Os autores não têm confirmações.

Todos os procedimentos com animais foram realizados com a aprovação do Cuidado e Uso Comitê da Universidade de Cincinnati animal Institucional e de acordo com o Guia para o Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório do National Institutes of Health (NIH Publication No. 85-23, revista em 1996). 1. Preparar o mouse <ol><li> Eutanásia por exposição do animal a uma dose supraterapêutica de anestésico, isoflurano inalado para o efeito. Verifique eutanásia principal via toe pitada como um estímulo nocivo. Método secundário da eutanásia, o corte de diafragma, irá ocorrer em uma próxima etapa. Métodos alternativos podem ser concedidos a eutanásia utilizado é obtido. </li><li> Sanitizie a superfície externa do rato por pulverização da pele ao longo da região abdominal, onde serão feitas as reduções iniciais, com etanol a 70% para o ponto de humidade de modo a que a pele é molhado com etanol e todos os cabelos secos soltas / não entram a região. </li><li> Coloque o mouse em uma surplaca cirúrgica em decúbito dorsal, com apêndices superiores e inferiores estendidos para fora. </li><li> Apêndices seguros ao Conselho, utilizando fita cirúrgica. </li></ol> 2. Isolamento do Coração e Aorta <ol><li> Após o posicionamento adequado do mouse, utilize uma pinça para localizar e isolar a pele abdominal inferior apenas ao processo xifóide do esterno. </li><li> Criar tensão levantando a pele para cima e usar uma tesoura para remover a pele superficial, expondo a porção superior do peritônio e porção inferior da cavidade torácica. </li><li> Entrar na cavidade peritoneal, levantando o apêndice xifóide e fazer incisões laterais apenas inferior ao processo ao longo das margens subcostal. </li><li> Dissecar-se para dentro da cavidade torácica, passando pelo diafragma, sendo certo não lacerar o coração ou qualquer um dos principais vasos sanguíneos. </li><li> Estenda as incisões laterais feitas na etapa 2.3 cranial para remover a porção anterior da caixa torácica. Senecessário, libertar o coração da parede anterior do tórax usando dissecção romba. </li><li> Limpe a caixa torácica do sangue alheio e fluido, utilizando gaze estéril para absorver material. Uma vez que a área é mais visível, remoção dos pulmões para expor melhor o coração e aorta. </li></ol> 3. Perfusão de Coração e Aorta NOTA: Para obter o sangue através de punção cardíaca, fazê-lo imediatamente antes desta etapa. <ol><li> Encher uma seringa de 10 cc com 10 ml de gelo estéril solução tampão de fosfato frio 1x (PBS), e anexar uma agulha de calibre 25 para a seringa. </li><li> Inserir a agulha suavemente para o ventrículo esquerdo do coração. </li><li> Corte o átrio direito para aliviar o acúmulo de pressão de perfusão. Perfundir os conteúdos da seringa para dentro do rato de 2 - 3 minutos. </li><li> Use gaze estéril na abertura no átrio direito para absorver líquido de perfusão. </li></ol> 4. Isolamento e Excisão da Aorta <ol><li> Após a conclusão da perfusion, utilizar gaze estéril para absorver qualquer fluido remanescente turvação do campo de visão dentro da cavidade torácica. </li><li> Expor os conteúdos gastrointestinais caudalmente cortando através da parede abdominal, que se estende da incisão para a região suprapúbica. Estender a incisão mais para os membros inferiores bilateralmente para criar retalhos de pele, que pode ser fixado para baixo ou excisadas. </li><li> Retire os lobos do fígado, pâncreas, estômago, baço e intestino para visualizar melhor a aorta. Tome cuidado ao dissecar perto da região perirrenal, como a aorta é superficial com os ramos das artérias renais. NOTA: Execute esta etapa em um preciso e matricular forma como o trato gastrointestinal é rica em bactérias, o que aumenta a propensão para a contaminação. </li><li> Lavar a área com 1x PBS e remover todo o fluido por absorção com uma gaze estéril. </li><li> Usando microtesouras e micropinças estéreis, separe a aorta do dorsal da coluna e do esôfago ventrally.É melhor utilizar a dissecção romba e utilizando um microscópio de dissecção para este. NOTA: Ao isolar a aorta, iniciar caudalmente na bifurcação ilíaca e mover-se cranialmente limpeza e separação da aorta a partir da superfície dorsal da cavidade cranial ou iniciar as carótidas e braquiocefálicos dissecação caudalmente. Qualquer método é apropriado e é até o conforto pesquisadores. </li><li> Remover o tecido adiposo perivascular usando microtesouras finas sendo certo não para remover uma porção da parede da aorta. Isto é essencial para minimizar o potencial de contaminação por fibroblastos quando a cultura de células musculares lisas da aorta. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Go, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2014+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 129 (3), 28-292 (2014).</li><li>Ross, R., Harker, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperlipidemia+and+atherosclerosis.">Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.</a> Science. 193 (4258), 1094-1100 (1976).</li><li>Clouse, W. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+aortic+dissection:+population-based+incidence+compared+with+degenerative+aortic+aneurysm+rupture.">Acute aortic dissection: population-based incidence compared with degenerative aortic aneurysm rupture.</a> Mayo Clin Proc. 79 (2), 176-180 (2004).</li><li>Daugherty, A., Cassis, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+abdominal+aortic+aneurysms.">Mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysms.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24 (3), 429-434 (2004).</li><li>Pleumeekers, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aneurysms+of+the+abdominal+aorta+in+older+adults.+The+Rotterdam+Study.">Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta in older adults. The Rotterdam Study.</a> Am J Epidemiol. 142 (12), 1291-1299 (1995).</li><li>Brophy, C. M., Reilly, J. M., Smit, G. J., Tilson, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+inflammation+in+nonspecific+abdominal+aortic+aneurysm+disease.">The role of inflammation in nonspecific abdominal aortic aneurysm disease.</a> Ann Vasc Surg. 5 (3), 229-233 (1991).</li><li>Ray, J. L., Leach, R., Herbert, J. M., Benson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+vascular+smooth+muscle+cells+from+a+single+murine+aorta.">Isolation of vascular smooth muscle cells from a single murine aorta.</a> Methods Cell Sci. 23 (4), 185-188 (2001).</li><li>Weiss, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+murine+cardiovascular+system+with+magnetic+resonance.">Imaging the murine cardiovascular system with magnetic resonance.</a> Circ Res. 88 (6), 550-551 (2001).</li><li>Graham, E. L., Balla, C., Franchino, H., Melman, Y., del Monte, F., Das, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+culture,+and+functional+characterization+of+adult+mouse+cardiomyoctyes.">Isolation culture, and functional characterization of adult mouse cardiomyoctyes.</a> J Vis Exp. (79), 50289 (2013).</li><li>Wassef, M., Upchurch, G. R., Kuivaniemi, H., Thompson, R. W., Tilson, M. D. 3. r. d. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+and+opportunities+in+abdominal+aortic+aneurysm+research.">Challenges and opportunities in abdominal aortic aneurysm research.</a> J Vasc Surg. 45 (1), 192-198 (2007).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Aortic disease can lead to significant systemic pathology and possibly death in severe cases. Treatment options are currently limited therefore continued research in the field is necessary10. Murine models are ideal to further study disease progression and potentially therapeutic options4. Therefore, the successful completion of the method described in this manuscript will provide investigators with the tools to measure disease progression and drug efficacy. 
This techniq...

A aorta desempenha um papel crucial na função cardiovascular fornecendo o corpo com sangue oxigenado e outros semelhantes para partes do corpo, é susceptível à doença. Doenças da aorta comuns incluem aterosclerose e aneurisma, que são o resultado de fatores genéticos e ambientais, incluindo dieta, tabagismo e sedentarismo 1. A aterosclerose é a deposição de cálcio e uma placa à base de lípidos para a parede da aorta, tipicamente encontrados em pacientes com hiperlipidemia crónica 2. Os aneurismas são caracterizadas por degradação de componentes estruturais da aorta e adelgaçamento da parede do vaso, seguido por um aumento do diâmetro que poderia levar à ruptura 3. Os modelos animais são importantes instrumentos para estudar o mecanismo da doença e da eficácia de tratamentos potenciais. Modelos animais comuns utilizados na investigação cardiovascular, pesquisar especificamente investigar distúrbios vasculares e metabólicosincluem camundongos geneticamente modificados para alterar os níveis de lipídios, como knockout gene apolipoproteína E e lipoproteína de baixa densidade camundongos knockout gene receptor 4. A maioria dos métodos para avaliar os mecanismos de doenças e a eficácia da terapia incluem o isolamento e a excisão da aorta. Uma vez que a aorta é localizado e isolado, a análise morfométrica pode ser determinada, tal como a presença de aneurisma, tipicamente definido como um aumento superior a 50% no diâmetro de 5. Depois necessário análise in situ é completa, a aorta pode ser excisado para análise posterior. Um aorta pode ser excisado flash congelados para conduzir estudos moleculares, tais como proteínas e / ou ensaios de expressão de gene ou fixo utilizando 4% de paraformaldeído e depois incorporado, seccionados e corados para análise histológica. A análise histológica da aorta pode demonstrar características comuns de doenças da aorta, como a degradação estrutural, a formação de placa, e infiltração de leucócitos &lt;sup&gt; 6,7. Além disso, uma aorta excisado pode ser utilizado para isolar as linhas de células primárias, incluindo células do músculo liso e endoteliais que podem posteriormente ser utilizados para uma variedade de estudos in vitro 7. Atualmente, não existem outros métodos para fornecer essa caracterização aprofundada das doenças da aorta, bem como fornecer aos pesquisadores ferramentas para estudar mais a doença cardiovascular. Modalidades de imagem, como ressonância magnética, tomografia computadorizada e ultra-sonografia são os métodos mais próximos para avaliar morfologicamente a aorta, no entanto isso é difícil em pequenos animais e na obtenção de um dispositivo com tecnologia adequada é caro 8. As linhas celulares imortalizadas pode ser comprado a investigar potenciais mecanismos da doença e da eficácia de terapias, no entanto, a natureza artificial destas células são limitantes no estudo dos efeitos sobre o ciclo de vida celular e apoptose 9. O objetivo geral doeste manuscrito é demonstrar a excisão e isolamento estéril da aorta de murino para a investigação de doenças cardiovasculares.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="730">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Name of Reagent/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Med-Vet International&#160;</td>
			<td>#RXISO-250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">07-678-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">P5368-10PAK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Surgical Tape</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">1527-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Sterile Gauze</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">Dukal Corporations</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">1312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">25 Gauge Needle</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">305122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">10ml Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:175px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">309604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and excision of murine aorta; a versatile technique in the study of cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated blood is the aorta. The aorta may become affected in diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Researchers investigating these diseases would benefit from direct observation of the aorta to characterize disease progression as well as to evaluate efficacy of potential therapeutics. The goal of this protocol is to describe proper isolation and excision of the aorta to aid investigators researching cardiovascular disease. Isolation and excision of the aorta allows investigators to look at gross morphometric changes as wells as allowing them to preserve and stain the tissue to look at histologic changes if desired. The aorta may be used for molecular studies to evaluate protein and gene expression to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to imaging modalities as they have inherent limitations in technology and cost. Additionally, primary isolated cells from a freshly isolated and excised aorta can allowing researchers to perform further in situ and in vitro assays. The isolation and excision of the aorta has the limitation of having to sacrifice the animal however, in this case the benefits outweigh the harm as it is the most versatile technique in the study of aortic disease.

Após a conclusão do processo, haverá uma aorta intacta proveniente do coração, descendo para as cavidades torácica e abdominal, com as artérias renais ainda ligado (Figura 1A). A partir daqui, a aorta pode ser visualizado in situ para quantificar as alterações morfométricas que são de diagnóstico no estudo de aneurismas da aorta abdominal (Figura 1B e 1C). Subsequentemente, a aorta pode ser removidas, fixadas e coradas para olhar para mudanças hist...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease at JoVE.com

Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease.

Isolamento e excisão de Murino Aorta; A técnica versátil no Estudo de Doenças Cardiovasculares

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated ...

isolation-excision-murine-aorta-versatile-technique-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

32.1K visualizações.  University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease. 

Vídeo: Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

Um modelo murino de implante de stent na artéria carótida para o Estudo da reestenose

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

Medicina

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. The retina is a tissue that lines the interior of the eye and it is the only tissue that allows for a non-invasive analysis of the microvasculature. Nowadays, high-quality fundus images can be acquired using digital cameras. Retinal images can be collected in 5 min or less, even without dilatation of the pupils. This unobtrusive and fast procedure for visualizing the microcirculation is attractive to apply in epidemiological studies and to monitor cardiovascular health from early age up to old age.
Systemic diseases that affect the circulation can result in progressive morphological changes in the retinal vasculature. For example, changes in the vessel calibers of retinal arteries and veins have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. The vessel widths are derived using image analysis software and the width of the six largest arteries and veins are summarized in the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE) and the Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE). The latter features have been shown useful to study the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The procedures to acquire fundus images and the analysis steps to obtain CRAE and CRVE are described. Coefficients of variation of repeated measures of CRAE and CRVE are less than 2% and within-rater reliability is very high. Using a panel study, the rapid response of the retinal vessel calibers to short-term changes in particulate air pollution, a known risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, is reported. In conclusion, retinal imaging is proposed as a convenient and instrumental tool for epidemiological studies to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Retinal image analysis is an unobtrusive procedure for visualizing the microcirculation. The impact of cardiovascular disease risk factors can result in changes of retinal vessel calibers. The procedures to acquire fundus images and the steps for calculating the vessel calibers are described.

Retinografia colorida como uma ferramenta conveniente para estudar as respostas microvasculares a doenças cardiovasculares Fatores de Risco em estudos epidemiológicos

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an ...

Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 reached a staggering sum of $190.2 billion in direct medical costs alone. Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide host of diseases. Historically, little was known regarding adipose and its major and essential functions in the body. Brown and white adipose are the two main types of adipose but current literature has identified a new type of fat called brite or beige adipose. Research has shown that adipose depots have specific metabolic profiles and certain depots allow for a propensity for obesity and other related disorders. The goal of this protocol is to provide researchers the capacity to identify and excise adipose depots that will allow for the analysis of different factorial effects on adipose; as well as the beneficial or detrimental role adipose plays in disease and overall health. Isolation and excision of adipose depots allows investigators to look at gross morphological changes as well as histological changes. The adipose isolated can also be used for molecular studies to evaluate transcriptional and translational change or for in vitro experimentation to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to other published techniques due to the design allowing for isolation of multiple depots with simplicity and minimal contamination.

Due to the drastic and negative connection between obesity and other comorbidities, research on the role adipose plays in disease and overall health is warranted. We present a protocol for the isolation and excision of adipose depots allowing for the study of adipose using in situ and in vitro methods.

Localização, identificação e excisão de Depots Murino adiposo

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 ...

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

Adaptação Humanos videofluoroscópicos Andorinha Métodos de Estudo de detectar e caracterizar Disfagia em modelos de doenças Murino

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Few models of focal white matter stroke exist and this lack of appropriate models has hampered understanding of the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in injury response and repair after this type of stroke. The main limitation of other subcortical stroke models is that they do not focally restrict the infarct to the white matter or have primarily been validated in non-murine species. This limits the ability to apply the wide variety of murine research tools to study the neurobiology of white matter stroke. Here we present a methodology for the reliable production of a focal stroke in murine white matter using a local injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. We also present several variations on the general protocol including two unique stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, as well as fresh tissue labeling and dissection that greatly expand the potential applications of this technique. These variations allow for multiple approaches to analyze the neurobiologic effects of this common and understudied form of stroke.

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

A Stroke Versátil Modelo murino de Subcortical Branco Matéria para o Estudo da axonal Degeneration e branco Matéria Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic pressure through echocardiography, as well as to obtain measurements of the Aorta and PA diameter in mice.
Mice older than 10 d of age can be analyzed using the present technique. The technique is composed of 3 main steps: set-up, image acquisition, and image analysis. The set-up step consists of getting the mouse anesthetized with 1% isoflurane, shaving it, and taping it in a supine position to a heated EKG board where the image acquisition will take place. The image acquisition step consists of learning to identify the cardiac structures and obtaining all the required images with its correspondent probe and axis in order to be able to calculate volumes and diameters. The image analysis step consists of measuring the previously acquired images with the aid of computer software.
Advantages of the proposed technique include a fast (15 min) procedure that would allow the researcher to evaluate interventions in a non-invasive, non-terminal approach and therefore follow the same mouse over time; each mouse can be used as its own control. This fact plus having the same operator perform all the acquisition and analysis for the entire experiment minimizes the limitation of operator-dependency. The present methodology is useful for mouse researchers in cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine.

The following protocol describes the methodology for the acquisition and analysis of echocardiographic images used to obtain the Left Atrial Volume (LAV), Aorta (Ao) diameter, and Pulmonary Artery (PA) diameter in mice. This technique is a non-invasive, non-terminal procedure that allows assessment of the cardiopulmonary function.

Murino Ecocardiografia de Esquerda Atrium, Aorta, ea artéria pulmonar

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

Lesão baseada no balão para induzir a hiperplasia Myointimal da Aorta Abdominal de Mouse

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion per se can result in further cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon known as reperfusion injury. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), with the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), or mitochondrial depolarization, is universally recognized as the final step of reperfusion injury and is responsible for mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte death. JC-1 is a lipophilic cationic dye that accumulates in mitochondria depending on the value of MMP. The higher the MMP is, the more JC-1 accumulates in the mitochondria. The increasing amounts of JC-1 in mitochondria can be reflected by a fluorescence emission shift from green (~530 nm) to red (~590 nm). Therefore, the reduction of the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio can indicate the depolarization of mitochondria. Here, we take advantage of JC-1 to measure MMP, or the opening of mPTP in human cardiac myocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation, detected by flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol that uses JC-1 dye to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells after being exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation with or without a protective agent.

Um ensaio de baseados em citometria de fluxo para medir o potencial de membrana mitocondrial em miócitos após hipóxia/reoxigenação

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

Ecografia da Aorta torácica e Abdominal em ratos para determinar as dimensões de aneurisma

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...

A Cryoinjury Model to Study Myocardial Infarction in the Mouse

The use of animal models is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for acute coronary syndrome and its complications. In this article, we demonstrate a murine cryoinjury infarct model that generates precise infarct sizes with high reproducibility and replicability. In brief, after intubation and sternotomy of the animal, the heart is lifted from the thorax. The probe of a handheld liquid nitrogen delivery system is applied onto the myocardial wall to induce cryoinjury. Impaired ventricular function and electrical conduction can be monitored with echocardiography or optical mapping. Transmural myocardial remodeling of the infarcted area is characterized by collagen deposition and loss of cardiomyocytes. Compared to other models (e.g., LAD-ligation), this model utilizes a handheld liquid nitrogen delivery system to generate more uniform infarct sizes.

This article demonstrates a model to study cardiac remodeling after myocardial cryoinjury in mice.

Um modelo Crioferimento para estudar infarto do miocárdio no mouse

The use of animal models is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for acute coronary syndrome and its complications. In this article, we ...