非常感谢这一范式的开发商，尤其是韦斯利克拉普，安妮·贝瑞，乔蒂·米什拉，迈克尔鲁本斯，和西奥多Zanto。这项工作是由美国国立卫生研究院资助5R01AG0403333（AG）的支持。

下面的步骤列举如何执行这项新的认知范式旨在阐明外部干扰的神经行为方面的延迟确认工作记忆，与变化的配对脑电图或功能磁共振成像进行了优化。在此之前，通过适当的机构审查委员会和/或人参加审查委员会开始收集数据，完成所有必要的人力，参与研究的批准。 1.准备<ol><li>下载并安装实验演示软件，如E-总理，演示文稿或PsychoPy，按照制造商的说明，到一个专用的刺激呈现计算机。 </li><li>准备一个合适的键盘，用于实验的反应。添加"是"和"否"的标签，以两个相邻的键（ 图1）。 注:在这个实验中利用核磁共振成像的版本，使用MR兼容的键盘。 </li><li>对于这名P听觉版本aradigm，准备适当的测试方式的耳机（即:脑电图或MR兼容，如果必要的话），根据制造商的指示，并在65分贝（dB）的声压级（SPL），这是一个舒适的水平调节声级以供呈现对于听力正常的人。 </li><li>对于老年人的实验，进行初步的神经和感官放映，如视觉和听觉来选择适当的筛选研究人群。 <ol><li> Neuropscyhological筛查<ol><li>创建一个神经心理学评估电池的老年人筛查认知障碍。管理测试由纸和铅笔，或用于测试计算机上适应的电池。 注:测试可能包括简易精神状态检查（MMSE）35，全球恶化分数（GDS）36，加州言语学习测试（CLVT）37，数字广度38,39，跨度符号40，字母-数字排序41，熟食店，卡普兰执行功能系统（D-KEFS） -连线测验42，控制字联想测验（COWAT）43，44。 </li><li>管理此电池给所有的成年参与者。分数按他们各自的得分指导方针的所有测试。 </li><li>如果招募健康的老年人，排除潜在参与者的分数低于人口大于两个标准差的意思，或根据客户要求排除标准。 </li></ol></li><li>视力筛查<ol><li>对于视觉实验，屏幕正常或矫正到正常视力采用问卷调查的初步询问是否参与者有正常或矫正到正常视力。 </li><li>跟进，进行一张视力表视力测试，并排除不参加正常或矫正到正常的（20/20或更高）的愿景。 </li></ol></li><li>对于听觉实验，筛选正常听力: <ol><li>在初步调查问卷​​，问WHE疗法参与者有正常或矫正到正常的听力，并排除那些谁不。 </li><li>跟进，获得听觉灵敏度的客观测量。进行一次实验室听力评估用几种方法之一: <ol><li>利用听力损失筛查应用程序，例如"uHear"。使用此应用程序的自动计算结果，排除患有听觉灵敏度"听力正常"范围之外。 </li><li>按升序和降序极限法6000赫兹的频率范围在两个耳朵 - 评估在250听力阈值。个体平均听力阈值大于50分贝的任一耳的任何测试频率，标志着中度听力损失，应排除</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 2.实验设计<ol><li>辖下三个不同的干扰条件的延迟识别工作记忆任务秒（与用于神经实验第四基线条件）中的块设计（也参见图2和表1）。重复每个条件两次，平衡的顺序（平衡拉丁方设计建议）。需要注意的是实验时间和试验次数范式变种之间变化;利用表1中详述的参数。 </li><li>忽略分神刺激条件（DS）: <ol><li>显示一个提示指示参与者要记住的线索刺激而忽略了分散注意力的刺激​​，同时继续保持提示刺激的表示。指示参与者响应"是"，如果探测刺激匹配线索刺激或"NO"如果探针不刺激匹配。 </li><li>呈现提示的刺激，紧跟一个短的延迟（延迟1）。 </li><li>显示干扰"牵引"的刺激，紧接着第二短延迟（延迟2）。 注意:参与者不需要（并且不应该）与牵引刺激相互作用。 </li><li>目前探测刺激和收集响应。 </li></ol></li><li>顾不上中断刺激（辅助工作）条件（IS）: <ol><li>显示一个提示指示参与者要记住的线索刺激和使用后出现的干扰刺激完成次要任务。显示说明如下:"按一个按钮只有在中断刺激匹配的一套判别准则"完成的次要任务。指示参与者响应"是"，如果探测刺激匹配线索刺激或"NO"如果探针不刺激匹配。 注:判别标准是不同的每个范例的变体，并在接下来的部分中描述。 </li><li>目前线索刺激，紧接着一个短的延迟（延迟1）。）提出了一个干扰"阻断"刺激一第二收集辅​​助（歧视）任务的响应。下面，介绍第二短的延迟（延迟2）。 注:完成次要任务，需要关注"阻断"。 </li><li>目前探测刺激和收集响应。 注:试验的百分之十是抓审判中的断续相匹配的判别准则;添加额外的试验（10％），以该块以补偿丢弃试验。排除神经分析所有捕捞试验由于混杂的运动反应。 </li></ol></li><li>无干扰刺激条件（NI）: <ol><li>显示一个提示，指示参与者要记住的线索刺激和记住它。指示参与者响应"是"，如果探测刺激匹配线索刺激或"NO"如果探针不刺激匹配。 </li><li>呈现提示的刺激，紧跟一个延迟。显示中央固定十字上的空白s在延迟期间creen。 </li><li>目前探测刺激和收集响应。 </li></ol></li><li>基线/被动视图（或收听）条件（仅限于神经的实验）（PV / PL） <ol><li>神经影像学的任务，使&#39;增强&#39;和神经活动过程中/ DS条件相对时被动的参与者了解基本活动的"镇压"的计算（/听）的工作记忆和干扰刺激中包括被动观看/收听条件，无任务目标。 （ 见表2）。 </li><li>显示一个提示指示参与者被动视图（/听）所有视频（/听觉）任务的刺激。显示提示完成简单的辨别任务。 <ol><li>对于视觉任务，指示参与者按对应于所显示的箭头的方向的按钮（左或右）。 </li><li>对于听觉任务，指导参与者按相应频率的按钮范围容易地辨别高（2千赫）或低（0.5千赫）频率的声音扫描（高或低）。 </li></ol></li><li>目前顺序或显示提示刺激，延迟1，干扰刺激，并延迟2。 </li><li>提出了一个箭头（视觉）或声音扫描（听觉）代替探针的刺激并收集反应作为参与者完成简单辨别任务（如上所述）。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.刺激 1.一般制备的刺激<ol><li>从下面所描述的类别的一组刺激（也参见图2和表1）。 </li><li>仔细决定是否对主内存的工作任务与刺激的主题一致或不一致的干扰刺激（见下文说明）。 </li><li>确保所有的图像大小或重新大小225像素宽，300像素高（14×18厘米）。 </li><li>目前图像foveally，对着3度视觉ANGL的E从固定。 注:对于fMRI的实验中，使用干扰的刺激不一致与主工作记忆任务的刺激，例如，面部干扰场景工作存储器或反之亦然期间。为了精确定位面部和现场具体感觉皮层区域，适用于之前工作记忆实验的fMRI定位任务。然后，干扰模式中，使用这些场景和脸选择性皮层区域来同时分析神经活动动力学到工作存储器线索刺激（ 例如，场景）和不一致的干扰刺激。 （ 例如，面对） </li></ol> 2.高级别视觉刺激<ol><li>对于正面的刺激，从准备灰阶照片的男性和女性的面孔几百提示/探头面的刺激，用中性的表达，在一个大型的成人年龄范围。清除头发和耳朵数字，和整个脸的轮廓应用模糊。 </li><li>对于场面的刺激，准备几个洪特红色提示/探头场景刺激，从灰阶照片的自然景象。 </li><li>延迟1之后，提出了一个刺激的干扰，包括场景或脸。在90％的试验，提出了一个脸，是不是"男性和年龄超过40岁的";在审判的另外10％，呈现出面部是男性，年龄超过40岁。 </li><li>对于"顾不上中断"的情况，指导参与者使用干扰刺激（线索和探头之间呈现）来完成以下次要任务。请参与者回答"YES"，如果中断的脸是男性，年龄超过40岁。 </li></ol> 3.低级别的视觉运动刺激<ol><li>创建一个包含290空间随机灰度点的圆孔提示/探针刺激（0.08度x 0.08每度）的对着8度的可视角度在75厘米观看距离，在中心凹。 </li><li>显示屏移动的小圆点，100％的运动黏结NCE以每秒10度，倾斜的角度在的运动（3中每个扇区）12个不同的方向之一。 </li><li>使用自适应楼梯阈值步骤（2度增量），以建立一个视觉判别值产生略低于100％的准确度，使得在第一误差试验达到鉴别阈值。 </li><li>延迟1后，提出了一个干扰刺激由点逆时针方向打圈。在渲染一个"正常"的速度这项议案（每秒10度）90％的试验，并在快速审判的另外10％。 </li><li>在顾不上中断情况，指导学员完成以下次要任务:回答"YES"，如果中断漩涡快。 </li></ol> 4.低级别的听觉刺激的运动<ol><li>创建跨越的频率范围的声音运动与扫描中等频率的900和1100赫兹之间随机选择的提示/探头刺激。构建声音运动扫频率处开始从中间频率和结束±0.5个八度，在从中频±0.5八度。 </li><li>现在的"向上"（从-0.5到+0.5在结束八度音）和"向下"（从+0.5和-0.5个八度结束）运动横扫刺激相等部分。 </li><li>将音量调节到65分贝SPL舒适的听力水平。 </li><li>阈值:使用自适应激爽过程来建立听觉辨别精度在85％的正确表现。 </li><li>延迟1后，提出了一个刺激的干扰由单一色调。玩的频率2 kHz的90％，试验的语气，和2.3千赫试验的另外10％的音调。 </li><li>在顾不上中断情况，指导学员完成以下次要任务:如果响应中断基调是一个更高的频率提示（2.3千赫）。 </li></ol> 5.探头刺激<ol><li>对于所有的WM任务，确保探头刺激的50％相匹配的线索。 </li><li>在与阈值鉴别电5,10,11低级运动任务，设置探头的刺激，不提示匹配的50％，从提示由参与者的阈值刺激判定电平的绝对值不同。 注意:例如，如果阈值建立一个参与者的视觉辨别水平为10度，配对视觉运动线索在45度移动与探针移动在任一45度（匹配于50％的试验）或45±10度（35或55度; 50％的审判每一个非匹配）。 </li></ol> 4.比较干扰状况<ol><li>使用统计软件，如SPSS，之前在重要的时间点，比较行为表现和神经活动，期间和之后，不同类型的干扰。 注:有几个手册在线提供一步一步的说明和截图，描述了如何使用和运行简单的国家统计l在SPSS分析。 <ol><li>由干扰状况相对性能在没有干扰的条件（ 图4）中的对比的工作存储器的精度和响应时间计算干扰对上的行为表现的中断的影响。例如，配对t检验可用于比较任意两个干扰（或基线）条件之间准确性或RT。 注:在两个特定任务的条件之间t检验比较，重复测量方差分析，建议在所有的工作记忆条件比较范式。 </li><li>对于神经影像学检查，前处理，并根据相应的pipline为模态和感兴趣的措施处理数据。 <ol><li>对于脑电图研究，脑电图的过程与数据或EEGLAB软件包的选择，使用软件的说明和建议的处理流。 </li><li>对于fMRI研究，过程与功能磁共振成像软件PAC数据选择（如AFNI，SPM，FSL等）的卡格，使用软件的指示，并建议处理流。 </li></ol></li><li>为了评估神经活动调制作为干涉的结果在工作存储器中，在被动视图统计学对比在这些条件下对神经活动的神经数据（/收听）的条件，从而控制为基本知觉处理（ 图4）。 <ol><li>计算的测量，使得正值总是表示更大的增强基线以上或低于基线更大抑制。对于P100，通过从由被动观看刺激（PV）诱发减去量化的神经活动的分散注意力的刺激（DS）的计算神经抑制（ 即 :光伏- DS）中。减去量化的BOLD活性与由中断刺激诱 ​​发的基线被动观看刺激计算增强功能磁共振成像（IS）（ 即 :IS - PV）。 </li></ol></li><li>在出席中断统计学比较由忽略分心与活性引起的神经调制到开始，以确定在工作记忆的自上而下注意在不同类型的干扰的分辨率的具体影响。 </li></ol></li></ol>

作者什么都没有透露。

一种新的认知范式已经显示出疗效调查通过分心和干扰工作记忆干扰。这种模式和它的几个变种，横跨感觉形式，刺激复杂程度和成像的方法延长其使用有详细。 在开始实验，预屏幕上的所有参与者，以确保适当的认知和感知能力。对于使用低级别听觉刺激实验中，施用的自适应阈值化过程来校准刺激以参与者之间等效困难的感知鉴别电平。坚持以实验变量参数预期的成像?...

大量的文献已经证明是不利的信息中的干扰来自外部环境1-9工作记忆（WM）的维持。外部干扰可分为两种基本类型;干扰无关信息的一个有意忽略:这需要引起注意的另一个（二级）任务目标的一部分分心，干扰和信息:中断。使用内参与者设计比较这些类型的外部干扰的研究使得能够对目标为中心的自上而下注意在加工的神经行为影响外部干扰和分辨率的评估。 最近，Gazzaley实验室设计了一个范例，有利于发生在一个工作记忆任务的设置"要被出席"中断比较和"要被忽略&#39;分心。从这个范例新出现的证据表明，这些不同类型的分机ernal干扰会对行为不同的影响，并有明显的潜在的神经机制2-5,10,11。这种模式已经显露正常老化2,3,4,10,11外部干扰处理分歧;尽管在干扰的情况下老化赤字并不总是5;它具有干扰通过干扰项与断续器使用的面孔和场景2,3,4,12，点kinematograms 5,10,11低水平视觉运动的高层次的视觉刺激，而低级别的听觉议案亦尊贵机制频率扫描5。 外部干扰和老化 外部干扰引起的工作记忆在整个生命周期，虽然老年人出比年轻的成年人2,3,13-18更多的负面影响造成了不利影响。老年人也表现出不同的神经活动模式相比，年轻的广告ULTS当试图解决这种干扰3,4,17,21。然而，一些研究没有发现证据这种年龄相关的行为5,19,20或神经5差异与干扰。 有趣的是，在解决老龄化的干扰的影响似乎感官方式不同，但这个问题仍然没有得到解决，目前。视觉intrasensory干扰已被广泛证明具有与年龄有关的下降（中总结了广泛的审查22）。与此相反，许多实验表明在帧内感官听觉干扰19,22-25没有年龄相关缺陷，而另一些研究表明显著年龄相关的增加听觉分心19,22,26-32。此外，干扰的刺激的显着性（全等或不一致的提示和探针刺激之间）2，和刺激复杂性（高或低的处理负载）5-可以与干扰相互作用处理和其在任务目标和年龄差异。 此处所描述的范例通过探测自上而下注意（在任务目标的形式）以及外部干扰刺激分辨率机制的补充的老化干扰文献。从这种模式的视觉面部及现场版本的证据表明老化和干扰型，老年人表明相对于忽略分心3,4出席断续器更大的脆弱性之间的相互作用。这些特征干扰类型之间的行为和神经的差异是很重要的理解能力，控制与衰老如何认知改变。 为什么老年人表明加剧赤字解决待出席断续器？是老年人通过受损的断续器处理过多它们出现的时候，或者没有能力重新激活的主要目标，按照有关确认交涉timuli中断之后，或者通过断续器的长时间加工后它们不再存在或相关33？为了解决这些问题，目前的模式的设计允许对神经活动的比较在时间点之前，期间和之后的不同类型的干扰。例如，通过比较由忽略分心对活动期间出席中断引起的神经活动，可以查明自上而下注意干扰的分辨率在工作存储器的具体影响。 几项研究已经实现了这个干扰范例的多个变体，以了解使用功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和脑电图（EEG）的不同类型的外部干扰的两个在高空间和时间分辨率的神经关联，分别。这种模式也被用来澄清干扰之间的重要区别在视觉和听觉域刺激的复杂性和一致性上的干扰，以及产生的影响。这里，范例的变体进行了详细的说明。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Computer for stimulus presentation</td><td>Dell</td><td>Optiplex GX620</td><td>hardware/software requirements will vary based on stimulus presentation software</td></tr><tr><td>Cathody Ray Tube (CRT) monitor</td><td>ViewSonic</td><td>G220fb</td><td>21&quot;; recommended due to its superior latency relative to that of LCD monitors in displaying visual stimuli; chair should be positioned 75 cm away</td></tr><tr><td>E-Prime software</td><td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td><td>E-Prime 2.0 Standard</td><td>a different experimental presentation software can be used in place of E-Prime (e.g. Presentation (Neurobehavioral Systems), or PsychoPy (open-source); E-Prime and Presentation are compatible with Microsoft Windows, PsychoPy is compatible with Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux)</td></tr><tr><td>Keyboard/response pad for Behavioral or EEG experiments</td><td>Keyboard: Razer; Response Pad: Cedrus</td><td>Keyboard: BlackWidow Ultimate; Response Pad: RB-830</td><td>any standard computer keyboard is acceptable, though response pads may offer more precise timing (ie: Cedrus RB-830 guarantees 1 ms resolution)</td></tr><tr><td>Keyboard/response pad for MRI experiments</td><td>Curdes</td><td>Package 904</td><td>ensure that keypad is MR-compatible</td></tr><tr><td>Headphones (for auditory behavioral experiments)</td><td>Koss</td><td>UR29</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EEG-compatible Headphones (for auditory EEG experiments)</td><td>Etymotic</td><td>ER3-50; ER3-21; ER3-14A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MRI-compatible Headphones (for auditory MR experiments)</td><td>Etymotic</td><td>SD-AU-EAER30</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a cognitive paradigm to investigate interference in working memory by distractions and interruptions

目标导向行为往往从外部环境损害由干扰，无论是在撑开由不相关的信息，一个试图忽略，或者通过中断，要求关注作为另一个（二次）任务目标的一部分信息的形式。这两种形式的外部干扰的已被证明产生不利影响，保持在工作记忆（WM）信息的能力。新出现的证据表明，这些不同类型的外部干扰施加于行为不同的效果，并且可以通过不同的神经机制来介导的。更好的表征无关分心与出席中断了鲜明的神经行为的影响是推进自上而下的关注，外部干扰的分辨率的理解至关重要，这些能力如何成为健康的老龄化和神经退化条件。这份手稿描述了一种新的认知范式开发的Gazzaley实验室有现在被修改成用来阐明干扰的行为和神经相关，由要被忽略干扰项与待出席断续器几个不同的版本。提供细节上的这种范式的变种调查干扰视觉和听觉的方式，多层次的复杂性刺激，并与实验定时脑电图（EEG）优化或功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）的研究。另外，使用这种模式进行审查，并在其上​​的外部干涉，并且在工作存储器解决干扰年龄相关的神经的行为改变的更广泛的文献关系的上下文中讨论获得从年轻和年长的成人参与者数据。

这种干扰模式，使一代就在年轻和年长的成年人（ 见表2摘要）工作记忆的不同行为影响和分散注意力的神经机制和中断的重要发现。 行为。行为上，与现有的文献线，中断始终赋予对工作记忆的表现2-5，10,11,12较大的不利影响与干扰。老年人干扰赤字相对更大表现出年轻的成年人，尤其是在使用复杂的视觉刺激物（面孔和场景）2,3,4</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions at JoVE.com

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

一种新的认知范式开发过程中工作记忆任务阐明干扰行为和神经相关被要被忽略的干扰项与干扰待出席断续器。在这份手稿，这种模式的几个变种有详细的，与这种模式在年轻/年长成人参与者所获得的数据进行审查。

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

a-cognitive-paradigm-to-investigate-interference-working-memory

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

13.5K 次观看.  University of New Mexico. 一种新的认知范式开发过程中工作记忆任务阐明干扰行为和神经相关被要被忽略的干扰项与干扰待出席断续器。在这份手稿，这种模式的几个变种有详细的，与这种模式在年轻/年长成人参与者所获得的数据进行审查。 

视频: A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are frequently used in the research on human action control. One important question in these settings is how distractor stimuli, competing with the target stimulus for a response, influence actions. The distractor-response binding paradigm can be used to investigate this influence. It is particular useful to separately analyze response retrieval and distractor inhibition effects. Computer-based experiments are used to collect the data (reaction times and error rates). In a number of sequentially presented pairs of stimulus arrays (prime-probe design), participants respond to targets while ignoring distractor stimuli. Importantly, the factors response relation in the arrays of each pair (repetition vs. change) and distractor relation (repetition vs. change) are varied orthogonally. The repetition of the same distractor then has a different effect depending on response relation (repetition vs. change) between arrays. This result pattern can be explained by response retrieval due to distractor repetition. In addition, distractor inhibition effects are indicated by a general advantage due to distractor repetition. The described paradigm has proven useful to determine relevant parameters for response retrieval effects on human action.

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

不相干的刺激和动作控制:通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

科研

行为学

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Impairing Effect of Emotion on Cognition

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional distractibility) effects (reviewed in 1). Complementing our recent protocol 2 describing a method that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the memory-enhancing effect of emotion (see also 1, 3-5), here we present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition. The main feature of this method is that it allows identification of reciprocal modulations between activity in a ventral neural system, involved in 'hot' emotion processing (HotEmo system), and a dorsal system, involved in higher-level 'cold' cognitive/executive processing (ColdEx system), which are linked to cognitive performance and to individual variations in behavior (reviewed in 1). Since its initial introduction 6, this design has proven particularly versatile and influential in the elucidation of various aspects concerning the neural correlates of the detrimental impact of emotional distraction on cognition, with a focus on working memory (WM), and of coping with such distraction 7,11, in both healthy 8-11 and clinical participants 12-14.

We present a protocol that allows investigation of the neural mechanisms mediating the detrimental impact of emotion on cognition, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. This protocol can be used with both healthy and clinical participants.

脑成像的情感对认知损害的影响调查

Emotions can impact cognition by exerting both enhancing (e.g., better memory for emotional events) and impairing (e.g., increased emotional ...

神经科学

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: enhancement of sensory signals that are to be attended and the attenuation of sensory signals that are to be ignored. The overall strength of attentional modulation is often measured by comparing the amplitude of a sensory neural response to an external input when attended versus when ignored. This method is robust for detecting attentional modulation, but precludes the ability to assess the separate dynamics of attending and ignoring processes. Here, we describe methodology to measure independently the neurophysiological signals of attending and ignoring using the intermodal attention task (IMAT). This task, when combined with electroencephalography, isolates neurophysiological sensory responses in auditory and visual modalities, when either attending or ignoring, with respect to a passive control. As a result, independent dynamics of attending and of a ignoring can be assessed in either modality. Our results using this task indicate that the timing and cortical sources of attending and ignoring effects differ, as do their contributions to the attention modulation effect, pointing to unique neural trajectories and demonstrating sample utility of measuring them separately.

Attention control comprises enhancement of target signals and attenuation of distractor signals. We describe an approach to measure separately but concurrently, the neurophysiology of attending and ignoring in sustained intermodal attention, utilizing a passive control condition during which neither process is continuously engaged.

忽略并出席在注意控制过程的神经生理信号的测量

Attention control is the ability to selectively attend to some sensory signals while ignoring others. This ability is thought to involve two processes: ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

评估儿童工作记忆:儿童综合评估电池 - 工作记忆（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a higher resumption rate after a period of delay or interruption. The task interruption and resumption protocol described in this research is tailored to test the activation of cognitive goals (e.g., a goal to think more abstractly). Cognitive goals may be pursued even during the interruption period; thus, to prevent this, the protocol involves cognitive distraction. The protocol consists of several stages. Specifically, the initial stage includes the goal activation process, where the treatment (versus control) condition receives a manipulation to activate the cognitive goal being tested by the researcher. In the next stage, participants are presented with the introduction of a task that is perceived to either satisfy or not satisfy the cognitive goal of interest. Importantly, this task is interrupted a few seconds after it begins. The task interruption forces a delay period and introduces a cognitive distraction to prevent the automatic pursuit and fulfillment of the cognitive goal. After the interruption period, participants are given a choice between resuming the interrupted task and abandoning the interrupted task to complete an alternative task instead. Among participants whose cognitive goals had been activated at the earlier stage, the task resumption rate should be higher if the task was perceived as an opportunity to satisfy (versus not satisfy) the goal. Such a finding would provide empirical evidence that the cognitive goal has been activated and pursued. In previous research, this protocol has been used to test whether causal uncertainty activates an abstract thinking goal. Adapting the protocol to test the activation of other cognitive goals is also discussed.

This protocol was designed to test the activation and pursuit of cognitive goals (e.g., an abstract thinking goal) using the task interruption and resumption paradigm. The protocol is suitable for cognitive goals that are automatically pursued once activated, as the distraction procedure prevents goal pursuit during the interruption period.

任务中断和抽象思维的目标测试的激活和恢复追求范式

This protocol is based on the task interruption and resumption paradigm, the premise of which is that active goals lead to persistent behavior and thus a ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. The protocol identifies two types of distraction within a single task - contingent attentional capture and set-specific capture - that represent different types of limitations of cognitive processing. Participants search for letters in two or more &#34;target&#34; ink colors (e.g., green and orange) within a continuous RSVP stream of heterogeneously colored letters, while ignoring two peripheral RSVPs of letters. Upon detecting a target, participants are to identify the letter. On some trials, target-colored distractors appear in the periphery just prior to the presentation of a target, causing a drop in target identification performance. Contingent attentional capture is observed by examining performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., both orange). Set-specific capture is represented by performance on trials in which the peripheral distractor is target-colored (e.g., orange), but not the same color as the target on that trial (e.g., green.) By varying the amount of time (i.e., the number of stimuli appearing) between the presentation of the distractor and the target, researchers can observe how participants recover from these distraction costs over time. As compared to static displays that are often used to measure contingent attentional capture, the dynamic display produces much larger effects, allowing the researcher to identify subtle effects of smaller manipulations. An unusual aspect of our design is that it employs a continuous display; &#34;filler&#34; stimuli connect one trial to the next seamlessly, and participants respond during this interval whenever they detect a target. The continuous display reduces chance performance to near-zero levels (rather than 50%) and provides researchers with a more sensitive measure of performance differences across trial types.

This method uses a dynamic visual display to index costs of distraction during visual search, including both &#34;contingent attentional capture&#34; and &#34;set-specific capture,&#34; which is a cost of distraction that occurs when the participants maintain multiple search goals simultaneously. This method has revealed basic mechanisms and limitations of visual attention.

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Working memory (WM) plays a central role in the comprehension of complex sentences. Its function in the processing of spoken complex sentences is especially evident because spoken complex sentence processing is memory-intensive. The dual-modal interference paradigm has been used to examine how the WM system is involved in complex syntactic processing. This article presents two exemplar experiments involving auditory processing with either intra- or extrasentential interferences. In the first experiment, auditory stimuli [spoken-Chinese relative clause (RC) sentences with two syntactic types: subject-gapped (SRC) vs. object-gapped (ORC)] are interfered with via a visually presented lexical decision task within a sentence and manipulated using three different interference timepoints. In the second experiment, the same auditory stimuli, presented via an auditory window moving technique, are interfered with via a visually presented digital recall task beyond the sentence and manipulated using three digital memory loads. By assessing how the primary task of comprehending the RC sentences is affected by the secondary task, we can tackle the controversial issue concerning Chinese RC processing asymmetry. Our results reveal different patterns of RC processing compared to those reported in previous studies. Experiment 1 manifests no clear RC processing advantages in either SRC or ORC; however, a preference for ORC is observed at the ends of sentences, and a preference for SRC is found at the main verb site. Likewise, Experiment 2 presents a dynamic pattern. Under a no-digit load, SRCs show processing advantages in the RC marker region. However, under higher-digit-load interference, ORCs show processing advantages in the same region. These results lead to the conjecture that no obvious or intrinsic processing asymmetry exists in the processing of Chinese RCs. Using the approach of assessing specific interference during syntactic processing, these experiments demonstrate future research applications that explore the processing metrics of spoken sentences involving working memory.

Here, we present a protocol employing dual-modal interference tasks to examine online processing of spoken-Chinese relative clause sentences. Two exemplar experiments involving auditory processing with intra- and extrasentential interferences are described. The paradigm provides a methodology for addressing the nature of working memory and its effects on sentence processing.

利用双模干扰任务对汉语口语复杂句子的在线句法处理进行考察

Working memory (WM) plays a central role in the comprehension of complex sentences. Its function in the processing of spoken complex sentences is ...

Interaction between Phonological and Semantic Processes in Visual Word Recognition using Electrophysiology

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on orthographic information after which, other representations, such as phonology and semantics are activated, or whether these are fully interactive and high-level semantic information affects early processing. An interference paradigm was implemented in the presented protocol of phonological and semantic judgment tasks that utilized the same precede-target pairs to explore the relative order of phonological and semantic activation. The high- and low-frequency target words were preceded with three conditions: semantically related, phonological-related (homophones), or unrelated. The results showed that the induced P200 component of low-frequency word pairs was significantly greater than high-frequency words in both the semantic and phonological tasks. In addition, both the homophones in the semantic task and the semantically related pairs in the phonological task caused reduction in N400 when compared to the the control condition, word frequency-independently. It is worth noting that for the low-frequency pairs in the phonological judgment task, the P200 released by the semantically related word pairs was significantly larger than that in the control condition. Overall, semantic processing in phonological tasks and phonological processing in semantic tasks were found in both high- and low-frequency words, suggesting that the interaction between semantics and phonology may operate in a task-independent manner. However, the specific time this interaction occurred may have been affected by the task and frequency.

We present a protocol to explore the relative activation sequence of phonology and semantics in visual word recognition. The results show that consistent with interactive accounts, semantic and phonological representations may be processed interactively, and higher-level linguistic representations may affect early processing.

使用电生理学的视觉单词识别中语音和语义过程的相互作用

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on ...

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

General clinical cognitive assessment scales are not sensitive enough to cognitive impairment in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task assessment has advantages for identifying cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients and has been gradually applied in clinical assessment and cognitive training. Moreover, the Stroop paradigm has higher sensitivity and specificity for attentional assessment than conventional clinical cognitive assessment scales. Therefore, this study presents the dual-task assessment based on the Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive deficits in high-functioning stroke patients. This study demonstrates a single- and dual-task evaluation based on the Stroop paradigm and confirms its feasibility through case experiments and synchronized functional near-infrared spectroscopy evaluation. The Stroop reaction time and correct rate are used as the main indicators to evaluate the cognitive level of the subjects. This study protocol aims to provide new ideas to figure out the ceiling effect in general clinical assessment failure for high-functioning stroke patients.

Clinical assessment scales are notsensitive enough to cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients. The dual-task paradigm presents advantages and potential in the assessment and cognitive training of cognitive dysfunction. The study here proposes a dual-task Stroop paradigm to identify cognitive dysfunction in high-functioning stroke patients.