管封装的垂直距离，温度为100°的倾角可达205°C，泥浆比重2.37克/厘米3，8763米，水压的160.6京帕压力和管状长度2092米16的深度。一个典型的扩张速度为实体膨胀管件是pproximately2.4米/ 17分钟。 这项研究提供了一个独特的方法，ECT技术的适应，作为SCP新的修复操作。钢管的膨胀压缩水泥，这将导致在界面处的气流的闭合和密封的气体泄漏。它提到，本研究的焦点是现有microannular气流的密封是很重要的，所以我们只集中在作为漏井筒的一个可能的原因。为了测试新适配的技术的有效性用于此目的，我们设计了一个现有microannular流井眼模型。这是通过水泥水化过程中旋转的内管得到的。这并不是模拟任何野外作业，只是快进几十年的热和压力负荷在井眼后会发生什么。

<table><tbody><tr><td>ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 40 Steel pipe - OD=10.16 cm, ID=10.04 cm, L=59.7 cm</td><td>Baker Sales</td><td>BPE-4.00BB40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 10 Steel pipe - OD=6 cm, ID=5.94 cm, L=61 cm&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Service Steel</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Expansion Cones - AISI D2 grade alloy steel (60 RC hardness)</td><td>Shell</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipe coupling - OD=6.35 cm, ID=6 cm, L=4.4 cm</td><td>LSU</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Steel plate ring - OD=10.16 cm, ID=5.76 cm, thickness=6.35 mm</td><td>Louisiana Cutting</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Class H Cement</td><td>LaFarge</td><td>04-16-12 / 14-18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Defoaming agent - D-Air 3000L</td><td>Halliburton</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bentonite clay</td><td>LSU</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium hydroxide</td><td>LSU</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Expansion Fixture</td><td>Shell</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure transducers</td><td>Omega</td><td>PX480A-200GV&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Teflon tubing</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>PB0754100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Union tee</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-400-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Elbow union</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-400-9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female elbow</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-400-8-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Port connector</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-401-PC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forged body valve</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-1RS4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tube adapter</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-4-TA-1-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipe lubricant</td><td>E.F. Houghoton &amp;amp; Co.</td><td>71323998</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Instant Galvanize Zinc Coating</td><td>CRC</td><td>78254184128</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mechanical expansion of steel tubing as a solution to leaky wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe (casing), and protects metal components from corrosive fluids. These are essential for uncompromised wellbore integrity. Cements can undergo multiple forms of failure, such as debonding at the cement/rock and cement/metal interfaces, fracturing, and defects within the cement matrix. Failures and defects within the cement will ultimately lead to fluid migration, resulting in inter-zonal fluid migration and premature well abandonment. Currently, there are over 1.8 million operating wells worldwide and over one third of these wells have leak related problems defined as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP)1. 
The focus of this research was to develop an experimental setup at bench-scale to explore the effect of mechanical manipulation of wellbore casing-cement composite samples as a potential technology for the remediation of gas leaks. 
The experimental methodology utilized in this study enabled formation of an impermeable seal at the pipe/cement interface in a simulated wellbore system. Successful nitrogen gas flow-through measurements demonstrated that an existing microannulus was sealed at laboratory experimental conditions and fluid flow prevented by mechanical manipulation of the metal/cement composite sample. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied not only for the remediation of leaky wellbores, but also in plugging and abandonment procedures as well as wellbore completions technology, and potentially preventing negative impacts of wellbores on subsurface and surface environments.

在复合材料样品预膨胀气体流动通过试验表明在出口压力传感器的压力的记录，通过预先制造的微环确认气流（ 图7和图8）。初始条件保持相同，其中初始的入口压力为103千帕，气体流量保持在85毫升/分钟，在该期间。的时间滞后，在入口和出口的压力传感器之间的压力记录为7.5秒，而增大进气压力至172千帕后的最高压力，记录了117千帕（入口）和20.7千帕（出口）。由?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores at JoVE.com

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

钢管机械性扩张为解决井眼漏

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe ...

mechanical-expansion-of-steel-tubing-as-a-solution-to-leaky-wellbores

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12.1K 次观看.  Louisiana State University. This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

视频: Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space of a carbonate rock at pressures and temperatures representative of typical formations used for CO2 storage. Chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine and rock phases was maintained using a high pressure high temperature reactor, replicating conditions far away from the injection site. Fluid flow was controlled using high pressure high temperature syringe pumps. To maintain representative in-situ conditions within the micro-CT scanner a carbon fiber high pressure micro-CT coreholder was used. Diffusive CO2 exchange across the confining sleeve from the pore-space of the rock to the confining fluid was prevented by surrounding the core with a triple wrap of aluminum foil. Reconstructed brine contrast was modeled using a polychromatic x-ray source, and brine composition was chosen to maximize the three phase contrast between the two fluids and the rock. Flexible flow lines were used to reduce forces on the sample during image acquisition, potentially causing unwanted sample motion, a major shortcoming in previous techniques. An internal thermocouple, placed directly adjacent to the rock core, coupled with an external flexible heating wrap and a PID controller was used to maintain a constant temperature within the flow cell. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with a residual saturation of 0.203 &#177; 0.013, and the sizes of larger volume ganglia obey power law distributions, consistent with percolation theory.

We present a methodology for the imaging of multiple fluid phases at reservoir conditions by the use of x-ray microtomography. We show some representative results of capillary trapping in a carbonate rock sample.

多重流体相储层孔隙条件级成像使用X射线微断层

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space ...

科研

工程学

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature (&#62; 300 &#176;C). However, because of the low stress resolution of current solid-pressure-medium apparatuses, high-resolution measurements are today restricted to low-pressure deformation experiments in the gas-pressure-medium apparatus. A new generation of solid-medium piston-cylinder (&#34;Griggs-type&#34;) apparatus is here described. Able to perform high-pressure deformation experiments up to 5 GPa and designed to adapt an internal load cell, such a new apparatus offers the potential to establish a technological basis for high-pressure rheology. This paper provides video-based detailed documentation of the procedure (using the &#34;conventional&#34; solid-salt assembly) to perform high-pressure, high-temperature experiments with the newly designed Griggs-type apparatus. A representative result of a Carrara marble sample deformed at 700 &#176;C, 1.5 GPa and 10-5 s-1 with the new press is also given. The related stress-time curve illustrates all steps of a Griggs-type experiment, from increasing pressure and temperature to sample quenching when deformation is stopped. Together with future developments, the critical steps and limitations of the Griggs apparatus are then discussed.

Rock deformation needs to be quantified at high pressure. A description of the procedure to perform deformation experiments in a newly designed solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus is here given. This provides technological basis for future rheological studies at pressures up to 5 GPa.

新一代格雷型装置高压高温变形试验

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature ...

环境科学

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas industry faces continued scrutiny for methane emissions from across the supply chain, due to methane&#39;s relatively high global warming potential (25-84x that of carbon dioxide, according to the Energy Information Administration). Currently, a variety of techniques of varied uncertainties exists to measure or estimate methane emissions from components or facilities. Currently, only one commercial system is available for quantification of component level emissions and recent reports have highlighted its weaknesses.
In order to improve accuracy and increase measurement flexibility, we have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases based on transportation emissions measurement principles. The FFS is a modular system that consists of an explosive-proof blower(s), mass airflow sensor(s) (MAF), thermocouple, sample probe, constant volume sampling pump, laser based greenhouse gas sensor, data acquisition device, and analysis software. Dependent upon the blower and hose configuration employed, the current FFS is able to achieve a flow rate ranging from 40 to 1,500 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). Utilization of laser-based sensors mitigates interference from higher hydrocarbons (C2+). Co-measurement of water vapor allows for humidity correction. The system is portable, with multiple configurations for a variety of applications ranging from being carried by a person to being mounted in a hand drawn cart, on-road vehicle bed, or from the bed of utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The FFS is able to quantify methane emission rates with a relative uncertainty of &#177; 4.4%. The FFS has proven, real world operation for the quantification of methane emissions occurring in conventional and remote facilities.

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

We have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases from across the natural gas supply chain.

设计和全流采样系统（FFS）的使用甲烷排放的量化

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas ...

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of steels meet the criterion of low outgassing required for high or ultrahigh vacuum applications. However, a given material can present different outgassing rates depending on its manufacturing process or the various pretreatment processes involved during the fabrication. Thus, the measurement of outgassing rates is highly desirable for a specific vacuum application. For this reason, the rate-of-pressure rise (RoR) method is often used to measure the outgassing of hydrogen after bakeout. In this article, a detailed description of the design and execution of the experimental protocol involved in the RoR method is provided. The RoR method uses a spinning rotor gauge to minimize errors that stem from outgassing or the pumping action of a vacuum gauge. The outgassing rates of two ordinary steels (stainless steel and mild steel) were measured. The measurements were made before and after the heat pretreatment of the steels. The heat pretreatment of steels was performed to reduce the outgassing. Extremely low rates of outgassing (on the order of 10&#8722;11 Pa m3 sec&#8722;1 m&#8722;2) can be routinely measured using relatively small samples.

A protocol for the measurement of outgassing rates of hydrogen from ordinary steel vacuum chambers using the rate-of-pressure rise method is presented.

钢的出气率的测量

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of ...

A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.) when exposed to high strain rates. This study utilized a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) to generate strain rates of 100-1,500 sec-1. The SHPB employed a striker bar consisting of a viscoelastic material (polycarbonate). A sample of the biomaterial was obtained shortly postmortem and prepared for SHPB testing. The specimen was interposed between the incident and transmitted bars, and the pneumatic components of the SHPB were activated to drive the striker bar toward the incident bar. The resulting impact generated a compressive stress wave (i.e. incident wave) that traveled through the incident bar. When the compressive stress wave reached the end of the incident bar, a portion continued forward through the sample and transmitted bar (i.e. transmitted wave) while another portion reversed through the incident bar as a tensile wave (i.e. reflected wave). These waves were measured using strain gages mounted on the incident and transmitted bars. The true stress-strain behavior of the sample was determined from equations based on wave propagation and dynamic force equilibrium. The experimental stress-strain response was three dimensional in nature because the specimen bulged. As such, the hydrostatic stress (first invariant) was used to generate the stress-strain response. In order to extract the uniaxial (one-dimensional) mechanical response of the tissue, an iterative coupled optimization was performed using experimental results and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which contained an Internal State Variable (ISV) material model used for the tissue. The ISV material model used in the FE simulations of the experimental setup was iteratively calibrated (i.e. optimized) to the experimental data such that the experiment and FEA strain gage values and first invariant of stresses were in good agreement.

The current study prescribes a coupled experiment-finite element simulation methodology to obtain the uniaxial dynamic mechanical response of soft biomaterials (brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.). The multiaxial experimental results that arose because of specimen bulging obtained from Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar testing were rendered to a uniaxial true stress-strain behavior when simulated through iterative optimization of the finite element analysis of the biomaterial.

一个耦合试验，有限元建模方法以评估生物材料软的高应变率力学响应

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. ...

生物工程

Rapid and Low-cost Prototyping of Medical Devices Using 3D Printed Molds for Liquid Injection Molding

Biologically inert elastomers such as silicone are favorable materials for medical device fabrication, but forming and curing these elastomers using traditional liquid injection molding processes can be an expensive process due to tooling and equipment costs. As a result, it has traditionally been impractical to use liquid injection molding for low-cost, rapid prototyping applications. We have devised a method for rapid and low-cost production of liquid elastomer injection molded devices that utilizes fused deposition modeling 3D printers for mold design and a modified desiccator as an injection system. Low costs and rapid turnaround time in this technique lower the barrier to iteratively designing and prototyping complex elastomer devices. Furthermore, CAD models developed in this process can be later adapted for metal mold tooling design, enabling an easy transition to a traditional injection molding process. We have used this technique to manufacture intravaginal probes involving complex geometries, as well as overmolding over metal parts, using tools commonly available within an academic research laboratory. However, this technique can be easily adapted to create liquid injection molded devices for many other applications.

We have devised a method for low-cost and rapid prototyping of liquid elastomer rubber injection molded devices by using fused deposition modeling 3D printers for mold design and a modified desiccator as a liquid injection system.

医疗器械的使用3D印刷模具的液体注射成型快速，低成本原型

Biologically inert elastomers such as silicone are favorable materials for medical device fabrication, but forming and curing these elastomers using ...

Pore-scale Imaging and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoir Rock Wettability at Subsurface Conditions Using X-ray Microtomography

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to characterize the complex wetting conditions of hydrocarbon reservoir rock using pore-scale three-dimensional X-ray imaging at subsurface conditions. In this work, heterogeneous carbonate reservoir rocks, extracted from a very large producing oil field, have been used to demonstrate the protocol. The rocks are saturated with brine and oil and aged over three weeks at subsurface conditions to replicate the wettability conditions that typically exist in hydrocarbon reservoirs (known as mixed-wettability). After the brine injection, high-resolution three-dimensional images (2 &#181;m/voxel) are acquired and then processed and segmented. To calculate the distribution of the contact angle, which defines the wettability, the following steps are performed. First, fluid-fluid and fluid-rock surfaces are meshed. The surfaces are smoothed to remove voxel artefacts, and in situ contact angles are measured at the three-phase contact line throughout the whole image. The main advantage of this method is its ability to characterize in situ wettability accounting for pore-scale rock properties, such as rock surface roughness, rock chemical composition, and pore size. The in situ wettability is determined rapidly at hundreds of thousands of points. 
The method is limited by the segmentation accuracy and X-ray image resolution. This protocol could be used to characterize the wettability of other complex rocks saturated with different fluids and at different conditions for a variety of applications. For example, it could help in determining the optimal wettability that could yield an extra oil recovery (i.e., designing brine salinity accordingly to obtain higher oil recovery) and to find the most efficient wetting conditions to trap more CO2 in subsurface formations.

This protocol is presented to characterize the complex wetting conditions of an opaque porous medium (hydrocarbon reservoir rock) using three-dimensional images obtained by X-ray microtomography at subsurface conditions.

利用 X 射线层析在地下条件下油气储层岩石润湿性的孔隙度成像与表征

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to ...

A Multi-Cue Bioreactor to Evaluate the Inflammatory and Regenerative Capacity of Biomaterials under Flow and Stretch

The use of resorbable biomaterials to induce regeneration directly in the body is an attractive strategy from a translational perspective. Such materials induce an inflammatory response upon implantation, which is the driver of subsequent resorption of the material and the regeneration of new tissue. This strategy, also known as in situ tissue engineering, is pursued to obtain cardiovascular replacements such as tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Both the inflammatory and the regenerative processes are determined by the local biomechanical cues on the scaffold (i.e., stretch and shear stress). Here, we describe in detail the use of a custom-developed bioreactor that uniquely enables the decoupling of stretch and shear stress on a tubular scaffold. This allows for the systematic and standardized evaluation of the inflammatory and regenerative capacity of tubular scaffolds under the influence of well-controlled mechanical loads, which we demonstrate on the basis of a dynamic co-culture experiment using human macrophages and myofibroblasts. The key practical steps in this approach&#8212;the construction and setting up of the bioreactor, preparation of the scaffolds and cell seeding, application and maintenance of stretch and shear flow, and sample harvesting for analysis&#8212;are discussed in detail.

The goal of this protocol is to execute a dynamic co-culture of human macrophages and myofibroblasts in tubular electrospun scaffolds to investigate material-driven tissue regeneration, using a bioreactor which enables the decoupling of shear stress and cyclic stretch.

评估流和拉伸下生物材料的炎症和再生能力的多奎生物反应器

The use of resorbable biomaterials to induce regeneration directly in the body is an attractive strategy from a translational perspective. Such materials ...

Finite Element Modeling for the Simulation of the Quasi-Static Compression of Corrugated Tapered Tubes

In this study, the quasi-static compression performance of tapered tubes was investigated using finite element simulations. Previous studies have shown that a thickness gradient can reduce the initial peak force and that lateral corrugation can increase the energy absorption performance. Therefore, two kinds of lateral corrugated tapered tubes with variable thicknesses were designed, and their deformation patterns, load displacement curves, and energy absorption performance were analyzed. The results showed that when the thickness variation factor (k) was 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5, the deformation mode of the single corrugated tapered tube (ST) changed from transverse expansion and contraction to axial progressive folding. In addition, the thickness gradient design improved the energy absorption performance of the ST. The energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA) of the model with k = 1.5 increased by 53.6% and 52.4%, respectively, compared with the ST model with k = 0. The EA and SEA of the double corrugated tapered tube (DT) increased by 373% and 95.7%, respectively, compared with the conical tube. The increase in the k value resulted in a significant decrease in the peak crushing force of the tubes and an increase in the crushing force efficiency.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>用于模拟波纹锥形管准静态压缩的有限元建模

This protocol describes the study of the quasi-static compression performance of corrugated tapered tubes using finite element simulations. The influence of the thickness gradient on the compression performance was investigated. The results show that proper thickness gradient design can change the deformation mode and significantly improve the energy absorption performance of the tubes.

用于模拟波纹锥形管准静态压缩的有限元建模

In this study, the quasi-static compression performance of tapered tubes was investigated using finite element simulations. Previous studies have shown ...