著者は、彼らの助けとサポートのために、以下の人々や機関に感謝したいと思います：ウィリアム·ポルタスとジェームズヒースマン（産業·アドバイザーズ、シェルE＆P）、リチャード·リトルフィールドとロドニーペニントン（シェルWesthollow技術センター）、ダニエレ·ディ·クレシェンツォ（シェルリサーチさてエンジニア）、ビル·カールーザーズ（ラファージュ）、ティム·カーク（現シェブロン付き）、ジェリーMastermanとウェイン·マヌエル（LSU PERTTラボ）、リック·ヤング（LSU岩石力学研究室）、およびSEERラボ（AROME Oyibo、タオタオのメンバー、およびIordan Bossev）。

1.複合試料（図1） NOTE：メキシコ湾（USA）のほとんどのセメントジョブがクラスHセメント18を使用して行われるため、セメントの同じタイプのフィールドのような条件をシミュレートする実験室実験を行うために使用された、SCPするためのこの技術の潜在的な適用性メキシコ湾の修復。 <ol><li>試料調製 注：61-cmの長いサンプルでは、2つのグレードのBに電気的に抵抗溶接され（ERW）炭素鋼鋼管（ 図1）で構成されています。内管は、長さ61cmであるが2.8mmの壁の厚さの直径（OD）の外側に6cm有する。外管は、59.7センチ、10センチOD 5.7程度の肉厚を有する。降伏強度とパイプの引張強度は、それぞれ、241メガパスカルと414 MPaである。 <ol><li>フィールド条件の拡大や岩の模倣気孔率の間に圧力の緩和を提供するために、外管に2.4ミリメートルの12の穴を開けます。目の上の次のドリル8 8.6ミリメートル穴E外管、90°離れ4穴トップ13センチ、4穴、上から53センチメートル付き。 </li><li>サンプルの一番下（入口）とトップ（出口）側の管継手とナイロンチューブマニホールドアセンブリとの接続を可能にするために3.2ミリメートルNPT（ナショナルパイプスレッド）スレッドチップでこれらの穴に糸を通す。入口と出口ポートは40.64センチメートル離れており、前後の拡張マルチレートガス流通実験を実行するために使用されていることを確認。 </li><li>セメントのmicrofracturingを引き起こす可能性が水酸化鉄や腐食生成物の形成に起因する実験を妨げる可能性硬化期間中に腐食を防止する腐食防止スプレーでコート外管。 注：金属の腐食は、多くの場合、坑井システム内に存在するので、このシナリオは、将来の実験で試験する。 </li><li>内管の内壁に溶接ビードアウトマシン。 </li><li> 6.35センチメートル外径パイプから4.5センチの長さにカスタムメイドのスチールカップをカット。 T内壁部分をhread 0.63 1cm厚鋼板リング（ 図2）に溶接する。 図2に示すように、溶接、カップリングとの接続を可能にするために4.5センチメートルの長さの外壁に内管の底部を通します。 </li><li>鋼板リングの外管を溶接する。 </li><li>その全長に沿って石油ゼリーとベーキングスプレーで内管の外壁に注油してください。複合試料アセンブリを完了するために、カップリングに内側パイプをねじ込み。 </li><li>比C / W 1.57グラム/ cm 3のセメントスラリーを0.87内側と外側管との間の体積を固める。 </li><li> 28日以上の期間、周囲条件下での水浴中で試料を硬化させる。高いpH環境を維持するために水のCa（OH）2を添加することによって12と13との間の水の浴のpHを維持する。 </li></ol></li><li> 13.1ポンド/ガロンのセメントスラリーの製造（2.2 Lのボリューム用） <ol><li>への水の1350グラムを注ぐ4 L、3.75馬力ラボブレンダー、低速（30,000×gで）上で5分間ベントナイトプレ和物30グラム（セメントの2重量％）。 </li><li> 5分後、消泡剤を5ml及び51755×gでの高速での40秒間の剪断ブレンダーにセメント粉末1500gを注ぐ。パイプ組立体の環状部にセメントスラリーを注ぎ、空気への暴露を避け、セメントの炭酸化を防ぐために、濡れた布やプラスチックラップでカバーしています。 </li><li>セメントスラリーは、パイプの間に注ぐ六時間後、内管バック四半期ターン前後セメント水和の次の20時間15分ごとに内管をセメント接着を防止し、マイクロチャネルを作成する回転（microannularために必要ガスフロー）。 </li><li> 28日以上の期間のための水浴中で水平に超硬合金複合試料を置きます。水浴の水20 LへのCa（OH）2を100g添加することによって達成される約13のpH値を有することを確認してください。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.予備発泡フロースルー実験<ol><li>サンプルの外管には4つの入口および出口ポートに3.2ミリメートル継手をねじ込み。継手への圧力変換器（ 図5）と、入口と出口マニホールドを接続します。 </li><li> 50キロパスカルの最初の入口圧力に、ガスシリンダを加圧する。圧力を記録するためにコンピュータソフトウェアをオンにします。 </li><li>流量計を開き、フロースルーテストを開始。入口監視し、 図6に示すように、1分間画面に圧力を出口。 </li><li> 172キロパスカルの圧力を入口さらに2分間圧力を監視するためにガスシリンダを加圧する。 </li><li>エンドフロースルー実験および圧力記録。ガスボンベを閉じて、大気中に残留ガスを排出。マニホールドを解体し、炭酸化、セメントの乾燥を防ぐために、拡張ユニットに電力を供給しながら、濡れた布でサンプルの上をカバーしています。 </li><li>コー​​トリットルと内管の内壁スムーズな拡張コーンのランニングとサンプル用のubricantは拡張のための準備ができている。 </li></ol> 3.拡張セットアップと展開手順<ol><li> 図4aに示すように、完全に、油圧シリンダによって下部ハウジングから拡張マンドレルを保持する。上部の開口部を通して固定具の低いサンプルハウジング（ 図4b）で水和セメントと複合試料を置きます。 </li><li>完全に図4cに示すように、所望の発泡倍率（ 図3）と拡張コーンは、その上に滑り込まされた後、試料を拡張マンドレル細長い。拡張マンドレル上に保持マンドレルをねじ込み、その後、下部筐体の下側のコネクタに保持マンドレルガイドをねじ込みます。サンプルでは、​​拡張のための準備ができている。 </li><li> 10.3 MPaでの最適圧力に油圧ユニットに電力を供給し、かつ軸力記録のためのコンピュータソフトウェアをオンにします。 </li><li> COをアクティブ拡張マンドレルを引っ込め、したがって、パイプを拡大し、セメント鞘を圧縮する、サンプルの内管を通じて拡大を引っ張って切り替えるntrol。 40.64センチメートル（ 図4d）の長さにサンプルを展開し、元の位置へと拡張マンドレルを細長い。軸力の記録を停止します。 </li><li>保持マンドレルガイドを外し、保持マンドレルを取り外します。拡張マンドレルから拡張コーンを脱いで、完全に下部筐体を形成したサンプルを除去するために、心棒を撤回。 </li><li>サンプルを除去した後、拡張後のマルチレートガス流通実験の準備をします。 </li></ol> 4.ポスト拡張マルチレートフロースルー実験<ol><li>搾りセメントペーストの余分からのクリーン入口および出口ポート。 </li><li>サンプルの外管には4つの入口および出口ポートに管継手をねじ込み。に示すように、継手に入口及び出口マニホルドを接続する<strong&gt;図5。 </li><li> 172キロパスカルの入口圧力を初期のガスボンベに圧力をかける。圧力を記録するためにコンピュータソフトウェアをオンにします。 </li><li>流量計を開き、フロースルーテストを開始。入口監視し、画面（ 図6）上の圧力を出口。 </li><li> 5分後、345キロパスカルの圧力入口さらに5分間圧力を監視するためのガスシリンダを加圧する。 </li><li> 5分後517キロパスカルへの入口圧力を上昇させる。 </li><li> 5分後、さらに5分間、690キロパスカルの最後の入口圧力と入口圧力を増加させる。 </li><li>フロースルー実験と圧力録音を終了。ガスボンベを閉じて、大気中に残留ガスを排出。サンプルからマニホールドを解体。 </li></ol> Microannulusの実効透磁率5.計算注：この研究の主な目的は、電子の前後のガス流の存在に関する定性的情報を提供することであったxpansion。実験デザインは、チャネルの幅を測定し、速度精度を流すことができるように洗練された構成要素を有していない。ガス流の封これらの予備実験の間の主な焦点であった。したがって、ここに示されている透過性の計算のいずれかは、研究のより半定量的ではなく、主な目標である。 <ol><li>有効透過率の計算のために、圧力安定化の際= 1.42センチメートル3 / secで約qの一定の窒素流量を使用。周囲条件における窒素ガスの偏差因子は、Z = 1、粘度μ= 0.018 cPである。 T = 535ºRの周囲条件で、すべてのフロースルーテストを実施。 </li><li>外管の内径をとることによって接合環状空間の面積を計算し、rはOinn = 4.6センチメートル、内管の外半径r = 3.05 Ioutは cmである。入口および出口ポート（ΔL）との間の距離は40.64センチメートルある。圧力差（P 入口 -P アウトレット ）、REC入口と出口の圧力変換器によってorded、予め製造microannulus（K個のEF）19の実効透磁率の計算に使用される唯一の変数は、次のとおりです。 <img alt="式（1）" fo:content-width="2in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq1.jpg" />式。 1 Q -窒素流量[cm 3程度/ sec]でのK EF -効果的なパーマ。 microannulusの[のmD] R Ioutは -外管のID [CM] R Oinn -インナーパイプの外径[cm]で μ -ガス粘度[cPで] Z -ガス偏差因子 T - temperatu再[ºR]ΔL -圧力変換器間の距離[cm]で P 入口 -入口圧力[ATM] P アウトレット -アウトレット圧力[ATM] </li><li>式（1）に上記の値の全ての代替と出口圧力変換器があった予膨張フロースルー実験中に記録された入口圧力がP 入口 = 12キロパスカル（0.12気圧）であった実施例1で以下に示すように、実効透磁率を計算するP アウトレット = 0.4キロパスカル（0.004気圧）。 例1： <img alt="式2" fo:content-width="3in" src="/files/ftp_upload/52098/52098eq2.jpg" /></li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The reported experimental procedure has two main components that are critical: composite cylinders that simulate wellbores and the expansion fixture that is used to carry out mechanical manipulation of cement. When designing wellbore models (cement/pipe composite cylinders), it is critical to choose adequate cement density, store samples under total humidity conditions (100% RH) and establish pipe-cement debonding before cement slurry completely sets. Failing to achieve this would make the entire gas flow experiment impo...

坑井セメントの機械的操作を行うために使用される拡張具をシミュレート複合シリンダー：報告された実験手順は極めて重要である2つの主要な構成要素を有している。 坑井は地下流体（水、油、ガス、または蒸気）の製造と同様に種々の流体を注入するための主要なゲートウェイである。かかわらず、その機能の、坑井が生成/注入された流体の制御された流れを提供するために必要である。掘削および完成：坑井の建設は、2つの異なる事業を展開しています。坑井のセメント、補完手順の一部は、主に帯状の分離、金属パイプ（ケーシング）の機械的支持、及び腐食性流体からの金属成分の保護を提供する。これらには、妥協のない、完全に機能する坑井の不可欠な要素です。坑井のセメントシースの完全性は、cの形状、水和セメントの化学的および物理的特性の関数であるよくASED、及び周囲の形成/形成の特性は、2,3、流体。それは岩及び/又は金属との界面での強い結合の形成を妨げるので、掘削流体の不完全な除去が貧弱な帯状の分離になります。セメントシースは、井戸の寿命の間に障害の多くの種類を行うことができる。完成と生産の操作によって生じる圧力と温度振動はセメントマトリックス内骨折の発展に貢献する。剥離は、圧力および/ ​​または温度変化やセメント水和収縮4,5,6によって引き起こされる。その発生の初期または寿命の年後に検出することができるが、結果は、ほとんど常にmicroannular流体の流れの存在である。 ヒースマンとベック（2006）は、流体移行するための優先的な経路をもたらす可能性がセメントクラックの見える剥離、開始を示し、100を超える圧力と温度繰返し荷重にさらさ接合ケーシングのモデルを作成した&lt;SUP&gt; 7。フィールドには、坑井の金属成分の伸縮は、セメントシースの透過性の増加につながる、microannulusの界面剥離と形成を引き起こす、セメント及び石のものと一致しないであろう。引張応力は材料8の引張強度を越えると、増設筐負荷がセメントマトリックス内の半径方向のクラックの伝播を引き起こす可能性がある。上記のセメントの障害のすべては、ガス移行、SCPの発生、および長期的な環境リスクにつながるマイクロチャネリングをもたらすことができる。 SCPとの生産と放棄された井戸の相当数は、連続天然ガス放出9の潜在的な新しいソースを構成している。アルバータ州、カナダで315,000石油、ガス、および注入井戸のワトソンとバチュー（2009）が行った分析も坑井偏差、ウェルタイプ、放棄方法、およびセメントの品質が重要な要因の共同であることを示したウェル10の浅い部分でのポテンシャル井戸漏れntributing。既存の救済操作はコストがかかり、失敗した。スクイズセメント、最も一般的に使用される救済技術の一つは、わずか50〜11％の成功率を有している。 本論文では、漏洩坑井12,13のための新たな浄化技術として拡張ケーシング·テクノロジー（ECT）の評価について報告する。 ECTは、新規または既存の井戸14に適用することができる。この技術の最初の商用インストールは、1999年11月15にメキシコ湾の浅瀬でよく上シェブロンによって行われた。拡張可能なチューブラー用の現在の動作包絡線は205℃までの垂直、温度から100°の傾斜をカプセル化し、 2.37グラム/ cm 3であり、8763メートル、160.6 GPaでの静水圧と筒の長さ2092メートル16の深さまで泥の重み。固体膨張チューブラーの典型的な膨張率であるpproximately 2.4メートル/ 17分。 この研究は、SCPのための新たな修正操作としてECT技術の適応へのユニークなアプローチを提供しています。鋼管の膨張は界面におけるガス流の閉鎖をもたらし、ガス漏れをシールするであろうセメントを圧縮する。したがって、我々は唯一のリーキー坑の原因として、その焦点を当て、この研究の焦点は、既存のmicroannularガス流のシールであることを言及することが重要である。この目的のために、新たに適応技術の有効性を試験するために、我々は、既存のmicroannular流と坑井モデルを設計した。これは、セメント水和の際に内管を回転させることによって得られる。これは任意のフィールドの操作をシミュレートするためではなく、単に早送りする坑井の熱と圧力荷重の数十年後に何が起こるかではありません。

<table><tbody><tr><td>ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 40 Steel pipe - OD=10.16 cm, ID=10.04 cm, L=59.7 cm</td><td>Baker Sales</td><td>BPE-4.00BB40</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ASTM A53 Grade B ERW Schedule 10 Steel pipe - OD=6 cm, ID=5.94 cm, L=61 cm&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Service Steel</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Expansion Cones - AISI D2 grade alloy steel (60 RC hardness)</td><td>Shell</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipe coupling - OD=6.35 cm, ID=6 cm, L=4.4 cm</td><td>LSU</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Steel plate ring - OD=10.16 cm, ID=5.76 cm, thickness=6.35 mm</td><td>Louisiana Cutting</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Class H Cement</td><td>LaFarge</td><td>04-16-12 / 14-18</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Defoaming agent - D-Air 3000L</td><td>Halliburton</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bentonite clay</td><td>LSU</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium hydroxide</td><td>LSU</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Expansion Fixture</td><td>Shell</td><td>Custom-made</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pressure transducers</td><td>Omega</td><td>PX480A-200GV&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Teflon tubing</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>PB0754100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Union tee</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-400-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Elbow union</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-400-9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Female elbow</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-400-8-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Port connector</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-401-PC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forged body valve</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-1RS4</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tube adapter</td><td>Swagelok</td><td>SS-4-TA-1-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pipe lubricant</td><td>E.F. Houghoton &amp;amp; Co.</td><td>71323998</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Instant Galvanize Zinc Coating</td><td>CRC</td><td>78254184128</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mechanical expansion of steel tubing as a solution to leaky wellbores

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe (casing), and protects metal components from corrosive fluids. These are essential for uncompromised wellbore integrity. Cements can undergo multiple forms of failure, such as debonding at the cement/rock and cement/metal interfaces, fracturing, and defects within the cement matrix. Failures and defects within the cement will ultimately lead to fluid migration, resulting in inter-zonal fluid migration and premature well abandonment. Currently, there are over 1.8 million operating wells worldwide and over one third of these wells have leak related problems defined as Sustained Casing Pressure (SCP)1. 
The focus of this research was to develop an experimental setup at bench-scale to explore the effect of mechanical manipulation of wellbore casing-cement composite samples as a potential technology for the remediation of gas leaks. 
The experimental methodology utilized in this study enabled formation of an impermeable seal at the pipe/cement interface in a simulated wellbore system. Successful nitrogen gas flow-through measurements demonstrated that an existing microannulus was sealed at laboratory experimental conditions and fluid flow prevented by mechanical manipulation of the metal/cement composite sample. Furthermore, this methodology can be applied not only for the remediation of leaky wellbores, but also in plugging and abandonment procedures as well as wellbore completions technology, and potentially preventing negative impacts of wellbores on subsurface and surface environments.

複合サンプル上予膨張ガス流通試験は、事前に製造されたmicroannulus（ 図7および8）を介してガスの流れを確認し、出口圧力トランスデューサに圧力記録を示した。最初の注入口の圧力は103キロパスカルであり、ガス流量は、その期間を85 ml /分で保持したところ、初期条件が同じに保たれた。最高圧力は172キロパスカル入口圧力を増加した後に記録しながら、入口と?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores at JoVE.com

Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

漏洩坑の解決策として鋼チューブの機械的な拡張

Wellbore cement, a procedural component of wellbore completion operations, primarily provides zonal isolation and mechanical support of the metal pipe ...

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12.1K ビュー.  Louisiana State University. This article reports on a laboratory scale investigation of an existing field procedure and its adaptation for sealing of leaky wellbores. It consists of mechanical expansion of metal pipe, which results in an improved metal/cement bond, ultimate sealing of hydraulic pathways and prevention of gas leaks caused by the presence of a microannular channel.

ビデオ: Mechanical Expansion of Steel Tubing as a Solution to Leaky Wellbores

Reservoir Condition Pore-scale Imaging of Multiple Fluid Phases Using X-ray Microtomography

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space of a carbonate rock at pressures and temperatures representative of typical formations used for CO2 storage. Chemical equilibrium between the CO2, brine and rock phases was maintained using a high pressure high temperature reactor, replicating conditions far away from the injection site. Fluid flow was controlled using high pressure high temperature syringe pumps. To maintain representative in-situ conditions within the micro-CT scanner a carbon fiber high pressure micro-CT coreholder was used. Diffusive CO2 exchange across the confining sleeve from the pore-space of the rock to the confining fluid was prevented by surrounding the core with a triple wrap of aluminum foil. Reconstructed brine contrast was modeled using a polychromatic x-ray source, and brine composition was chosen to maximize the three phase contrast between the two fluids and the rock. Flexible flow lines were used to reduce forces on the sample during image acquisition, potentially causing unwanted sample motion, a major shortcoming in previous techniques. An internal thermocouple, placed directly adjacent to the rock core, coupled with an external flexible heating wrap and a PID controller was used to maintain a constant temperature within the flow cell. Substantial amounts of CO2 were trapped, with a residual saturation of 0.203 &#177; 0.013, and the sizes of larger volume ganglia obey power law distributions, consistent with percolation theory.

We present a methodology for the imaging of multiple fluid phases at reservoir conditions by the use of x-ray microtomography. We show some representative results of capillary trapping in a carbonate rock sample.

X線マイクロトモグラフィーを使用した複数の流体相の貯水池条件ポアスケールのイメージング

X-ray microtomography was used to image, at a resolution of 6.6 &#181;m, the pore-scale arrangement of residual carbon dioxide ganglia in the pore-space ...

工学

High-pressure, High-temperature Deformation Experiment Using the New Generation Griggs-type Apparatus

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature (&#62; 300 &#176;C). However, because of the low stress resolution of current solid-pressure-medium apparatuses, high-resolution measurements are today restricted to low-pressure deformation experiments in the gas-pressure-medium apparatus. A new generation of solid-medium piston-cylinder (&#34;Griggs-type&#34;) apparatus is here described. Able to perform high-pressure deformation experiments up to 5 GPa and designed to adapt an internal load cell, such a new apparatus offers the potential to establish a technological basis for high-pressure rheology. This paper provides video-based detailed documentation of the procedure (using the &#34;conventional&#34; solid-salt assembly) to perform high-pressure, high-temperature experiments with the newly designed Griggs-type apparatus. A representative result of a Carrara marble sample deformed at 700 &#176;C, 1.5 GPa and 10-5 s-1 with the new press is also given. The related stress-time curve illustrates all steps of a Griggs-type experiment, from increasing pressure and temperature to sample quenching when deformation is stopped. Together with future developments, the critical steps and limitations of the Griggs apparatus are then discussed.

Rock deformation needs to be quantified at high pressure. A description of the procedure to perform deformation experiments in a newly designed solid-medium Griggs-type apparatus is here given. This provides technological basis for future rheological studies at pressures up to 5 GPa.

新世代グリッグス型装置を使用して、高温高圧変形実験

In order to address geological processes at great depths, rock deformation should ideally be tested at high pressure (&#62; 0.5 GPa) and high temperature ...

環境学

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールド サンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System (FFS) for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas industry faces continued scrutiny for methane emissions from across the supply chain, due to methane&#39;s relatively high global warming potential (25-84x that of carbon dioxide, according to the Energy Information Administration). Currently, a variety of techniques of varied uncertainties exists to measure or estimate methane emissions from components or facilities. Currently, only one commercial system is available for quantification of component level emissions and recent reports have highlighted its weaknesses.
In order to improve accuracy and increase measurement flexibility, we have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases based on transportation emissions measurement principles. The FFS is a modular system that consists of an explosive-proof blower(s), mass airflow sensor(s) (MAF), thermocouple, sample probe, constant volume sampling pump, laser based greenhouse gas sensor, data acquisition device, and analysis software. Dependent upon the blower and hose configuration employed, the current FFS is able to achieve a flow rate ranging from 40 to 1,500 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). Utilization of laser-based sensors mitigates interference from higher hydrocarbons (C2+). Co-measurement of water vapor allows for humidity correction. The system is portable, with multiple configurations for a variety of applications ranging from being carried by a person to being mounted in a hand drawn cart, on-road vehicle bed, or from the bed of utility terrain vehicles (UTVs). The FFS is able to quantify methane emission rates with a relative uncertainty of &#177; 4.4%. The FFS has proven, real world operation for the quantification of methane emissions occurring in conventional and remote facilities.

Design and Use of a Full Flow Sampling System FFS for the Quantification of Methane Emissions

We have designed, developed, and implemented a novel full flow sampling system (FFS) for quantification of methane emissions and greenhouse gases from across the natural gas supply chain.

メタン排出量の定量化のための設計とフルフローサンプリングシステムの利用（FFS）

The use of natural gas continues to grow with increased discovery and production of unconventional shale resources. At the same time, the natural gas ...

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of steels meet the criterion of low outgassing required for high or ultrahigh vacuum applications. However, a given material can present different outgassing rates depending on its manufacturing process or the various pretreatment processes involved during the fabrication. Thus, the measurement of outgassing rates is highly desirable for a specific vacuum application. For this reason, the rate-of-pressure rise (RoR) method is often used to measure the outgassing of hydrogen after bakeout. In this article, a detailed description of the design and execution of the experimental protocol involved in the RoR method is provided. The RoR method uses a spinning rotor gauge to minimize errors that stem from outgassing or the pumping action of a vacuum gauge. The outgassing rates of two ordinary steels (stainless steel and mild steel) were measured. The measurements were made before and after the heat pretreatment of the steels. The heat pretreatment of steels was performed to reduce the outgassing. Extremely low rates of outgassing (on the order of 10&#8722;11 Pa m3 sec&#8722;1 m&#8722;2) can be routinely measured using relatively small samples.

A protocol for the measurement of outgassing rates of hydrogen from ordinary steel vacuum chambers using the rate-of-pressure rise method is presented.

鋼のガス放出速度の測定

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of ...

A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.) when exposed to high strain rates. This study utilized a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) to generate strain rates of 100-1,500 sec-1. The SHPB employed a striker bar consisting of a viscoelastic material (polycarbonate). A sample of the biomaterial was obtained shortly postmortem and prepared for SHPB testing. The specimen was interposed between the incident and transmitted bars, and the pneumatic components of the SHPB were activated to drive the striker bar toward the incident bar. The resulting impact generated a compressive stress wave (i.e. incident wave) that traveled through the incident bar. When the compressive stress wave reached the end of the incident bar, a portion continued forward through the sample and transmitted bar (i.e. transmitted wave) while another portion reversed through the incident bar as a tensile wave (i.e. reflected wave). These waves were measured using strain gages mounted on the incident and transmitted bars. The true stress-strain behavior of the sample was determined from equations based on wave propagation and dynamic force equilibrium. The experimental stress-strain response was three dimensional in nature because the specimen bulged. As such, the hydrostatic stress (first invariant) was used to generate the stress-strain response. In order to extract the uniaxial (one-dimensional) mechanical response of the tissue, an iterative coupled optimization was performed using experimental results and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which contained an Internal State Variable (ISV) material model used for the tissue. The ISV material model used in the FE simulations of the experimental setup was iteratively calibrated (i.e. optimized) to the experimental data such that the experiment and FEA strain gage values and first invariant of stresses were in good agreement.

The current study prescribes a coupled experiment-finite element simulation methodology to obtain the uniaxial dynamic mechanical response of soft biomaterials (brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.). The multiaxial experimental results that arose because of specimen bulging obtained from Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar testing were rendered to a uniaxial true stress-strain behavior when simulated through iterative optimization of the finite element analysis of the biomaterial.

ソフトバイオマテリアルの高ひずみ速度機械的応答を評価するための結合実験、有限要素モデリング手法

This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g. ...

生物工学

Rapid and Low-cost Prototyping of Medical Devices Using 3D Printed Molds for Liquid Injection Molding

Biologically inert elastomers such as silicone are favorable materials for medical device fabrication, but forming and curing these elastomers using traditional liquid injection molding processes can be an expensive process due to tooling and equipment costs. As a result, it has traditionally been impractical to use liquid injection molding for low-cost, rapid prototyping applications. We have devised a method for rapid and low-cost production of liquid elastomer injection molded devices that utilizes fused deposition modeling 3D printers for mold design and a modified desiccator as an injection system. Low costs and rapid turnaround time in this technique lower the barrier to iteratively designing and prototyping complex elastomer devices. Furthermore, CAD models developed in this process can be later adapted for metal mold tooling design, enabling an easy transition to a traditional injection molding process. We have used this technique to manufacture intravaginal probes involving complex geometries, as well as overmolding over metal parts, using tools commonly available within an academic research laboratory. However, this technique can be easily adapted to create liquid injection molded devices for many other applications.

We have devised a method for low-cost and rapid prototyping of liquid elastomer rubber injection molded devices by using fused deposition modeling 3D printers for mold design and a modified desiccator as a liquid injection system.

液体射出成形用の3Dプリント金型を用いた医療機器を迅速かつ低コストプロトタイピング

Biologically inert elastomers such as silicone are favorable materials for medical device fabrication, but forming and curing these elastomers using ...

Pore-scale Imaging and Characterization of Hydrocarbon Reservoir Rock Wettability at Subsurface Conditions Using X-ray Microtomography

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to characterize the complex wetting conditions of hydrocarbon reservoir rock using pore-scale three-dimensional X-ray imaging at subsurface conditions. In this work, heterogeneous carbonate reservoir rocks, extracted from a very large producing oil field, have been used to demonstrate the protocol. The rocks are saturated with brine and oil and aged over three weeks at subsurface conditions to replicate the wettability conditions that typically exist in hydrocarbon reservoirs (known as mixed-wettability). After the brine injection, high-resolution three-dimensional images (2 &#181;m/voxel) are acquired and then processed and segmented. To calculate the distribution of the contact angle, which defines the wettability, the following steps are performed. First, fluid-fluid and fluid-rock surfaces are meshed. The surfaces are smoothed to remove voxel artefacts, and in situ contact angles are measured at the three-phase contact line throughout the whole image. The main advantage of this method is its ability to characterize in situ wettability accounting for pore-scale rock properties, such as rock surface roughness, rock chemical composition, and pore size. The in situ wettability is determined rapidly at hundreds of thousands of points. 
The method is limited by the segmentation accuracy and X-ray image resolution. This protocol could be used to characterize the wettability of other complex rocks saturated with different fluids and at different conditions for a variety of applications. For example, it could help in determining the optimal wettability that could yield an extra oil recovery (i.e., designing brine salinity accordingly to obtain higher oil recovery) and to find the most efficient wetting conditions to trap more CO2 in subsurface formations.

This protocol is presented to characterize the complex wetting conditions of an opaque porous medium (hydrocarbon reservoir rock) using three-dimensional images obtained by X-ray microtomography at subsurface conditions.

細孔構造の観察と x 線マイクロトモグラフィーによる地下の条件で炭化水素貯留岩濡れ性の評価

In situ wettability measurements in hydrocarbon reservoir rocks have only been possible recently. The purpose of this work is to present a protocol to ...

A Multi-Cue Bioreactor to Evaluate the Inflammatory and Regenerative Capacity of Biomaterials under Flow and Stretch

The use of resorbable biomaterials to induce regeneration directly in the body is an attractive strategy from a translational perspective. Such materials induce an inflammatory response upon implantation, which is the driver of subsequent resorption of the material and the regeneration of new tissue. This strategy, also known as in situ tissue engineering, is pursued to obtain cardiovascular replacements such as tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Both the inflammatory and the regenerative processes are determined by the local biomechanical cues on the scaffold (i.e., stretch and shear stress). Here, we describe in detail the use of a custom-developed bioreactor that uniquely enables the decoupling of stretch and shear stress on a tubular scaffold. This allows for the systematic and standardized evaluation of the inflammatory and regenerative capacity of tubular scaffolds under the influence of well-controlled mechanical loads, which we demonstrate on the basis of a dynamic co-culture experiment using human macrophages and myofibroblasts. The key practical steps in this approach&#8212;the construction and setting up of the bioreactor, preparation of the scaffolds and cell seeding, application and maintenance of stretch and shear flow, and sample harvesting for analysis&#8212;are discussed in detail.

The goal of this protocol is to execute a dynamic co-culture of human macrophages and myofibroblasts in tubular electrospun scaffolds to investigate material-driven tissue regeneration, using a bioreactor which enables the decoupling of shear stress and cyclic stretch.

フローとストレッチの下でバイオ材料の炎症と再生能力を評価するマルチキューバイオリアクター

The use of resorbable biomaterials to induce regeneration directly in the body is an attractive strategy from a translational perspective. Such materials ...

Finite Element Modeling for the Simulation of the Quasi-Static Compression of Corrugated Tapered Tubes

In this study, the quasi-static compression performance of tapered tubes was investigated using finite element simulations. Previous studies have shown that a thickness gradient can reduce the initial peak force and that lateral corrugation can increase the energy absorption performance. Therefore, two kinds of lateral corrugated tapered tubes with variable thicknesses were designed, and their deformation patterns, load displacement curves, and energy absorption performance were analyzed. The results showed that when the thickness variation factor (k) was 0.9, 1.2, and 1.5, the deformation mode of the single corrugated tapered tube (ST) changed from transverse expansion and contraction to axial progressive folding. In addition, the thickness gradient design improved the energy absorption performance of the ST. The energy absorption (EA) and specific energy absorption (SEA) of the model with k = 1.5 increased by 53.6% and 52.4%, respectively, compared with the ST model with k = 0. The EA and SEA of the double corrugated tapered tube (DT) increased by 373% and 95.7%, respectively, compared with the conical tube. The increase in the k value resulted in a significant decrease in the peak crushing force of the tubes and an increase in the crushing force efficiency.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>コルゲートテーパーチューブの準静的圧縮のシミュレーションのための有限要素モデリング

This protocol describes the study of the quasi-static compression performance of corrugated tapered tubes using finite element simulations. The influence of the thickness gradient on the compression performance was investigated. The results show that proper thickness gradient design can change the deformation mode and significantly improve the energy absorption performance of the tubes.

コルゲートテーパーチューブの準静的圧縮のシミュレーションのための有限要素モデリング

In this study, the quasi-static compression performance of tapered tubes was investigated using finite element simulations. Previous studies have shown ...

漏洩坑の解決策として鋼チューブの機械的な拡張

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この動画の章

X線マイクロトモグラフィーを使用した複数の流体相の貯水池条件ポアスケールのイメージング

新世代グリッグス型装置を使用して、高温高圧変形実験

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールドサンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定

メタン排出量の定量化のための設計とフルフローサンプリングシステムの利用（FFS）

鋼のガス放出速度の測定

ソフトバイオマテリアルの高ひずみ速度機械的応答を評価するための結合実験、有限要素モデリング手法

液体射出成形用の3Dプリント金型を用いた医療機器を迅速かつ低コストプロトタイピング

細孔構造の観察と x 線マイクロトモグラフィーによる地下の条件で炭化水素貯留岩濡れ性の評価

フローとストレッチの下でバイオ材料の炎症と再生能力を評価するマルチキューバイオリアクター

コルゲートテーパーチューブの準静的圧縮のシミュレーションのための有限要素モデリング

漏洩坑の解決策として鋼チューブの機械的な拡張

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

X線マイクロトモグラフィーを使用した複数の流体相の貯水池条件ポアスケールのイメージング

新世代グリッグス型装置を使用して、高温高圧変形実験

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールド サンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定

メタン排出量の定量化のための設計とフルフローサンプリングシステムの利用（FFS）

鋼のガス放出速度の測定

ソフトバイオマテリアルの高ひずみ速度機械的応答を評価するための結合実験、有限要素モデリング手法

液体射出成形用の3Dプリント金型を用いた医療機器を迅速かつ低コストプロトタイピング

細孔構造の観察と x 線マイクロトモグラフィーによる地下の条件で炭化水素貯留岩濡れ性の評価

フローとストレッチの下でバイオ材料の炎症と再生能力を評価するマルチキューバイオリアクター

コルゲートテーパーチューブの準静的圧縮のシミュレーションのための有限要素モデリング

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールドサンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定