作者没有确认。

所有的动物程序进行与辛辛那提大学的机构动物护理和使用委员会，并按照该指南实验动物从美国国立卫生研究院的护理和使用的批准（NIH出版号85-23执行， 1996年修订）。 1.准备鼠标<ol><li>通过使动物麻醉剂的剂量超治疗安乐死，异氟烷吸入到效果。验证通过脚趾捏小学安乐死的有害刺激。安乐死，膜片切割二次方法，将出现在即将到来的一步。替代方法可用于给予安乐死被获得。 </li><li> Sanitizie鼠标通过喷雾毛皮沿腹部区域，其中的初始切口将作出，用70％的乙醇对水分的点的外表面，以使毛皮是用乙醇湿润和任何松散/干的毛发不进入的区域。 </li><li>莱鼠标移出一个河畔gical板与上下附属物仰卧位向外延伸。 </li><li>采用手术胶带固定附属物向董事会。 </li></ol> 2.隔离的心脏和主动脉<ol><li>后的小鼠的正确定位，可以使用镊子来定位和隔离腹部皮肤只是逊色于胸骨的剑突。 </li><li>通过抬起皮肤垂直向上创建张力并用剪刀除去浅表皮肤，露出腹膜和胸腔的劣部的上部分。 </li><li>通过抬起剑突，使横向切口只是不如沿肋下边距过程进入腹膜腔。 </li><li>剖析了入胸腔，经过隔膜，是千万不要划破心脏或大血管。 </li><li>延伸在步骤2.3颅所作的横向切口，除去胸腔的前部。如果必要时，由前胸壁使用钝性分离释放的心脏。 </li><li>用无菌纱布吸收材料清理外来血液和液体胸腔。一旦该地区更加明显，取出肺，以更好地暴露心脏和主动脉。 </li></ol> 3.灌注心脏和主动脉注:要通过心脏穿刺获得血液，这样做之前，为了这一步。 <ol><li>填有10毫升注射器用10ml无菌冰冷的1X磷酸盐缓冲溶液（PBS）中，并附加一25号针头的注射器中。 </li><li>轻轻插入针头插入心脏的左心室。 </li><li>切开右心房，从灌注缓解压力积聚。灌注注射器的内容物到小鼠在2 - 3分钟。 </li><li>用无菌纱布在开口在右心房吸收灌注流体。 </li></ol> 4.隔离主动脉和切除<ol><li>当PE完成rfusion，用无菌纱布吸收任何剩余流体胸腔内混浊的视场。 </li><li>通过切割尾端穿过腹壁，延伸切口到耻骨区露出胃肠内容物。进一步延长切口对下肢双侧创建皮瓣可以牵制或切除。 </li><li>取出肝脏，胰腺，胃，脾，和肠的裂片，以更好地可视化的主动脉。肾周区域附近解剖时，由于主动脉是肤浅的肾动脉的分支照顾。 注:执行该步骤中精确和录取方式为胃肠道是丰富的细菌，这增加了倾向污染。 </li><li>冲洗1X PBS面积和吸收删除所有流体用无菌纱布。 </li><li>使用无菌microscissors和microforceps，从脊柱背侧和腹侧食道分离主动脉。最好是使用钝性分离，并利用解剖镜下这一点。 注意:在分离所述主动脉，启动尾端在髂分叉并移动颅清洁和从所述腔的背侧表面分离主动脉或启动颅在颈动脉和头臂动脉解剖尾端。任一种方法是适当的，要由研究人员的舒适度。 </li><li>取出用细microscissors，确保没有删除主动脉壁的一部分血管周围脂肪组织。这是必要的培养的主动脉平滑肌细胞时，以尽量减少潜在的成纤维细胞的污染。 </li></ol>

<ol><li>Go, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2014+update%3A+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circulation%22%5BJournal%5D)">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 129 (3), 28-292 (2014).</li>
<li>Ross, R., Harker, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Hyperlipidemia+and+atherosclerosis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.</a> Science. 193 (4258), 1094-1100 (1976).</li>
<li>Clouse, W. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Acute+aortic+dissection%3A+population-based+incidence+compared+with+degenerative+aortic+aneurysm+rupture%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Mayo+Clin+Proc%22%5BJournal%5D)">Acute aortic dissection: population-based incidence compared with degenerative aortic aneurysm rupture.</a> Mayo Clin Proc. 79 (2), 176-180 (2004).</li>
<li>Daugherty, A., Cassis, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Mouse+models+of+abdominal+aortic+aneurysms%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Arterioscler+Thromb+Vasc+Biol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysms.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24 (3), 429-434 (2004).</li>
<li>Pleumeekers, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Aneurysms+of+the+abdominal+aorta+in+older+adults.+The+Rotterdam+Study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Am+J+Epidemiol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta in older adults. The Rotterdam Study.</a> Am J Epidemiol. 142 (12), 1291-1299 (1995).</li>
<li>Brophy, C. M., Reilly, J. M., Smit, G. J., Tilson, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+role+of+inflammation+in+nonspecific+abdominal+aortic+aneurysm+disease%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Ann+Vasc+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">The role of inflammation in nonspecific abdominal aortic aneurysm disease.</a> Ann Vasc Surg. 5 (3), 229-233 (1991).</li>
<li>Ray, J. L., Leach, R., Herbert, J. M., Benson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Isolation+of+vascular+smooth+muscle+cells+from+a+single+murine+aorta%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Methods+Cell+Sci%22%5BJournal%5D)">Isolation of vascular smooth muscle cells from a single murine aorta.</a> Methods Cell Sci. 23 (4), 185-188 (2001).</li>
<li>Weiss, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Imaging+the+murine+cardiovascular+system+with+magnetic+resonance%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Circ+Res%22%5BJournal%5D)">Imaging the murine cardiovascular system with magnetic resonance.</a> Circ Res. 88 (6), 550-551 (2001).</li>
<li>Graham, E. L., Balla, C., Franchino, H., Melman, Y., del Monte, F., Das, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Isolation+culture%2C+and+functional+characterization+of+adult+mouse+cardiomyoctyes%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vis+Exp%22%5BJournal%5D)">Isolation culture, and functional characterization of adult mouse cardiomyoctyes.</a> J Vis Exp. (79), 50289(2013).</li>
<li>Wassef, M., Upchurch, G. R. Jr, Kuivaniemi, H., Thompson, R. W., Tilson, M. D. 3rd <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Challenges+and+opportunities+in+abdominal+aortic+aneurysm+research%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Vasc+Surg%22%5BJournal%5D)">Challenges and opportunities in abdominal aortic aneurysm research.</a> J Vasc Surg. 45 (1), 192-198 (2007).</li>
</ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

Aortic disease can lead to significant systemic pathology and possibly death in severe cases. Treatment options are currently limited therefore continued research in the field is necessary10. Murine models are ideal to further study disease progression and potentially therapeutic options4. Therefore, the successful completion of the method described in this manuscript will provide investigators with the tools to measure disease progression and drug efficacy. 
This technique can be modified in several ways in order to optimize the results. The use of surgical loupes or a dissecting microscope can aid in the visualization of the murine anatomy and vasculature details and when removing surrounding adipose tissue from the aorta. Additionally, the use of dedicated surgical utensils for specific tasks can increase the longevity of tools; for example, the use of scissors for cutting skin and separate scissors to cut through the ribs would be ideal. The use of a small gauged needle when perfusing the heart is preferred as this will allow the tissue to close around the puncture as opposed to a larger gauge needle where a hole will remain. 
After the aorta is successfully removed, it can be utilized for a variety of assays. The aorta can be used for molecular studies such as enzyme activity, protein expression and gene expression profiles. Additionally, the aorta can be fixed for histologic analysis where in situ assays can be utilized as well as characterization of the aortic morphology. Finally, one can isolate smooth muscle and/or endothelial cells from a freshly harvest aorta for in vitro studies with these primary isolated cells. 
The major limitation to isolation and excision of the aorta is that the animal must be sacrificed, especially in the cases of longitudinal studies. Currently, there is no single technique comparable to isolation and excision of the murine aorta. Small animal imaging technologies is becoming more advanced and approaching characterization capabilities of direct observation however it continues to have limitations including cost8. Immortalized cells lines can be used for in vitro studies however immortal cells are not as useful as primary isolated cells for in vitro assays especially for viability studies9. Isolation and excision of the murine aorta is currently the most versatile technique that can be used in the study of aortic disease.

主动脉在心血管功能的关键作用供给体与含氧血液和身体的类似其他部分，是容易感染疾病。常见的主动脉疾病包括动脉粥样硬化和动脉瘤，这是遗传和环境因素，包括饮食，吸烟和久坐的生活方式1的结果。动脉粥样硬化是一种碳酸钙和基于脂质的斑块到主动脉壁的通常存在于患有慢性血症2的沉积。动脉瘤的特征是主动脉和血管壁的变薄的结构部件，接着是直径增加最终会出现破裂3的降解。 动物模型是用于研究疾病和潜在的治疗功效的机制的重要工具。在心血管研究中常用的动物模型，专门研究调查血管及代谢紊乱包括转基因小鼠，以改变脂质水平，如载脂蛋白E基因敲除和低密度脂蛋白受体基因敲除小鼠4。多数方法来评估疾病和治疗功效的机制将包括主动脉的分离和切除。 一旦主动脉被定位和分离，形态测定分析可确定，如存在动脉瘤，通常定义为在直径5增加大于50％。经过必要的原位分析完成后，主动脉可切下用于进一步分析。一个切除的主动脉，可快速冷冻以进行分子学研究，如蛋白质和/或基因表达的测定法或用4％多聚甲醛固定和更高包埋，切片并染色用于组织学分析。主动脉的组织学分析，可以显示主动脉疾病的共同特征，例如结构退化，斑形成，和白细胞浸润&lt;SUP&gt; 6,7。此外，一个离体主动脉可用于分离原代细胞系，包括内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞，随后可以用于各种体外研究7。 目前，还没有其他的方法来提供这种深入表征主动脉疾病，以及为研究人员提供工具，进一步研究心血管疾病。成像模态诸如磁共振成像，计算机断层扫描和超声是形态学评估的主动脉的接近的方法，然而，这是难以在小动物和获取设备与适当的技术是昂贵的8。永生化细胞系可购到调查疾病和疗法的效力的潜在机制，但是这些细胞的人造性质被限制在研究对细胞周期和凋亡9的影响。 的总目标该原稿是展示在心血管疾病的调查鼠主动脉的无菌隔离和切除。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Med-Vet International</td><td>#RXISO-250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70% ethanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>07-678-001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P5368-10PAK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical tape</td><td>3M</td><td>1527-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile gauze</td><td>Dukal Corporations</td><td>1312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 gauge needle</td><td>BD</td><td>305122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 ml syringe</td><td>BD</td><td>309604</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

isolation and excision of murine aorta; a versatile technique in the study of cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated blood is the aorta. The aorta may become affected in diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Researchers investigating these diseases would benefit from direct observation of the aorta to characterize disease progression as well as to evaluate efficacy of potential therapeutics. The goal of this protocol is to describe proper isolation and excision of the aorta to aid investigators researching cardiovascular disease. Isolation and excision of the aorta allows investigators to look at gross morphometric changes as wells as allowing them to preserve and stain the tissue to look at histologic changes if desired. The aorta may be used for molecular studies to evaluate protein and gene expression to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to imaging modalities as they have inherent limitations in technology and cost. Additionally, primary isolated cells from a freshly isolated and excised aorta can allowing researchers to perform further in situ and in vitro assays. The isolation and excision of the aorta has the limitation of having to sacrifice the animal however, in this case the benefits outweigh the harm as it is the most versatile technique in the study of aortic disease.

一旦程序完成后，将有一个完整的主动脉从心脏起源，降入胸腔和腹腔与肾动脉仍连接（ 图1A）。从这里，主动脉可原位成像以量化它们是诊断中的腹主动脉瘤（ 图1B和1C）的研究形态学变化。随后，主动脉可去除的，固定并染色来看待组织学变化。主动脉的一般和共同染色是苏木精和曙红染色（ 图2A和2B）。此外，主动脉的结构完整性可以定性使用维尔赫夫面包车Geison染色看弹性条带（ 图2C和2D）进行定量。代替获得组织学的分析，研究者可能闪烁冻结主动脉用于随后的蛋白质和核糖核酸expre裂变。对于研究者的最终选择是使用主动脉，得到初级细胞分离。这些细胞可以在培养物（ 图3A）中生长并用于各种体外研究，包括可行性研究（ 图3B）和蛋白定位（ 图3C）的。 <img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52172/52172fig1.jpg" width="700" /> 图1. 在鼠主动脉原位代表性图像。 （A）主动脉，包括心脏和肾脏的隔离后，正常小鼠解剖的描写。（B）放大正常完好鼠腹主动脉的形象。（C）放大患病腹主动脉的形象，在肾上动脉瘤地区。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52172/52172fig1highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看次的放大版本。</a>是的身影。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52172/52172fig2.jpg" width="700" /> 图鼠主动脉2.组织学分析。 （A）一个健康的肾上主动脉正常HE染色染色的形象代表，在放大20倍。（B）的动脉瘤肾上腺主动脉HE染色染色在20倍放大倍率后壁间血栓的代表形象。（C）的代表形象维尔赫夫面包车Geison污点，突出一个正常肾上主动脉的弹性条带在10X放大倍数。（D）一种维尔赫夫面包车Geison污点突出一个肾上主动脉显影疾病由上述间抽及弹性带和增厚striating指出的弹性条带的代表性的图像外膜层。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52172/52172fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请CLI</a>在这里完蛋查看此图的放大版本。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52172/52172fig3.jpg" width="700" /> 图3.原发性主动脉肌细胞从主动脉培养。 （A）从腹主动脉取20X放大倍率的主主动脉肌细胞的文化代表性的形象。（B）的主主动脉肌细胞的过程中台盼蓝后的H 2 O 2 500μM处理的20倍倍率从实验获得形象代表腹主动脉。（C）的免疫组织化学染色为从腹主动脉主要分离主动脉平滑肌细胞肌动蛋白阿尔法的代表形象。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52172/52172fig3highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease at JoVE.com

Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease.

隔离和小鼠主动脉切除;心血管疾病研究的一个多功能的技术

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated ...

isolation-excision-murine-aorta-versatile-technique-study

Nanyang Technological University

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

32.4K 次观看.  University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease. 

视频: Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

原位主动脉瓣移植在小鼠血管疾病的研究

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

科研

医学

Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aortic wall is composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells, a middle layer of alternating elastic lamellae and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and an outer layer of fibroblasts and extracellular matrix. In contrast to the widespread study of pathological models (e.g., atherosclerosis) in the adult aorta, much less is known about the embryonic and perinatal aorta. Here, we focus on SMCs and provide protocols for the analysis of the morphogenesis and pathogenesis of embryonic and perinatal aortic SMCs in normal development and disease. Specifically, the four protocols included are: i) in vivo embryonic fate mapping and clonal analysis; ii) explant embryonic aorta culture; iii) SMC isolation from the perinatal aorta; and iv) subcutaneous osmotic mini-pump placement in pregnant (or non-pregnant) mice. Thus, these approaches facilitate the investigation of the origin(s), fate, and clonal architecture of SMCs in the aorta in vivo. They allow for modulating embryonic aorta morphogenesis in utero by continuous exposure to pharmacological agents. In addition, isolated aortic tissue explants or aortic SMCs can be used to gain insights into the role of specific gene targets during fundamental processes such as muscularization, proliferation, and migration. These hypothesis-generating experiments on isolated SMCs and the explanted aorta can then be assessed in the in vivo context through pharmacological and genetic approaches.

Using In Vivo and Tissue and Cell Explant Approaches to Study the Morphogenesis and Pathogenesis of the Embryonic and Perinatal Aorta

Protocols for studying the embryonic and perinatal murine aorta using in vivo clonal analysis and fate mapping, aortic explants, and isolated smooth muscle cells are detailed here. These diverse approaches facilitate the investigation of the morphogenesis of the embryonic and perinatal aorta in normal development and the pathogenesis in disease.

使用体内和组织和细胞外植体方法研究胚胎和围产期主动脉的形态和发病机制

The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The aortic wall is composed of an inner layer of endothelial cells, a middle layer of alternating elastic ...

发育生物学

Inducing Myointimal Hyperplasia Versus Atherosclerosis in Mice: An Introduction of Two Valid Models

Various in vivo laboratory rodent models for the induction of artery stenosis have been established to mimic diseases that include arterial plaque formation and stenosis, as observed for example in ischemic heart disease. Two highly reproducible mouse models&#160;&#8211;&#160;both resulting in artery stenosis but each underlying a different pathway of development&#160;&#8211; are introduced here. The models represent the two most common causes of artery stenosis; namely one mouse model for each myointimal hyperplasia, and atherosclerosis are shown. To induce myointimal hyperplasia, a balloon catheter injury of the abdominal aorta is performed. For the development of atherosclerotic plaque, the ApoE -/- mouse model in combination with western fatty diet is used. Different model-adapted options for the measurement and evaluation of the results are named and described in this manuscript. The introduction and comparison of these two models provides information for scientists to choose the appropriate artery stenosis model in accordance to the scientific question asked.

This video shows two models of intimal plaque development in murine arteries and emphasizes the differences in myointimal hyperplasia and atherosclerosis.

诱导肌内膜增生对战动脉粥样硬化小鼠：两种有效的模型介绍

Various in vivo laboratory rodent models for the induction of artery stenosis have been established to mimic diseases that include arterial plaque ...

Murine Cervical Aortic Transplantation Model using a Modified Non-Suture Cuff Technique

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. However, only minor improvement in the long-term results of transplanted solid organs could be observed over the past decades. In this context, chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) still represents the leading cause of late organ failure in cardiac, renal and pulmonary transplantation.
Thus far, the underlying pathogenesis of CAV development remains unclear, explaining why effective treatment strategies are presently missing and emphasizing a need for relevant experimental models in order to study the underlying pathophysiology leading to CAV formation. The following protocol describes a murine heterotopic cervical aortic transplantation model using a modified non-suture cuff technique. In this technique, a segment of the thoracic aorta is interpositioned in the right common carotid artery. With the use of the non-suture cuff technique, an easy to learn and reproducible model can be established, minimizing the possible heterogeneity of sutured vascular micro anastomoses.

Here, we present a protocol of heterotopic aortic transplantation in mice using the non-suture cuff technique in a cervical murine model. This model can be used to study the underlying pathology of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and can help evaluate new therapeutic agents in order to prevent its formation.

使用改性非缝合铐技术的宫颈主动脉移植模型

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. ...

Modifications of the Langendorff Method for Simultaneous Isolation of Atrial and Ventricular Myocytes from Adult Mice

A single cardiomyocyte is a vital tool in the cellular and subcellular level studies of cardiac biology and diseases as a fundamental unit of contraction and electrical activity. Hence, isolating viable, high-quality cardiomyocytes from the heart is the initial and most crucial experimental step. Comparing the various protocols for isolating the cardiomyocytes of adult mice, the Langendorff retrograde perfusion is the most successful and reproducible method reported in the literature, especially for isolating ventricular myocytes. However, isolating quality atrial myocytes from the perfused heart remains challenging, and few successful isolation reports are available. Solving this complicated problem is extremely important because apart from ventricular disease, atrial disease accounts for a large part of heart diseases. Therefore, further investigations on the cellular level to reveal the mechanisms are warranted. In this paper, a protocol based on the Langendorff retrograde perfusion method is introduced and some modifications in the depth of aorta cannulation and the steps that may affect the digestion process to isolate atrial and ventricular myocytes were simultaneously made. Moreover, the isolated cardiomyocytes are confirmed to be amenable to patch clamp investigation.

This protocol describes modifications of the Langendorff method including the depth of aorta cannulation for simultaneous Isolation of atrial and ventricular myocytes from adult mice.

朗根多夫方法的修改，用于从成年小鼠中同时分离心房和心室肌细胞

A single cardiomyocyte is a vital tool in the cellular and subcellular level studies of cardiac biology and diseases as a fundamental unit of contraction ...

Isolation and Primary Culture of Mouse Aortic Endothelial Cells

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an important model for cardiovascular disease research. This study demonstrates a simple method to isolate and culture endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without any special equipment. To isolate endothelial cells, the thoracic aorta is quickly removed from the mouse body, and the attached adipose tissue and connective tissue are removed from the aorta. The aorta is cut into 1 mm rings. Each aortic ring is opened and seeded onto a growth factor reduced matrix with the endothelium facing down. The segments are cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for about 4 days. The endothelial sprouting starts as early as day 2. The segments are then removed and the cells are cultured continually until they reach confluence. The endothelial cells are harvested using neutral proteinase and cultured in endothelial cell growth medium for another two passages before being used for experiments. Immunofluorescence staining indicated that after the second passage the majority of cells were double positive for Dil-ac-LDL uptake, Lectin binding, and CD31 staining, the typical characteristics of endothelial cells. It is suggested that cells at the second to third passages are suitable for in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the endothelial biology. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying specific cellular and molecular mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

The vascular endothelial cells play a significant role in many important cardiovascular disorders. This article describes a simple method to isolate and expand endothelial cells from the mouse aorta without using any special equipment. Our protocol provides an effective means of identifying mechanisms in endothelial cell physiopathology.

隔离和鼠标主动脉内皮细胞原代培养

The vascular endothelium is essential to normal vascular homeostasis. Its dysfunction participates in various cardiovascular disorders. The mouse is an ...

生物学

Isolation of Murine Coronary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs from the coronary circulation. Hearts with intact aortic arches were removed and perfused via retrograde Langendorff with digestion solution containing 300 Units/ml of collagenase type II, 0.1 mg/ml soybean trypsin inhibitor and 1 M CaCl2. The perfusates were collected at 15 min intervals for 90 min, pelleted by centrifugation, resuspended in plating media, and plated on tissue culture dishes. VSMCs were characterized by presence of SM22&#945;, &#945;-SMA, and vimentin. One of the main advantages of using this technique is the ability to isolate VSMCs from the coronary circulation of mice. Although the small number of cells obtained can limit some of the applications for which the cells can be utilized, isolated coronary VSMCs can be used in a variety of well-established cell culture techniques and assays. Studies investigating VSMCs from genetically modified mice can provide further information about structure-function and signaling processes associated with vascular pathologies.

The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate the isolation and culture techniques of murine primary vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from the coronary circulation. Once VSMCs have been isolated, they can be used for many standard culture techniques.

鼠冠状动脉血管平滑肌细胞的分离

While the isolation and culture of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from large vessels is well established, we sought to isolate and culture VSMCs ...

Isolation and Analysis of Aortic Arch and Root Lesions in an Atherosclerotic Mouse Model

Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, necessitates a detailed examination of lesion development and progression. This study introduces a comprehensive protocol for the isolation and histological analysis of aortic arch and root lesions in a widely used atherosclerotic mouse model, low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out (Ldlr-/-) mice. The aortic arch and root are key sites for atherosclerotic lesions, and their examination is critical for assessing the onset, progression, or regression of atherosclerosis, predicting cardiovascular event risks, and identifying potential therapeutic targets. This protocol outlines methods for quantifying atherosclerotic burden in the aortic arch and root, including tissue isolation, fixation, Oil Red O staining, aortic root sectioning, Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining, Verhoeff-Van Gieson (VVG) staining, and image analysis. Oil Red O staining measures plaque area in the aortic arch, evaluating the severity of atherosclerosis, while HE staining of the aortic root reveals plaque components such as the lipid core and fibrous cap, facilitating the assessment of plaque stability and rupture risk. VVG staining can stain collagen fibers within tissues, providing further insights into plaque composition and related information. This thorough analysis offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of lesion development and may guide the creation of novel therapeutic strategies for preventing and treating atherosclerosis.

This protocol provides a comprehensive methodology for the quantitative analysis of atherosclerotic plaques to facilitate more in-depth research into the mechanisms and progression of atherosclerosis.

动脉粥样硬化小鼠模型中主动脉弓和根部病变的分离和分析

Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases, necessitates a detailed examination of lesion development and progression. This study ...

Murine Model of Thoracic Aortic Dissection Induced by Oral &#946;-Aminopropionitrile and Subcutaneous Angiotensin II Infusion

Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a highly fatal cardiovascular disease that lacks efficient medical treatment. Replication of animal models of TAD pathophysiology is essential for studying the intrinsic mechanisms of TAD. The widely used TAD model induced by &#946;-aminopropionitrile (BAPN, an irreversible and orally active lysyl oxidase inhibitor) in mice has the limitation of an inconsistent success rate. This protocol describes in detail a reported modified murine model of TAD induced by oral BAPN combined with subcutaneous angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion. After four weeks of BAPN administration followed by 24 h of Ang II infusion, a murine model with characteristics similar to human TAD was reliably induced, and the success rate of TAD model construction was significantly improved. Oral BAPN inhibits the cross-linking of elastin and collagen, resulting in the destruction of the aortic wall structure and inducing aortic dilation and dissection formation to a certain extent. The subsequent induction of Ang II further exacerbates the degeneration of the aortic wall, thereby promoting the occurrence of TAD. Consequently, the combination of BAPN and Ang II represents a refined approach to constructing a murine TAD model, offering a valuable tool to explore the pathogenesis and potential therapeutic approaches for TAD.

This protocol provides a detailed, step-by-step procedure for the induction of thoracic aortic dissection in mice. Specifically, it includes the precise calculation of the required doses of &#946;-aminopropionitrile and angiotensin II, the procedure for osmotic pump filling, and the implantation technique of the osmotic pump.

口服 β-氨基丙腈和皮下注射血管紧张素 II 诱导的胸主动脉夹层小鼠模型

Thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is a highly fatal cardiovascular disease that lacks efficient medical treatment. Replication of animal models of TAD ...

Surgical Aortic Debanding: A Procedure to Study Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling in Murine Model of Aortic Constriction

Source: Goncalves-Rodrigues, P. et al. <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/60036" target="_blank">Studying Left Ventricular Reverse Remodeling by Aortic Debanding in Rodents</a>. J. Vis. Exp. (2021)
This video demonstrates the technique of aortic debanding, which can lead to reverse remodeling to limit the progression towards heart failure in a murine model. Post debanding, a significant reduction of ventricular afterload triggers regression of ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis, causing a recovery in cardiac function.