This work was supported jointly by the Converging Research Center Program through the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, Korea (NRF-2014M3C1A8048817) and R&amp;D Convergence Program of NST (National Research Council of Science and Technology) of Republic of Korea (CAP-14-3-KRISS).

注意:请遵守所有相关的安全做法，同时装配设备和样品室。请佩戴个人防护设备（防护眼镜，手套，安全鞋等 ）。 1.样品真空室制作<ol><li> 设计和制造的真空室的 <ol><li>准备和提交设计图纸到商业供应商或内部机械加工车间制造样品真空室。设计图纸制成S20C钢的真空室的代表性例子示于图1。在这个实验中所设计的腔室是非常基本的，并且通常由真空公司雇用。 注:制造商应具有超高真空系统的基本知识。 </li><li>检查所有的尺寸，以确保符合图纸。 </li><li>成型（加工）真空室后，覆盖月底CF法兰塑料，以防止大在运输过程中的法师。 </li></ol></li><li> 清洁的 注意:按照化学清洗过程中当地的环境，健康和安全法规。佩戴个人防护装备。处理使用PVC手套的部分。不要用裸手触摸的部分。 <ol><li>清洁以下的钢特高压清洗过程中的钢部件。一个典型的清洗程序如下所述。 </li><li>脱脂用溶剂如丙酮的部分，在室温下5分钟。 </li><li>清洗在超声浴中的部件用于使用BN清洁器（pH为13）20分钟。 </li><li>用自来水冲洗该部位10分钟，接着用去离子水彻底漂洗20分钟。 </li><li>用酒精冲洗，然后用干燥的氮气吹干。 </li><li>包装在清洁，无绒纸部分，并允许部分风干一天。 </li></ol></li><li> 焊接 注意:不要用手直接触摸的部分。我们的lder连续应在特高压焊接培训。 <ol><li>将零件焊接板凳上。 </li><li>预装的部件和对齐部件按照设计图纸。 </li><li>背面吹扫用氩气（5升/分钟），以防止在焊接期间的腐蚀。 </li><li>钉焊接使用钨惰性气体（TIG）焊接技术（氩流速:8-9升/分钟）的端部凸缘。 15 </li><li>焊接端部法兰完全采用TIG技术和车削夹具。允许热影响区冷却至室温。停止氩气流量。 </li></ol></li><li> 泄漏测试 <ol><li>密封用的CF空白凸缘该室的一端。 </li><li>另一端连接到氦气检漏仪（HLD）。 </li><li>抽空用HLD样品真空室。 </li><li>放置热焊接接缝在乙烯袋中，并充满氦气的袋子。 </li><li>测量在氦水平的任何变化。确保室防漏。氦泄漏率寿LD为&lt;1×10 - 11帕米3秒- 1（1×10 - 10毫巴大号秒- 1）。 </li><li>如果没有泄漏，宣泄室。否则，reweld真空室排气之后（重复步骤1.3.3至1.4.5）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.烤箱的制作<ol><li>准备并提交设计图纸给供应商或内部机械加工车间制造烤箱。参阅图2所示的画面。 </li><li>在采购特定材料/设备清单的温度控制描述所需的零件和设备。 </li><li>连接冷却线。 </li><li>供应冷却水冷却器。运行机组，检查是否漏水。停止冷水机组。 </li></ol> 3.回报率测量实验装置<ol><li>收集中指定所需的真空设备/硬件具体的材料/设备清单。测试设置主要由一个SRG的，残余气体分析仪（RGA），配备有粗加工泵（RP）的涡轮分子泵（TMP），全金属角阀（AV CH），一个三通（CF35），和减速器（CF35到CF63）。其他项目可能包括一个氦气检漏仪和特高压计，如具体的材料/设备的列表中列出。该AV 通道应具有上阀座（密封）侧的旋转法兰盘来平整的SRG。 </li><li>收集了组装所需的扳手（M6和M8），铜垫片（CF35和CF63）和螺栓/螺母（M6和M8）。 </li><li>使用工业水平仪组装SRG。 </li><li>处理使用PVC手套的部分。请勿触摸暴露用手真空表面。穿安全鞋。 </li><li>实验装置的组件<ol><li>使用铜垫片从泵侧到样品面组装真空元件顺序，如图<st荣&gt;图3。始终把阀座侧面向样品室中。拧紧所有法兰接头面对面地脸用扳手（M6）铜垫圈（CF35），除了样品室和室隔离阀（AV 通道 ）之间的联合。 </li><li>调整SRG法兰组件和样品室，使得SRG头的轴线是垂直的使用水平仪;在±2°（最大）（ 图4）。拧紧在样品室和AV CH，面与面之间的法兰接头，同时保持了SRG凸缘的水平。请参阅SRG用户的详细说明书。 </li><li>连接RP和与隔离阀的HLD（AV 滚装 ，AV HLD）的TMP的排气端的夹紧凸缘（KF）端口。 注意:确保没有机械震动的SRG法兰组装或转子。 </li></ol></li><li>泄漏测试<ol><li>打开HLD，等待探测器准备。打开AV HLD并关闭AV 罗 。 </li><li>抽空用HLD设置。请参阅HLD手册正确的操作步骤。等待〜30分钟以从安装泵出的残余的氦气。确保氦气水平是HLD的最小检测范围内。 </li><li>通过在凸缘的泄漏测试槽喷氦气。 </li><li>测量在氦水平的任何变化。确保室是密封防漏。氦泄漏率应&lt;1×10 - 11帕米3秒- 1（1×10 - 10毫巴大号秒- 1）。 </li><li>在从凸缘泄漏的情况下，应再次拧紧紧凸缘。 </li><li>如果没有发现泄漏，停止泄漏检测和排气真空系统。打开AV Ro和关闭AV HLD。 </li></ol></li></ol> 4.出气率的测量<ol&gt; <li> 抽空程序 <ol><li>通过同时接通在TMP和RP抽气真空系统。 </li><li>虽然抽工艺上，收集烘烤所需的物品;电加热器磁带，加热器控制器，手持万用表，铝箔，和温度传感器/电缆。 </li></ol></li><li> 烘烤过程 <ol><li>从法兰组件上取下SRG头。总结真空元件在带式加热器（SRG的法兰装配和TMP的入口法兰之间）。 </li><li>检查并确保有使用手持万用表加热器和真空部分之间没有电短路。 </li><li>加热器连接到相应控制器和包裹在铝箔的腔室。 </li><li>升温至150℃，在1℃-2℃/分的升温速率。 </li><li>保持在150℃的室中，使用烘烤程序控制器24-48小时。保持RGA的温度50°C以下使用电子冷却风扇。 </li><li>脱气每个RGA长丝通过电子轰击，至少5分钟的。 </li><li>测量从1 RGA光谱50米/ E要确保H 2 O峰（M / E = 18）为H 2峰（M / E = 2）小于一半。如果没有，继续烘烤。 </li><li>允许系统在1℃-2℃/分的升温速率冷却到室温。检查是否漏水指冷却过程中测得的频谱RGA。 </li><li>在样品室分析残留气体。测量RGA光谱。关闭AV 通道 ，并再次测量RGA光谱。样品室的RGA光谱对应于前和关闭该AV 通道后获得的光谱之间的差异。 </li><li>验证所有杂质气体，如的总和的 H 2 O，CO，和CO 2，在5％以下;否则，再次重复烘烤。 </li></ol></li><li> 操作SRG 注:在SRG的正确操作是很重要的。请参阅SRG操作手册的说明。 <ol><li>装配在SRG法兰装配SRG头。 </li><li>确保SRG头的轴线是在±2°（最大）（ 图4）。使用电平表，以供参考。 </li><li>启动SRG并等待残余拖累，SRG，这通常需要几个小时的压力无关信号的稳定化。 </li><li>输入正确的输入参数，如气体（H 2），温度（24℃），和测量的时间间隔（10秒）。 </li></ol></li><li> 程序发起温度控制 <ol><li>在等待信号，以稳定，稳定的样品的温度。交换机上的机组运行通过该系统冷却水。设置流体温度至15℃。 </li><li>启动用于样品的加热器控制器。设定目标温度至24℃。等待FOr处的温度在关闭炉门之后在±0.1℃下稳定。 </li></ol></li><li> 过程用于获取SRG信号 <ol><li>验证信号的偏移值的变动为±1×10内- 9帕/秒;否则，拆开从系统SRG和改变转子或法兰组件，然后重复3.5-4.4。 （如果这是不可能的，获得的8-24小时的偏移。这将是从测量放气速率数据中减去的斜率）。 </li><li>检查由SRG控制器提供的信号电平;它至少应为-10分贝。理想的是，它应该是0 dB之间和6。然而，高达12分贝值是可以接受的。如果信号是&gt;14分贝，停止SRG操作。分离的头部和加热顶针到200℃。重复从步骤4.5.1启动整个操作。 </li><li>检查由SRG控制器提供的阻尼水平;最佳值是间 -35和-60分贝，这是在使用TMP其上的橡胶垫铺设该系统和涡旋泵通常满足。否则，停止所有正在运行的设备，并移除所有的机械振动源。 </li></ol></li><li> 获取回报率数据 <ol><li>轻轻关闭AV启动压力增加。要小心，不要受到的SRG到机械冲击。 </li><li>关闭炉门和使用计算机获取压力数据为8-24小时。 </li><li>预检查所测量的数据，以验证在温度的变化是稳定后并且该压力上升为10％的误差范围内的线性内±0.1℃。如果这些条件得到满足，停止测量。否则，继续测量，直到压力上升10％的误差范围内变为线性至少16小时。 </li><li>关闭所有设备。 </li></ol></li><li> 该出气率的计算 <ol><li>选择温度STABI后设定压力补肾中药。 </li><li>使用线性最小二乘法拟合拟合压力上升数据和计算的斜率。斜率ðP / D t是压力上升的测得速率阀关闭之后。 </li><li>计算出气率，Q（H 2当量），用公式 Q =（V / A）（D P / D T）[帕米3秒- 1米 - 2] 其中，V是样品室的体积（m 3）的A是腔室（米2）的几何表面积。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

为出气率的测量许多方法已在文献中报道。实验方法包括吞吐量，电导调制，双路径，回报率，和这些方法的变体。然而，没有一种方法适合获得必要的放气数据。 10使用SRG的回报率的方法，但是，成为首选低释气材料的测定方法。 11-13 SRG 17通常被用作在高真空系统，而不错误泵送或除气作用的二级标准。使用SRG RoR的方法特别适合于烘烤后测量氢气脱气室温。相比之下?...

钢在建筑经常使用，因为其良好的机械性能。某些钢（亚铁钢，特别）是优选的材料包括真空应用。取决于类型和等级，这些钢具有足够低的出气率为高真空必不可少（HV，10 - 7 &lt;P &lt;10 - 5帕）或超高真空（UHV，10 -10 &lt;P &lt;10 - 7 Pa）的系统。此外，大量的研究已经朝着特殊的预处理程序，减少气体释放1-3的发展进行的。预处理措施旨在最小化泵送投资或改善真空从HV到UHV或从UHV极端高真空（P &lt;10 - 10帕）。 虽然许多实际的方法已被提出，以减少除气鼠亚铁钢即，最近的方法主要集中在减少，以获得较低的放气速率所需要的时间和温度。在350°C-450°热治疗C，而不是在真空800℃，950℃烧制，是这种方法的一个很好的例子。 1,4,5此外，选择理想的材料为特定真空的应用是至关重要的;例如，选择的铁素体材料具有非常低的放气速率为在磁场屏蔽使用。 6,7 在这样的调查中，放气速率的精确测量对于候选材料的筛选或验证的各种预处理程序的有效性的一个先决条件。 8,9-用于脱气测量中的最常见的实验技术是可以通过和速率的压力上升的方法。 10日前，各种实验已经进行测量基础上，采用RoR的方法旋氢出气率宁转子计（SRG）。 1，11-13使用SRG的回报率的方法是非常适合测量非常低的氢出气率，往往限制了最低压力在由钢制成的真空系统可以实现的。这是因为，SRG具有可忽略泵送或除气动作。另外，SRG还具有在高真空和超高真空范围内具有优异的精度和良好的线性。 14 鉴于上RoR的实验已发表的文献中是有限的，这是值得来描述的实验细节，开发的方法的更深入的了解。在这个视频文章中，我们详细描述了建立实验的过程，并提供了详细的说明执行使用RoR的方法放气测量。为了证明该方法的功效，之前和预热处理后测定两种常用的钢（不锈钢304和软钢S20C）的出气率降低氢outgassin摹率。前和治疗后的值进行比较。使用相当简单的设置典型的实验结果呈现演示评价低氢脱气率优化的方法的功效。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="869">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;width:869px;">Sample chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Stainless steel, 304</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">POSCO&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.posco.co.kr)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Mild steel, D3752</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Xiangtan Iron&#38;Steel co.,LTD (http://www.hnxg.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Mild steel, D3752</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">SeAh Besteel (www.seahbesteel.co.kr)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;"></td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;width:869px;">Cleaning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Cleaning bath</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Samill IDS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Ultrasonic cleaning, heating, timer, concentration control&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Acetone</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Samchun Chemical (www.samchun.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">A1759</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">HPLC GRADE (99.7%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Tekusolv</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">NCH Co.&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.nch.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">0368-0058J</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Solvents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">BN cleaner</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Henkel surface technologies (na.henkel-adhesives.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">6610263775</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Akkaline, pH 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Fisher Scientific (www.fishersci.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">A995-4</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">HPLC Reagent(99.9%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Deionized water (Electro deionizer SYSTEM)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">A.T.A&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.atagroup.co)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">EDI SYSTEM</td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Liquid N2 gas</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Hanyoung (www.gasmaster.co.kr)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">B/T 176 L</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">LN2 dewar, purity 99.999%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;">Welding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="68">
			<td height="68" style="height:68px;">Tungsten Inert Gas wedling machine</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Thermal Arc (www.victortechnologies.com/thermalarc)</td>
			<td>400GTSW</td>
			<td>Ar gas prefllow&#38;postflow 8 liter/min, backflow 5 liter/min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">turning jig</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Vactron&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.vactron.co.kr)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Made to order</td>
			<td>Made to order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Ar gas</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Lindekorea (www.lindekorea.com)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purity 99.999%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;">Leak test</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Leak detector</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Adixen&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.adixen.fr/en/)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">ASM380</td>
			<td>Pumping Speed(air): 9.7 l/s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">He gas</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Lindekorea (www.lindekorea.com)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Purity 99.999%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;width:869px;">Vacuum equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Spinning rotor gauge&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MKS Instruments (www.mks.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">SRG-3</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Controller, head, and thimble set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Industrial level meter</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MKS Instruments (www.mks.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">SRG-3</td>
			<td>For SRG assemble &#177; 1&#730;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Oscilloscope</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Tektronix&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.tek.com)</td>
			<td>TDS2012B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Residulal gas analyser</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Balzers</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">QMA200</td>
			<td>m/e 0-100&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">TMP(HiPace 80)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Pfeiffer Vacuum (www.pfeiffer-vacuum.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">PMP03941</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Pumping Speed(N2): 67 l/s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Scroll pump</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Anest Iwata&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.anest-iwata.co.jp)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">ISP 90</td>
			<td>Pumping Speed(Air): 1.8 l/s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">All-metall easy close angle valve(CF35)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">VAT Inc.&#160; (www.vatvalve.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">54032-GE02-0002</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Rotatable flange</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Angle valve(KF25)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MDC Vacuum Inc. (www.mdcvacuum.com)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">KAV-100</td>
			<td style="width:355px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Five-Way Crosses&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MDC&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Made to order</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">CF4-1/2 Spool-rotatable 1-way to CF2-3/4 Nipple 3ea, Vacuum degassed at 400&#8451; for 3 days</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Reducing Tees&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">MDC</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Made to order</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">CF4-1/2 Flange to CF2-3/4 Tees(Half flange), Vacuum degassed at 400&#8451; for 3 days</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;width:215px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="33">
			<td colspan="4" height="33" style="height:34px;">Temperature control&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Chiller</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">JEIO Tech&#160;&#160; (www.jeiotech.com)</td>
			<td>RW-2025G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Cooling line</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">LS Metal&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.lsmetal.biz)</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">C1100</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Level Wound Coil, Diameter 10mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Heater controllers</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">HMT</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">Made to order</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Bakeout program controller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Electrical heater tapes</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Brisk heat (www.briskheat.com)</td>
			<td>BIH101080L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Thermocouple(K type)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">miraesensor (www.miraesensor.com)</td>
			<td>MR-2290</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Handheld multimeter</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Saehan&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160; (www.saehan.co.kr)</td>
			<td>3234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:46px;">Data recorder(Temp.)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Yokogawa (www.yokogawa.com)</td>
			<td>GP10-1E1F-UC10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurement of outgassing rates of steels

钢被常用材料在真空系统的制造，因为它们的良好的机械，腐蚀和真空特性。各种钢材满足低放气的高或超高真空应用所需的标准。然而，给定的材料可呈现取决于其制造过程中或在制造过程中涉及的各种前处理过程中不同出气率。因此，除气率的测量是对一个特定的真空应用高度期望的。出于这个原因，速率的压力上升（ROR）方法通常用于测量氢的烘烤后的释气。在这篇文章中，提供了设计和涉及回报率方法的实验方案的执行的详细描述。 RoR的方法使用纺纱转子计，以减少从脱气或真空计的泵送作用茎错误。两个普通钢的出气率（不锈钢和MILD钢）进行测定。该测量之前和钢的热预处理之后进行。进行钢的热预处理，以减少除气。除气极低的利率（10的顺序- 11帕米3秒- 1米 - 2）可以使用相对小样本进行常规检测。

正如预期的，烘烤后的残余气体主要是氢。 7使用SRG测得的压力上升是在相当长的时间周期（ 图5）是线性的。因此，再吸附效果可能会微不足道和用于本研究中测试的钢固有放气速率（Q）可使用的RoR方法进行评价。使用线性最小二乘拟合方法10所测得的压力上升数据进行了分析。的样品室的出气率从斜率（ 图5）确定了。 <...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels at JoVE.com

Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

A protocol for the measurement of outgassing rates of hydrogen from ordinary steel vacuum chambers using the rate-of-pressure rise method is presented.

钢的出气率的测量

Steels are commonly used materials in the fabrication of vacuum systems because of their good mechanical, corrosion, and vacuum properties. A variety of ...

measurement-of-outgassing-rates-of-steels

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11.4K 次观看.  POSTECH. A protocol for the measurement of outgassing rates of hydrogen from ordinary steel vacuum chambers using the rate-of-pressure rise method is presented.

视频: Measurement of Outgassing Rates of Steels

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor compression based cooling process. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) based alloy systems, especially, show large elastocaloric effects. Furthermore, exhibit large latent heats which is a necessary material property for the development of an efficient solid-state based cooling process. A scientific test rig has been designed to investigate these processes and the elastocaloric effects in SMAs. The realized test rig enables independent control of an SMA&#39;s mechanical loading and unloading cycles, as well as conductive heat transfer between SMA cooling elements and a heat source/sink. The test rig is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system capable of synchronized measurements of mechanical and thermal parameters. In addition to determining the process-dependent mechanical work, the system also enables measurement of thermal caloric aspects of the elastocaloric cooling effect through use of a high-performance infrared camera. This combination is of particular interest, because it allows illustrations of localization and rate effects &#8212; both important for efficient heat transfer from the medium to be cooled.
The work presented describes an experimental method to identify elastocaloric material properties in different materials and sample geometries. Furthermore, the test rig is used to investigate different cooling process variations. The introduced analysis methods enable a differentiated consideration of material, process and related boundary condition influences on the process efficiency. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results (of a thermomechanically coupled finite element model) allows for better understanding of the underlying physics of the elastocaloric effect. In addition, the experimental results, as well as the findings based on the simulation results, are used to improve the material properties.

Experimental methods for investigation of solid state cooling processes and characterization of elastocaloric material properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are presented. A custom-built test rig has been designed for controlling and comprehensive monitoring of elastocaloric cooling processes. Furthermore, it provides a validation platform for thermomechanically coupled modeling approaches.

基于形状记忆调查Elastocaloric冷却过程和模型验证实验方法

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

科研

工程学

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar boundary layers. Experiments have previously been conducted in both forced and free convective environments over both solid and liquid fuels. A unique methodology, based on the Reynolds Analogy, was used to estimate local mass burning rates and flame heat fluxes for these laminar boundary layer diffusion flames utilizing local temperature gradients at the fuel surface. Local mass burning rates and convective and radiative heat feedback from the flames were measured in both the pyrolysis and plume regions by using temperature gradients mapped near the wall by a two-axis traverse system. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design as the condensed fuel surface burns steadily for only a limited period of time following ignition. The temperature profiles near the fuel surface need to be mapped during steady burning of a condensed fuel surface at a very high spatial resolution in order to capture reasonable estimates of local temperature gradients. Careful corrections for radiative heat losses from the thermocouples are also essential for accurate measurements. For these reasons, the whole experimental setup needs to be automated with a computer-controlled traverse mechanism, eliminating most errors due to positioning of a micro-thermocouple. An outline of steps to reproducibly capture near-wall temperature gradients and use them to assess local burning rates and heat fluxes is provided.

We describe the use of micro-thermocouples to estimate local temperature gradients in steady laminar boundary layer diffusion flames. By extension of the Reynolds Analogy, local temperature gradients can be further used to estimate the local mass burning rates and heat fluxes in such flames with high accuracy.

在稳定层流边界层扩散火焰本地热通量和燃烧率的估计实验方法

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly scattered dielectric microparticles adhered to a glass substrate are momentarily detached using ultrasonic vibrations generated by a piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Then, the optical beam focused on a selected particle lifts it up to the optical trap while the vibrationally excited microparticles fall back to the substrate. A particle may be trapped at the nominal focus of the trapping beam or at a position above the focus (referred to here as the levitation position) where gravity provides the restoring force. After the measurement, the trapped particle can be placed at a desired position on the substrate in a controlled manner. 
In this protocol, an experimental procedure for selective optical trap loading in air is outlined. First, the experimental setup is briefly introduced. Second, the design and fabrication of a PZT holder and a sample enclosure are illustrated in detail. The optical trap loading of a selected microparticle is then demonstrated with step-by-step instructions including sample preparation, launching into the trap, and use of electrostatic force to excite particle motion in the trap and measure charge. Finally, we present recorded particle trajectories of Brownian and ballistic motions of a trapped microparticle in air. These trajectories can be used to measure stiffness or to verify optical alignment through time domain and frequency domain analysis. Selective trap loading enables optical tweezers to track a particle and its changes over repeated trap loadings in a reversible manner, thereby enabling studies of particle-surface interaction.

A protocol for launching and stably trapping selected dielectric microparticles in air is presented.

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

Standardized Method for Measuring Collection Efficiency from Wipe-sampling of Trace Explosives

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common procedure for collecting traces of explosives, and standardized measurements of collection efficiency are needed to evaluate and optimize sampling protocols. The approach described here is designed to provide this measurement infrastructure, and controls most of the factors known to be relevant to wipe-sampling. Three critical factors (the applied force, travel distance, and travel speed) are controlled using an automated device. Test surfaces are chosen based on similarity to the screening environment, and the wipes can be made from any material considered for use in wipe-sampling. Particle samples of the explosive 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) are applied in a fixed location on the surface using a dry-transfer technique. The particle samples, recently developed to simulate residues made after handling explosives, are produced by inkjet printing of RDX solutions onto polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) substrates. Collection efficiency is measured by extracting collected explosive from the wipe, and then related to critical sampling factors and the selection of wipe material and test surface. These measurements are meant to guide the development of sampling protocols at screening venues, where speed and throughput are primary considerations.

Optimized sampling protocols and the development of new wipe materials can be facilitated by standardized measurements of collection efficiency from wipe-sampling. Our approach for sampling trace explosives uses an automated device to control speed, force, and distance during wipe-sampling followed by extraction of collected explosives.

从微量炸药的擦拭取样测量收集效率的标准化方法

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common ...

Micro/Nano-scale Strain Distribution Measurement from Sampling Moir&#233; Fringes

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. The developed technique can be performed in two ways: using the reconstructed multiplication moir&#233; method or the spatial phase-shifting sampling moir&#233; method. When the specimen grid pitch is around 2 pixels, 2-pixel sampling moir&#233; fringes are generated to reconstruct a multiplication moir&#233; pattern for a deformation measurement. Both the displacement and strain sensitivities are twice as high as in the traditional scanning moir&#233; method in the same wide field of view. When the specimen grid pitch is around or greater than 3 pixels, multi-pixel sampling moir&#233; fringes are generated, and a spatial phase-shifting technique is combined for a full-field deformation measurement. The strain measurement accuracy is significantly improved, and automatic batch measurement is easily achievable. Both methods can measure the two-dimensional (2D) strain distributions from a single-shot grid image without rotating the specimen or scanning lines, as in traditional moir&#233; techniques. As examples, the 2D displacement and strain distributions, including the shear strains of two carbon fiber-reinforced plastic specimens, were measured in three-point bending tests. The proposed technique is expected to play an important role in the non-destructive quantitative evaluations of mechanical properties, crack occurrences, and residual stresses of a variety of materials.

A sampling moir&#233; technique featuring 2-pixel and multi-pixel sampling methods for high-accuracy strain distribution measurements at the micro/nano-scale is presented here.

微米/纳米尺度应变分布测量从采样莫尔条纹

This work describes the measurement procedure and principles of a sampling moir&#233; technique for full-field micro/nano-scale deformation measurements. ...

Determination of the Excitation and Coupling Rates Between Light Emitters and Surface Plasmon Polaritons

We have developed a unique method to measure the excitation and coupling rates between the light emitters and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) arising from metallic periodic arrays without involving time-resolved techniques. We have formulated the rates by quantities that can be measured by simple optical measurements. The instrumentation based on angle- and polarization-resolved reflectivity and photoluminescence spectroscopy will be described in detail here. Our approach is intriguing due to its simplicity, which requires routine optics and several mechanical stages, and thus is highly affordable to most of the research laboratories.

This protocol describes the instrumentation for determining the excitation and coupling rates between light emitters and Bloch-like surface plasmon polaritons arising from periodic arrays.

光发射器与表面等离子体极化激元的激发和耦合速率的测定

We have developed a unique method to measure the excitation and coupling rates between the light emitters and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) arising ...

Generation of Size-controlled Poly (ethylene Glycol) Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. This paper proposes a semi-three-dimensional (semi-3D) flow-focusing microfluidic chip for droplet formation. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip was fabricated using the multi-layer soft lithography method. Hexadecane containing surfactant was used as the continuous phase, and PEGDA with the ultraviolet (UV) photo-initiator was the dispersed phase. Surfactants allowed the local surface tension to drop and formed a more cusped tip which promoted breaking into tiny micro-droplets. As the pressure of dispersed phase was constant, the size of droplets became smaller with increasing continuous phase pressure before dispersed phase flow was broken off. As a result, droplets with size variation from 1 &#181;m to 80 &#181;m in diameter could be selectively achieved by changing the pressure ratio in two inlet channels, and the average coefficient of variation was estimated to be below 7%. Furthermore, droplets could turn into micro-beads by UV exposure for photo-polymerization. Conjugating biomolecules on such micro-beads surface have many potential applications in the fields of biology and chemistry.

Generation of Size-controlled Poly ethylene Glycol Diacrylate Droplets via Semi-3-Dimensional Flow Focusing Microfluidic Devices

Here, we present a protocol to illustrate the fabrication processes and verifying experiments of a semi-three-dimensional (semi-3D) flow-focusing microfluidic chip for droplet formation.

Semi-3-Dimensional 流聚焦微流控装置产生尺寸控制的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯液滴

Uniform and size-controllable poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) droplets could be produced via the flow focusing process in a microfluidic device. ...

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, where the yarns in each layer are oriented parallel to each other and held in place using binder resins and thin polymer films. The armor is constructed by stacking the unidirectional layers in different orientations. To date, only very preliminary work has been performed to characterize the ageing of the binder resins used in unidirectional laminates and the effects on their performance. For example, during the development of the conditioning protocol used in the National Institute of Justice Standard-0101.06, UD laminates showed visual signs of delamination and reductions in V50, which is the velocity at which half of the projectiles are expected to perforate the armor, after ageing. A better understanding of the material property changes in UD laminates is necessary to comprehend the long-term performance of armors constructed from these materials. There are no current standards recommended for mechanically interrogating unidirectional (UD) laminate materials. This study explores methods and best practices for accurately testing the mechanical properties of these materials and proposes a new test methodology for these materials. Best practices for ageing these materials are also described.

The goal of the study was to develop protocols to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high-strength aramid or ultra-high-molar-mass polyethylene-based flexible unidirectional composite laminate materials and to describe protocols for performing artificial ageing on these materials.

柔性单向复合层压板的切割程序、拉伸测试和老化

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of data that can be obtained from an individual sample and renders it difficult to produce statistically relevant data for unique and rare materials. Resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy is a non-destructive, contactless technique which can simultaneously interrogate both sides of a sheeted material and provide measurements which are suitable for statistical interpretations. This offers analysts the ability to quickly discriminate between sheeted materials based on composition and storage history. In this methodology article, we demonstrate how contactless resonant cavity dielectric spectroscopy may be used to differentiate between paper analytes of varying fiber species compositions, to determine the relative age of the paper, and to detect and quantify the amount of post-consumer waste (PCW) recycled fiber content in manufactured office paper.

A protocol for the non-destructive analysis of the fiber content and relative age of paper.

纤维素纸非接触式共振腔电谱研究的方法研究

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence

Accurate control of the polarization states of laser light is important in precision measurement experiments. In experiments involving the use of a vacuum environment, the stress-induced birefringence effect of the vacuum windows will affect the polarization states of laser light inside the vacuum system, and it is very difficult to measure and optimize the polarization states of the laser light in situ. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate how to optimize the polarization states of the laser light based on the fluorescence of ions in the vacuum system, and how to calculate the birefringence of vacuum windows based on azimuthal angles of external wave plates with Mueller matrix. The fluorescence of 25Mg+ ions induced by laser light that is resonant with the transition of |32P3/2,F = 4, mF&#160;= 4<img align="center" alt="Equation 100" src="/files/ftp_upload/61175/61175img1.jpg" style="color: rgb(68, 0, 68); font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700;" />&#160;&#8594;&#160;|32S1/2,F = 3, mF&#160;= 3<img align="center" alt="Equation 100" src="/files/ftp_upload/61175/61175img1.jpg" style="color: rgb(68, 0, 68); font-size: 18px; font-weight: 700;" />&#160;is sensitive to the polarization state of the laser light, and maximum fluorescence will be observed with pure circularly polarized light. A combination of half-wave plate (HWP) and quarter-wave plate (QWP) can achieve arbitrary phase retardation and is used for compensating the birefringence of the vacuum window. In this experiment, the polarization state of the laser light is optimized based on the fluorescence of 25Mg+ ion with a pair of HWP and QWP outside the vacuum chamber. By adjusting the azimuthal angles of the HWP and QWP to obtain maximum ion fluorescence, one can obtain a pure circularly polarized light inside the vacuum chamber. With the information on the azimuthal angles of the external HWP and QWP, the birefringence of the vacuum window can be determined.

In Situ Measurement of Vacuum Window Birefringence using 25Mg+ Fluorescence

Presented here is a method to measure the birefringence of vacuum windows by maximizing the fluorescence counts emitted by Doppler cooled 25Mg+ ions in an ion trap. The birefringence of vacuum windows will change the polarization states of the laser, which can be compensated by changing the azimuthal angles of external wave plates.

使用 25Mg + 荧光对真空窗双参考进行 原点测量

Accurate control of the polarization states of laser light is important in precision measurement experiments. In experiments involving the use of a vacuum ...

钢的出气率的测量

摘要

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此视频中的章节

基于形状记忆调查Elastocaloric冷却过程和模型验证实验方法

在稳定层流边界层扩散火焰本地热通量和燃烧率的估计实验方法

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

从微量炸药的擦拭取样测量收集效率的标准化方法

微米/纳米尺度应变分布测量从采样莫尔条纹

光发射器与表面等离子体极化激元的激发和耦合速率的测定

Semi-3-Dimensional 流聚焦微流控装置产生尺寸控制的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯液滴

柔性单向复合层压板的切割程序、拉伸测试和老化

纤维素纸非接触式共振腔电谱研究的方法研究

使用 ²⁵Mg + 荧光对真空窗双参考^进行原点测量

钢的出气率的测量

摘要

探索更多视频

此视频中的章节

基于形状记忆调查Elastocaloric冷却过程和模型验证实验方法

在稳定层流边界层扩散火焰本地热通量和燃烧率的估计实验方法

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

从微量炸药的擦拭取样测量收集效率的标准化方法

微米/纳米尺度应变分布测量从采样莫尔条纹

光发射器与表面等离子体极化激元的激发和耦合速率的测定

Semi-3-Dimensional 流聚焦微流控装置产生尺寸控制的聚乙二醇二丙烯酸酯液滴

柔性单向复合层压板的切割程序、拉伸测试和老化

纤维素纸非接触式共振腔电谱研究的方法研究

使用 25Mg + 荧光对真空窗双参考进行 原点测量

使用 ²⁵Mg + 荧光对真空窗双参考^进行原点测量