저자는 어떤 승인이 없습니다.

모든 동물의 절차는, 신시내티 대학의 기관 동물 관리 및 사용위원회와 국립 보건원 (National Institutes of Health)에서 실험 동물의 관리 및 사용을위한 설명서에 따라 승인 (NIH 공개 제 85-23으로 수행 하였다 ) 1996 개정. 1. 마우스를 준비 <ol><li> 마취의 supratherapeutic 복용량에 동물을 노출시켜 안락사, 이소 플루 란은 효과를 흡입. 유해 자극으로 발가락 핀치를 통해 주 안락사를 확인합니다. 안락사, 다이아 프램 절단의 보조 방법은, 곧 단계에서 발생합니다. 다른 방법도 사용할 부여 안락사 수득 될 수있다. </li><li> Sanitizie 수분의 포인트에 70 % 에탄올로, 초기 상처가 될 것이다 복부, 함께 모피를 분사하여 마우스의 외부 표면은되도록 모피 에탄올 젖은이며 느슨한 / 마른 머리카락은 입력하지 지역. </li><li> 쉬르에 마우스를 배치합니다상부 및 하부 부속와 앙와위에서 학적 보드 바깥쪽으로 확장. </li><li> 수술 테이프를 사용하여 보드에 대한 보안 부속. </li></ol> 심장 및 대동맥 2. 분리 <ol><li> 마우스를 적절하게 배치 한 후, 찾아 흉골의 칼 모양의 과정에 불과 열등한 복부 피부를 분리하기 위해 집게를 사용합니다. </li><li> 똑바로 피부를 들어 올려 긴장을 만들고 복막 및​​ 흉강의 열등한 부분의 우수한 부분을 노출, 표피를 제거하기 위해 가위를 사용합니다. </li><li> 칼 모양의 과정을 들어 올리고 subcostal 여백 따라 처리 단지 열등한 측면 절개하여 복강을 입력합니다. </li><li> 심장이나 주요 혈관을 괴롭히다하지 확인되고, 다이어프램을 통과, 흉강들로 해부하다. </li><li> 흉곽의 앞쪽 부분을 제거하는 단계 2.3 두개쪽으로에서 만든 횡 절개를 확장 할 수 있습니다. 면필요에 무딘 절개를 이용하여 전방 흉벽에서 심장 무료. </li><li> 물질을 흡수하는 멸균 거즈를 사용하여 외부 피와 유체의 흉강을 청소합니다. 지역이 더 눈에 보이는되면, 더 나은 심장과 대동맥을 노출 폐를 제거합니다. </li></ol> 심장 및 대동맥 3. 관류 참고 :이 단계 그래서 그냥 전에해야, 혈액을 심장 천자를 통해을 구하십시오. <ol><li> 살균 얼음 차가운 1X 인산 완충 용액 (PBS)의 10 ㎖로 10 CC 주사기를 가득 채운 후 주사기에 25 게이지 바늘을 연결합니다. </li><li> 조심스럽게 심장의 좌심실에 바늘을 삽입합니다. </li><li> 관류에서 압력 상승을 완화하기 우심방을 잘라. 3 분 - 2 위에 마우스로 주사기의 내용을 관류. </li><li> 관류 액을 흡수 우심방에서 개막식에서 멸균 거즈를 사용합니다. </li></ol> 대동맥 4. 분리 및 절제 <ol><li> PE 완료되면rfusion, 흉강 내 시야를 흐리게 남아있는 액체를 흡수하는 멸균 거즈를 사용합니다. </li><li> 치골 상부 지역에 절개를 확장, 복부 벽을 통해 꼬리 쪽 절단하여 위장 내용을 노출. 양자 아래로 고정 또는 절제 할 수 있습니다 피부 플랩을 만들 낮은 사지를 향해 더 절개를 확장합니다. </li><li> 더 나은 대동맥을 시각화 간, 췌장, 위, 비장, 창자의 로브를 제거합니다. 대동맥은 신장 동맥의 가지에서 피상적으로, perirenal 지역 근처 해부 할 때주의하십시오. 참고 : 정확한에서이 단계를 수행하고 위장관 오염에 대한 성향을 증가 세균이 풍부으로 방법을 진학. </li><li> 1X PBS와 지역을 씻어 멸균 거즈로 흡수에 의해 모든 유체를 제거합니다. </li><li> 멸균 microscissors과 microforceps를 사용하여 척추의 등쪽과 복부 식도에서 대동맥을 구분합니다.그것은 무딘 해부 및 이에 대한 해부 현미경을 이용를 사용하는 것이 가장 좋은 방법입니다. 참고 : 대동맥을 분리에서 장골 분기에 꼬리 쪽 시작하고 꼬리 쪽 해부 경동맥과 완두 동맥에서 두개쪽으로 두개쪽으로 청소 및 공동의 등면에서 대동맥을 분리 이동하거나 시작합니다. 어느 방법이 적절한 지와 연구자의 편안함에 달려있다. </li><li> 대동맥 벽의 일부를 제거하지 않도록 확인되는 미세 microscissors를 사용하여 혈관 주위 지방 조직을 제거합니다. 이것은 대동맥 평활근 세포를 배양 할 때 섬유 아세포 오염 가능성을 최소화하는 것이 필수적이다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Go, A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+disease+and+stroke+statistics--2014+update:+a+report+from+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart disease and stroke statistics--2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 129 (3), 28-292 (2014).</li><li>Ross, R., Harker, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperlipidemia+and+atherosclerosis.">Hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.</a> Science. 193 (4258), 1094-1100 (1976).</li><li>Clouse, W. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acute+aortic+dissection:+population-based+incidence+compared+with+degenerative+aortic+aneurysm+rupture.">Acute aortic dissection: population-based incidence compared with degenerative aortic aneurysm rupture.</a> Mayo Clin Proc. 79 (2), 176-180 (2004).</li><li>Daugherty, A., Cassis, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+abdominal+aortic+aneurysms.">Mouse models of abdominal aortic aneurysms.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24 (3), 429-434 (2004).</li><li>Pleumeekers, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aneurysms+of+the+abdominal+aorta+in+older+adults.+The+Rotterdam+Study.">Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta in older adults. The Rotterdam Study.</a> Am J Epidemiol. 142 (12), 1291-1299 (1995).</li><li>Brophy, C. M., Reilly, J. M., Smit, G. J., Tilson, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+inflammation+in+nonspecific+abdominal+aortic+aneurysm+disease.">The role of inflammation in nonspecific abdominal aortic aneurysm disease.</a> Ann Vasc Surg. 5 (3), 229-233 (1991).</li><li>Ray, J. L., Leach, R., Herbert, J. M., Benson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+vascular+smooth+muscle+cells+from+a+single+murine+aorta.">Isolation of vascular smooth muscle cells from a single murine aorta.</a> Methods Cell Sci. 23 (4), 185-188 (2001).</li><li>Weiss, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+murine+cardiovascular+system+with+magnetic+resonance.">Imaging the murine cardiovascular system with magnetic resonance.</a> Circ Res. 88 (6), 550-551 (2001).</li><li>Graham, E. L., Balla, C., Franchino, H., Melman, Y., del Monte, F., Das, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+culture,+and+functional+characterization+of+adult+mouse+cardiomyoctyes.">Isolation culture, and functional characterization of adult mouse cardiomyoctyes.</a> J Vis Exp. (79), 50289 (2013).</li><li>Wassef, M., Upchurch, G. R., Kuivaniemi, H., Thompson, R. W., Tilson, M. D. 3. r. d. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenges+and+opportunities+in+abdominal+aortic+aneurysm+research.">Challenges and opportunities in abdominal aortic aneurysm research.</a> J Vasc Surg. 45 (1), 192-198 (2007).</li></ol>

저자가 공개하는 게 없다.

Aortic disease can lead to significant systemic pathology and possibly death in severe cases. Treatment options are currently limited therefore continued research in the field is necessary10. Murine models are ideal to further study disease progression and potentially therapeutic options4. Therefore, the successful completion of the method described in this manuscript will provide investigators with the tools to measure disease progression and drug efficacy. 
This techniq...

대동맥 산소화 된 혈액과 신체의 다른 부분들과 유사한 몸체 공급 심혈관 기능의 중추적 인 역할을하는 질병에 민감하다. 일반 대동맥 질환 다이어트, 흡연, 앉아있는 생활 습관 하나를 포함하여 유전 적, 환경 적 요인의 결과이다 죽상 동맥 경화증과 동맥류를 포함한다. 죽상 경화증은 전형적 만성 고지혈증이있는 환자에서 발견 대동맥 벽 칼슘 및 지질 계 플라크의 침착이다. 궁극적 세 동맥류 파열로 이어질 수 대직 다음 대동맥과 용기 벽의 박막화의 구성 부품의 분해에 의해 특징 지어진다. 동물 모델은 질병과 잠재적 치료 효과의 메커니즘을 연구하는 데 중요한 도구입니다. 심혈관 연구에 사용 된 일반적인 동물 모델은, 구체적으로는 혈관 및 대사 장애를 조사 조회예컨대 아포지 단백질 E 유전자 녹아웃 및 저밀도 지단백질 수용체 유전자 녹아웃 마우스 (4)와 같은 지질 수준을 변경할 수있는 유전자 변형 마우스를 포함한다. 질병 및 치료의 효능을 평가하는 메커니즘 방법 중 대부분은 대동맥의 분리 및 절제를 포함한다. 대동맥 지역화 및 격리되면, 형태 계측 학적 분석은 동맥류의 존재하에, 일반적으로 직경 5 이상, 50 % 증가로 정의 된 바와 같이 결정될 수있다. 계내 분석 필요가 완료된 후, 대동맥을 적출 추가 분석 할 수있다. 절개 된 대동맥 단백질 및 / 또는 유전자 발현 분석법 또는 분자 연구를 수행 할 수있는 냉동 플래시 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드를 사용하여 고정 이상, 매립 단면 조직 학적 분석을 위해 염색. 대동맥의 조직 학적 분석은 구조 저하, 플라크 형성하고, 백혈구의 침투와 같은 대동맥 질환의 공통적 인 특징을 보여줄 수있는 &lt;SUP&gt; 6,7. 또한 대동맥 절개이어서 관내 연구 (7)의 다양한 사용될 수 내피 및 평활근 세포를 포함한 일차 세포주를 분리 할 수있다. 현재, 대동맥 질환이 심도있는 특성을 제공 할뿐만 아니라 추가로 심혈관 질환을 연구하는 도구와 연구자를 제공 할 다른 방법이 없습니다. 자기 공명 영상, 컴퓨터 단층 촬영과 같은 초음파 이미징을 그러나 이것은 작은 동물 어렵고 적절한 기술 취득 장치 8 비싸 형태학 대동맥을 평가하는 가장 가까운 방법이다. 불멸화 세포주는하지만이 세포의 인공 자연 세포 생존 구간 및 아폽토시스 9 효과를 연구에 제한되는 질병의 치료 효능의 잠재적 기전을 조사하기 위해 구입할 수있다. 의 전반적인 목표이 원고는 심혈관 질환의 조사에 쥐의 대동맥의 무균 분리 및 절단을 입증하는 것입니다.

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isolation and excision of murine aorta; a versatile technique in the study of cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated blood is the aorta. The aorta may become affected in diseases such as atherosclerosis and aneurysm. Researchers investigating these diseases would benefit from direct observation of the aorta to characterize disease progression as well as to evaluate efficacy of potential therapeutics. The goal of this protocol is to describe proper isolation and excision of the aorta to aid investigators researching cardiovascular disease. Isolation and excision of the aorta allows investigators to look at gross morphometric changes as wells as allowing them to preserve and stain the tissue to look at histologic changes if desired. The aorta may be used for molecular studies to evaluate protein and gene expression to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to imaging modalities as they have inherent limitations in technology and cost. Additionally, primary isolated cells from a freshly isolated and excised aorta can allowing researchers to perform further in situ and in vitro assays. The isolation and excision of the aorta has the limitation of having to sacrifice the animal however, in this case the benefits outweigh the harm as it is the most versatile technique in the study of aortic disease.

절차가 완료되면, 여전히 (그림 1A)에 부착 된 신장 동맥 흉부 및 복강으로 내려 심장에서 발생하는 손상 대동맥이 될 것입니다. 여기에서, 대동맥이 복부 대 동맥류 (그림 1B 및 1C)의 연구에서 진단이다 형태 학적 변화를 정량화하기 위해 현장에서 이미징 할 수있다. 그 후, 대동맥, 제거 고정 및 조직 학적 변화를보고 염색 할 수있다. 대동맥 일반적인 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease at JoVE.com

Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease.

분리 및 설치류 대동맥 절제; 심혈관 질환의 연구에 다목적 기술

Cardiovascular disease is a broad term describing disease of the heart and/or blood vessels. The main blood vessel supplying the body with oxygenated ...

isolation-excision-murine-aorta-versatile-technique-study

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

32.2K 조회수.  University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Pathology of the aorta can lead to severe morbidity and mortality, therefore research of disease progression and potential therapies is warranted. Here, we present a protocol to isolate and excise the murine aorta to aid researchers in their investigation of cardiovascular disease. 

비디오: Isolation and Excision of Murine Aorta; A Versatile Technique in the Study of Cardiovascular Disease

A Murine Model of Stent Implantation in the Carotid Artery for the Study of Restenosis

Despite the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western countries. Beside the benefits offered by the development of different drug-eluting stents, the coronary revascularization bears also the life-threatening risks of in-stent thrombosis and restenosis. Research on new therapeutic strategies is impaired by the lack of appropriate methods to study stent implantation and restenosis processes. Here, we describe a rapid and accessible procedure of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery, which offers the possibility to study in a convenient way the molecular mechanisms of vessel remodeling and the effects of different drug coatings.

A model of stent implantation in mouse carotid artery is described. Compared to other similar methods, this procedure is very rapid, simple and accessible, offering the possibility to study in a convenient way the vascular wall reaction to different drug-eluting stents and the molecular mechanisms of restenosis.

재 협착의 연구에 대한 경동맥 스텐트 시술의 쥐과 모형

Despite  the considerable progress made in the stent development in the last decades,  cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of death in western ...

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Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in maintaining cardiovascular health. The retina is a tissue that lines the interior of the eye and it is the only tissue that allows for a non-invasive analysis of the microvasculature. Nowadays, high-quality fundus images can be acquired using digital cameras. Retinal images can be collected in 5 min or less, even without dilatation of the pupils. This unobtrusive and fast procedure for visualizing the microcirculation is attractive to apply in epidemiological studies and to monitor cardiovascular health from early age up to old age.
Systemic diseases that affect the circulation can result in progressive morphological changes in the retinal vasculature. For example, changes in the vessel calibers of retinal arteries and veins have been associated with hypertension, atherosclerosis, and increased risk of stroke and myocardial infarction. The vessel widths are derived using image analysis software and the width of the six largest arteries and veins are summarized in the Central Retinal Arteriolar Equivalent (CRAE) and the Central Retinal Venular Equivalent (CRVE). The latter features have been shown useful to study the impact of modifiable lifestyle and environmental cardiovascular disease risk factors.
The procedures to acquire fundus images and the analysis steps to obtain CRAE and CRVE are described. Coefficients of variation of repeated measures of CRAE and CRVE are less than 2% and within-rater reliability is very high. Using a panel study, the rapid response of the retinal vessel calibers to short-term changes in particulate air pollution, a known risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, is reported. In conclusion, retinal imaging is proposed as a convenient and instrumental tool for epidemiological studies to study microvascular responses to cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Retinal image analysis is an unobtrusive procedure for visualizing the microcirculation. The impact of cardiovascular disease risk factors can result in changes of retinal vessel calibers. The procedures to acquire fundus images and the steps for calculating the vessel calibers are described.

편리한 도구로 안저 사진은 역학 연구에서 심혈관 질환의 위험 요인에 대한 미세 혈관 응답을 연구하기 위해

The microcirculation consists of blood vessels with diameters less than 150 &#181;m. It makes up a large part of the circulatory system and plays an ...

Localization, Identification, and Excision of Murine Adipose Depots

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 reached a staggering sum of $190.2 billion in direct medical costs alone. Obesity is a major risk factor for a wide host of diseases. Historically, little was known regarding adipose and its major and essential functions in the body. Brown and white adipose are the two main types of adipose but current literature has identified a new type of fat called brite or beige adipose. Research has shown that adipose depots have specific metabolic profiles and certain depots allow for a propensity for obesity and other related disorders. The goal of this protocol is to provide researchers the capacity to identify and excise adipose depots that will allow for the analysis of different factorial effects on adipose; as well as the beneficial or detrimental role adipose plays in disease and overall health. Isolation and excision of adipose depots allows investigators to look at gross morphological changes as well as histological changes. The adipose isolated can also be used for molecular studies to evaluate transcriptional and translational change or for in vitro experimentation to discover targets of interest and mechanisms of action. This technique is superior to other published techniques due to the design allowing for isolation of multiple depots with simplicity and minimal contamination.

Due to the drastic and negative connection between obesity and other comorbidities, research on the role adipose plays in disease and overall health is warranted. We present a protocol for the isolation and excision of adipose depots allowing for the study of adipose using in situ and in vitro methods.

현지화, 식별 및 절제 쥣과 지방이 종점의

Obesity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and affects over one third of the adult US population. The economic effect of obesity in 2005 ...

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

인간 Videofluoroscopic 삼키기 연구 방법을 적응하는 것은 검색 및 설치류 질병 모델에서 연하의 특성을

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

A Versatile Murine Model of Subcortical White Matter Stroke for the Study of Axonal Degeneration and White Matter Neurobiology

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and contributes significantly to the development of vascular dementia. Few models of focal white matter stroke exist and this lack of appropriate models has hampered understanding of the neurobiologic mechanisms involved in injury response and repair after this type of stroke. The main limitation of other subcortical stroke models is that they do not focally restrict the infarct to the white matter or have primarily been validated in non-murine species. This limits the ability to apply the wide variety of murine research tools to study the neurobiology of white matter stroke. Here we present a methodology for the reliable production of a focal stroke in murine white matter using a local injection of an irreversible eNOS inhibitor. We also present several variations on the general protocol including two unique stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, as well as fresh tissue labeling and dissection that greatly expand the potential applications of this technique. These variations allow for multiple approaches to analyze the neurobiologic effects of this common and understudied form of stroke.

Here we present methodology for the production of a focal stroke in murine white matter by local injection of an irreversible endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor (L-Nio). Presented are two stereotactic variations, retrograde neuronal tracing, and fresh tissue labeling and dissection that expand the potential applications of this technique.

축삭 변성과 백질 신경 생물학의 연구를위한 다목적 쥐 모델 피질의 흰색 물질 스트로크

Stroke affecting white matter accounts for up to 25% of clinical stroke presentations, occurs silently at rates that may be 5-10 fold greater, and ...

Murine Echocardiography of Left Atrium, Aorta, and Pulmonary Artery

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic pressure through echocardiography, as well as to obtain measurements of the Aorta and PA diameter in mice.
Mice older than 10 d of age can be analyzed using the present technique. The technique is composed of 3 main steps: set-up, image acquisition, and image analysis. The set-up step consists of getting the mouse anesthetized with 1% isoflurane, shaving it, and taping it in a supine position to a heated EKG board where the image acquisition will take place. The image acquisition step consists of learning to identify the cardiac structures and obtaining all the required images with its correspondent probe and axis in order to be able to calculate volumes and diameters. The image analysis step consists of measuring the previously acquired images with the aid of computer software.
Advantages of the proposed technique include a fast (15 min) procedure that would allow the researcher to evaluate interventions in a non-invasive, non-terminal approach and therefore follow the same mouse over time; each mouse can be used as its own control. This fact plus having the same operator perform all the acquisition and analysis for the entire experiment minimizes the limitation of operator-dependency. The present methodology is useful for mouse researchers in cardiovascular and pulmonary medicine.

The following protocol describes the methodology for the acquisition and analysis of echocardiographic images used to obtain the Left Atrial Volume (LAV), Aorta (Ao) diameter, and Pulmonary Artery (PA) diameter in mice. This technique is a non-invasive, non-terminal procedure that allows assessment of the cardiopulmonary function.

왼쪽 아트리움, 대동맥과 폐동맥의 쥐 심 초음파

The present methodology teaches the investigator how to measure and use the LAV as a surrogate of chronic elevations in Left Ventricular diastolic ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

풍선-기반 부상 마우스 복 부 대동맥에서 Myointimal 증식을 유도 하

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion per se can result in further cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon known as reperfusion injury. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), with the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), or mitochondrial depolarization, is universally recognized as the final step of reperfusion injury and is responsible for mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte death. JC-1 is a lipophilic cationic dye that accumulates in mitochondria depending on the value of MMP. The higher the MMP is, the more JC-1 accumulates in the mitochondria. The increasing amounts of JC-1 in mitochondria can be reflected by a fluorescence emission shift from green (~530 nm) to red (~590 nm). Therefore, the reduction of the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio can indicate the depolarization of mitochondria. Here, we take advantage of JC-1 to measure MMP, or the opening of mPTP in human cardiac myocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation, detected by flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol that uses JC-1 dye to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells after being exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation with or without a protective agent.

Hypoxia/Reoxygenation 후 심장 Myocytes에서 미토 콘 드리 아 막 잠재력을 측정 하기 위한 교류 Cytometry 기반 분석

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

흉부 및 복 부 대동맥 동맥 류 크기를 결정 하는 쥐에서의 초음파 이미징

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...

A Cryoinjury Model to Study Myocardial Infarction in the Mouse

The use of animal models is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for acute coronary syndrome and its complications. In this article, we demonstrate a murine cryoinjury infarct model that generates precise infarct sizes with high reproducibility and replicability. In brief, after intubation and sternotomy of the animal, the heart is lifted from the thorax. The probe of a handheld liquid nitrogen delivery system is applied onto the myocardial wall to induce cryoinjury. Impaired ventricular function and electrical conduction can be monitored with echocardiography or optical mapping. Transmural myocardial remodeling of the infarcted area is characterized by collagen deposition and loss of cardiomyocytes. Compared to other models (e.g., LAD-ligation), this model utilizes a handheld liquid nitrogen delivery system to generate more uniform infarct sizes.

This article demonstrates a model to study cardiac remodeling after myocardial cryoinjury in mice.

마우스에서 심근 경색을 연구하는 극저온 손상 모델

The use of animal models is essential for developing new therapeutic strategies for acute coronary syndrome and its complications. In this article, we ...