The research reported in this article was supported by a grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft to Christian Frings (FR 2133/1-2).

该协议遵循美国心理学会和世界医学协会（赫尔辛基，1989年经修订的申报）的道德准则。 1，通用实验装置<ol><li>收集数据，通过计算机有关牵张反应的结合作用，在反应时间实验。 </li></ol> 2制备的实验<ol><li>使用标准的实验软件实验程序。大多数以前的研究中使用的E-首相。 </li><li>决定的刺激材料。牵张反应的结合已被证明与单个字母，数字，彩色圆点，图标和位置。 </li><li>创建一个刺激组从两个目标和分心物将被绘制。例如，这组可以包括八个字母S，D，F，G，H，J，K和L。 <ol><li>刺激组分成四组，并指定一个响应到每个组。例如，将S和D的按钮记者用左手的中指，F和G到一个按钮按下的左手食指，H和J到一个按钮按下的右手食指和K和L按钮按下的右手中指。 </li><li>决定一个刺激的安排。一定要呈现的目标和牵张刺激的分组方式。格式塔原则有助于实现刺激的分组。例如，在一个水平而不是垂直线本字母。 </li><li>决定的标准的目标选择。这可以在整个实验保持不变，但它也可以被各显示之前显示。例如，目前的目标和分心在一个水平线上，并定义某些地方到包含目标（ 如 “DKDKD”，其中K为目标和D作为分心）。用于所有显示器相同的刺激安排整个实验过程。 </li></ol></li><li>制备6种不同类型的试验（ 即素探针序列），或thogonally变化响应关系（反应重复使用相同的目标与反应的重复与不同的目标与应对变化）和牵引的关系（重复分心与牵引变）。在每一个素数，每个探头的安排，要小心分心结合和目标映射到不同的反应了。 <ol><li>试用型RRI-DR，落实应对的首要目标，并提出对首相和相同的目标刺激身份探头显示，以探测目标的响应之间的反应的重复。凭同一牵张刺激对黄金和探头显示实现重复分心。 </li><li>试用型RRI-DC，凭的素数，相同的目标刺激身份探头显示器实现响应重复。通过对黄金和探头显示器呈现不同牵张刺激牵张实施变革。 </li><li>试用型RR-D​​R，实施响应REPE天信从的首要相同的响应类别和探头显示器呈现一个目标刺激。凭同一牵张刺激对黄金和探头显示实现重复分心。 </li><li>试用型RR-D​​C，通过对黄金相同的响应类别和探头显示器呈现靶刺激反应实现重复。通过对黄金和探头显示器呈现不同牵张刺激牵张实施变革。 </li><li>试用型RC-DR，由来自不同回应组别的黄金和探头显示器呈现靶刺激反应实施变革。凭同一牵张刺激对黄金和探头显示实现重复分心。 </li><li>试用型RC-DC，由来自不同回应组别的黄金和探头显示器呈现靶刺激反应实施变革。由上呈现不同的牵张刺激牵张实施变革黄金和探头显示。 </li></ol></li><li>根据由相​​应的试验类型中定义的限制，随机从刺激组分配到的刺激主要目标，首要分心，探测目标和探针牵引的作用。切记要小心每个素数，每个探头的安排使用映射到比目标响应不同的干扰项。做任务每次试验类型，并重复此30倍，造成180试验。 </li><li>随机化180试验的顺序。 </li><li>使用60试验随机抽样的做法块。 </li></ol> 3，实验步骤<ol><li>欢迎参加（S）和分配的计算机。在组测试是可能的。测试参与者在个别隔音室是可取的。 </li><li>首先收集诸如年龄，性别和视力有缺陷的附加数据。 </li><li>发出书面指示，其中包括任务的描述（一直按分配到TA的按钮rget刺激而忽略了牵张刺激）和提醒尽可能快的响应，而不犯错误。指令可以通过计算机屏幕进行说明。 </li><li>呈现以下显示在每个试验（参见图1）。的单字母应具有0.5°和1°之间的水平和垂直视角。在各素本目标和牵引器的刺激和每个探针显示彼此相邻（最大化刺激的分组）。 <ol><li>呈现提示（ 如星号），表示到下一个试验可以通过按空格键来启动的参与者。休息可以采取在这一点上试验之间，按下空格键之前。 （或者，使用1500毫秒的intertrial间隔）。 </li><li>在屏幕的中心为500毫秒呈现注视标记（ 例如，一个加号）。 </li><li>呈现在屏幕中央的黄金显示，直到参与者作出反应，公关埃辛的响应按钮之一。 </li><li>登录总理的响应时间（黄金发作，直到响应）和总理的响应精度。 </li><li>如果是一些不准确的响应，目前为1500毫秒的警告，提醒参与者作出反应，速度快，而且尽可能正确。 </li><li>在屏幕的中心为500毫秒呈现注视标记（ 例如，一个加号）。请小心将这段时间黄金的反应之间，探讨发病少于1,000毫秒。 </li><li>目前探头显示在屏幕的中心，直到参与者作出反应，按下响应按钮之一。 </li><li>登录探测响应时间（探针发病直到响应）和探测响应的准确性。 </li><li>如果是一些不准确的响应，目前为1500毫秒，提醒参与者，以尽可能快的反应，但不做错误的警告。 </li></ol></li><li>省略重复响应试验，目标身份重复（ 即RRI试验）排除的目标身份重复效应的影响。 </li><li>对于探头的响应时间的分析，只考虑到黄金和探头的正确反应试验和排除预期（低于200毫秒）和异常（ 如杜克26）的响应时间。 </li><li>进入探测响应时间为2（响应关系研究：重复与变化）×2（分心关系：重复与变化）方差分析。相同的方差分析可用于分析探测错误率。 </li></ol>

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作者什么都没有透露。

的牵引器响应结合的范例是有用的调查，与目标刺激争夺一个响应执行干扰物的影响。特别是，它可以区分已经提出在选择任务影响性能的一些机制。也就是说，涉及牵张刺激检索和抑制效应可以单独分析。此外，也能够操纵的牵引器响应分别结合在此范例的不同方面。如果效果有一定的因素（ 如注意力，牵引靶发病异步，额外的告警信号等）具有与所述牵引器响应集成的兴趣，这...

为了通过信息感知层出不穷操纵我们的方式，为您提供几乎无限的可能性的行为在我们周围的世界，我们的大脑有依靠简单而有效的程序和机制的数量有限。一个重要的机制是选择性注意，即，相关的和不相关的信息之间进行区分的能力。一旦刺激被识别为不相关，抑制挫伤牵引表示1或阻止其进入反应系统，以减少干扰2的激活。分心抑制是认知控制3的核心概念之一。 人类行为的另一个重要特征是，我们的行动不是每一方面都可以被有意控制。其他机制是翻译故意采取行动的话，从信息学报受控和资源要求苛刻的加工产生N，进入高效的行为程序。以前的行为发作的检索可能发挥对行为的这种自动化的重要作用。根据最近的基于实例的模型中，一个特定的刺激可以成为集成与被接近的时间，以刺激的发生执行一个响应。刺激和反应的化合物，然后被存储为一个“实例”4或“事件文件”在情节记忆5,6。再遇到这样的事件文件的刺激导致整个情节从存储器中检索，包括相关联的响应4-8。以前的行为该检索操作快速，自动，通过建立激励驱动程序的行为施加有效的自下而上的行为的控制权。最近的证据表明，这种机制也可以通过干扰项触发，也就是以前的情节和反应分心的检索对人类行为的影响控制以及9。 的牵张反应结合的模式开发，专门调查与靶刺激竞争的反应，对动作控制的影响干扰项。特别是，这种技术允许解开已在牵引器处理的上下文中讨论的两种机制，即牵引器的响应的抑制和牵引器的检索。 从研究使用负启动范式（综述见福克斯10）牵张反应的结合模式的起源。在负启动范式，被重复的探头引线的目标是到较慢的响应时间或更多的错误相比，探测响应未出现在素（ 即负启动效应）首要目标分心。一个困难这种模式一直是至少两种不同的机制可以解释为负primin克效果。一方面，它已经提出了一个主要牵引被禁止在黄金的介绍，以使应对的首要目标。前牵引器的刺激导致的缺点残余抑制，如果该抑制刺激的响应，需要在探头1,11。另一方面，负启动可以是检索机制12,13的结果。例如，奈尔假定素牵引与一个做未响应标签的素数，然后将其取出并依次冲突与应对这种刺激，如果它被重复作为探测目标14一起编码。 最近，激励响应检索理论（SRR 15）假定干扰项集成了并且可以触发响应的检索。这将打开新的可能性分别进行调查的检索效果，由于重复分心。基于事件的编码理论<sup&gt; 16，SRR提出的目标，牵引和响应特性编码在一个临时的情景记忆或跟踪事件文件 。在接下来的遭遇，任何这些刺激（ 即还牵张刺激），可以触发整个事件文件包括目标响应的检索。由于重复分心这些检索的效果已经被称为牵张反应结合 。牵引器-反应结合已经显示出在人类的反应在视觉，听觉，和触觉方式17-19影响性能。它还有调节在选址20的回应。效果证据的各种调节因素分心反应结合不完全是自动的，但影响的行为只能在一定条件下21-23。 该效果是由影响重复分心体现在顺序选择任务对性能依赖于反应的重复。如果相同的反应对黄金和探头获得可重复分心导致更好的性能相比，牵引变，因为分心检索兼容回应。与此相反，如果要求响应的变化，重复该牵引器篮响应作为牵引检索不相容的响应。因此，牵张的检索是通过响应重复×重复分心的交互作用表示。 一个优点在负启动范式是，牵张反应结合的模式可以分心抑制和响应检索24特效区分。而检索效果由反应重复和重复分心的相互作用证明，分心抑制是衡量重复分心的主要作用。即，抑制帐户1,25所预测的，即抑制了相同的刺激连续sh的2倍乌尔德总能带来好处，因为从素抑制分心影响后应促进探头分心抑制。重复分心的这项福利效应，但根据理论独立重复响应的抑制。 进一步分析的先决条件和调制的牵张反应的约束力因素，重要的是要得到一个更好的理解的方式在我们的日常生活中影响人的反应忽略的对象。本文章给出了用于分析分心的检索和分心抑制范式的详细说明。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Standard PC</td>
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			<td style="width:167px;">Various different models have been used in experiments investigating distractor-response binding</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">E-Prime</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Psychology Software Tools</td>
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			<td>Both version 1.0 and version 2.0 have been used</td>
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irrelevant stimuli and action control: analyzing the influence of ignored stimuli via the distractor-response binding paradigm

在这种简单的刺激（ 如字母）都与目标刺激，必须针对一个或多个牵张刺激选择的选择任务中经常使用对人体动作控制的研究。在这些环境中的一个重要问题是，如何分心刺激与目标刺激竞争的响应，影响行动。牵张反应的结合模式，可以用来研究这种影响。这是特别有用的单独分析反应检索和牵张抑制作用。基于计算机的实验是用来收集数据（反应时间和错误率）。在一些连续呈现对刺激阵列（黄金探头设计）的，参与者的目标作出回应，而忽略牵张刺激。重要的是，该因素在每一对（重复与变化）和分心关系（重复与变化）的阵列响应关系是正交变化。的相同的重复牵张然后有根据反应关系（重复与变化）阵列之间不同的效果。这一结果模式可以通过检索的响应由于重复分心来解释。此外，分心抑制效应是由一般的优势表示，由于重复分心。所描述的模式已经证明是有益的，以确定相关参数，对人的行为的反应检索效果。

在2（响应关系研究：重复与变化）×2（分心关系：重复与变化）方差分析探头的响应时间，响应关系及牵张关系的显著交互作用表明牵张反应结合的效果。重复分心的优点是较大的响应比重复响应变化的试验。也就是说，RR-DC和RR-DR试验之间的平均响应时间之差大于RC-DC和RC-DR试验之间的平均响应时间之差显著较大。重复分心的一个显著的主效应表明额外的分心抑制效果。如果模式，预计的牵张反?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm at JoVE.com

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

不相干的刺激和动作控制：通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

irrelevant-stimuli-action-control-analyzing-influence-ignored-stimuli

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.6K 次观看.  Trier University. The distractor-response binding paradigm is described. It can be used to shed light on the influence irrelevant stimuli, competing with targets for a response, can have on human action. Both response retrieval effects and distractor inhibition effects can be analyzed within the paradigm.

视频: Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation (MUNE) Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the functional status of a motor unit pool in vivo. These measures can provide insight into the normal development and degeneration of the neuromuscular system. These measures have clear translational potential because they are routinely applied in diagnostic and clinical human studies. We present electrophysiological techniques similar to those employed in humans to allow recordings of mouse sciatic nerve function. The CMAP response represents the electrophysiological output from a muscle or group of muscles following supramaximal stimulation of a peripheral nerve. MUNE is an electrophysiological technique that is based on modifications of the CMAP response. MUNE is a calculated value that represents the estimated number of motor neurons or axons (motor control input) supplying the muscle or group of muscles being tested. We present methods for recording CMAP responses from the proximal leg muscles using surface recording electrodes following the stimulation of the sciatic nerve in mice. An incremental MUNE technique is described using submaximal stimuli to determine the average single motor unit potential (SMUP) size. MUNE is calculated by dividing the CMAP amplitude (peak-to-peak) by the SMUP amplitude (peak-to-peak). These electrophysiological techniques allow repeated measures in both neonatal and adult mice in such a manner that facilitates rapid analysis and data collection while reducing the number of animals required for experimental testing. Furthermore, these measures are similar to those recorded in human studies allowing more direct comparisons.

Electrophysiological Motor Unit Number Estimation MUNE Measuring Compound Muscle Action Potential CMAP in Mouse Hindlimb Muscles

We present refined protocols that allow in vivo monitoring of motor unit function in the mouse. Techniques to measure compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) in the mouse hind limb muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve are described.

电电机组数估计（MUNE）在小鼠后肢肌肉测量复合肌肉动作电位（CMAP）

Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and motor unit number estimation (MUNE) are electrophysiological techniques that can be used to monitor the ...

科研

行为学

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization (USV) Songs

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup retrieval1, juvenile interactions2, opposite and same sex interactions3,4,5, and territorial interactions6. For decades, the USVs have been used by investigators as proxies to study neuropsychiatric and developmental or behavioral disorders7,8,9, and more recently to understand mechanisms and evolution of vocal communication among vertebrates10. Within the sexual interactions, adult male mice produce USV songs, which have some features similar to courtship songs of songbirds11. The use of such multisyllabic repertoires can increase potential flexibility and information they carry, as they can be varied in how elements are organized and recombined, namely syntax. In this protocol a reliable method to elicit USV songs from male mice in various social contexts, such as exposure to fresh female urine, anesthetized animals, and estrus females is described. This includes conditions to induce a large amount of syllables from the mice. We reduce recording of ambient noises with inexpensive sound chambers, and present a quantification method to automatically detect, classify and analyze the USVs. The latter includes evaluation of call-rate, vocal repertoire, acoustic parameters, and syntax. Various approaches and insight on using playbacks to study an animal&#39;s preference for specific song types are described. These methods were used to describe acoustic and syntax changes across different contexts in male mice, and song preferences in female mice.

Eliciting and Analyzing Male Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalization USV Songs

Mice produce a complex multisyllabic repertoire of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). These USVs are widely used as readouts for neuropsychiatric disorders. This protocol describes some of the practices we learned and developed to consistently induce, collect, and analyze the acoustic features and syntax of mouse songs.

引导和分析男性超声波声（USV）歌曲

Mice produce ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in a variety of social contexts throughout development and adulthood. These USVs are used for mother-pup ...

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making. As such, blood glucose, the body's primary energy source, has been of special interest to researchers for years. Fluctuations in blood glucose have been linked to a variety of changes in cognitive and behavioral processes, such as self-control, political attitudes, and eating behavior. To help meet growing interest in the links between bodily energy need and these processes, this manuscript offers a simple methodology to experimentally manipulate blood glucose using a fasting procedure followed by administration of a sugar-sweetened, unsweetened, or artificially-sweetened beverage. This is followed by presentation of a method for measuring resulting changes in implicit cognition using a lexical decision-task. In this task, participants are asked to identify whether strings of letters are words or non-words and response latencies are recorded. Sample results from a recent publication are presented as an example of the applications for the experimental manipulation of blood glucose and the lexical decision task measures.

The authors introduce a method for manipulating blood glucose and measuring resulting changes in cognitive accessibility of target words using a lexical decision task.

一种操纵血糖和目标刺激的认知辅助测量带来的变化法

Much research in social psychology has investigated the impact of bodily energy need on cognition and decision-making.  As such, blood glucose, the body's ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children's spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed. Conducted in a developmental psychology laboratory behind a one-way mirror and video recorded with a hidden camcorder, the protocol starts with a guessing game where the child is given three trials to guess the identities of hidden objects under an upside down cup. The experimenter gives hints in the first two trials to make sure the child "guess" them correctly. At the beginning of the final trial, the experimenter leaves the room briefly and asks the child not to peek under the cup. If the child could not resist the temptation and peeks, small particles previously filled in the cup would scatter on a grooved surface. Upon the experimenter's return, the child is asked if he/she has peeked. If he/she denies transgression contrary to the presence of the physical evidence, he/she is asked to explain why the particles are on the table. Three responses could be observed in the procedure, including the initial transgression, truth-telling or lie-telling behavior if the child peeked, and the strategic lie-telling behavior in the presence of the physical evidence.

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children&#039;s Strategic Lie-telling

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children&#39;s strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of transgression was intended to be too tempting to resist, so that children&#39;s spontaneous lie-telling behavior in the presence of irreversible evidence due to the transgression could be observed.

修正诱惑力的任务: 一种诱导儿童战略说谎的范式

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded via an eye tracker as the participant produces or comprehends a spoken language describing the concurrent visual world. This paradigm has high versatility, as it can be used in a wide range of populations, including those who cannot read and/or who cannot overtly give their behavioral responses, such as preliterate children, elderly adults, and patients. More importantly, the paradigm is extremely sensitive to fine grained manipulations of the speech signal, and it can be used to study the online processing of most topics in language comprehension at multiple levels, such as the fine grained acoustic phonetic features, the properties of words, and the linguistic structures. The protocol described in this article illustrates how a typical visual world eye tracking study is conducted, with an example showing how the online processing of some semantically complex statements can be explored with the visual world paradigm.

The visual world paradigm monitors participants' eye movements in the visual workspace as they are listening to or speaking a spoken language. This paradigm can be used to investigate the online processing of a wide range of psycholinguistic questions, including semantically complex statements, such as disjunctive statements.

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here investigates how listening to music influences driving behaviors. A driving simulation was selected because it offers both a well-controlled environment and a good level of ecological validity. Driving behaviors were assessed through a car-following task. In practice, participants were instructed to follow a lead vehicle as they would do in real life. The lead vehicle speed changed over time requiring constant speed adjustments for the participants. The inter-vehicular time was used to assess driving behaviors. To complement the driving behaviors, the subjective mood and physiological level of arousal were also collected. As such, the results collected using this method offer insights on both the human internal state (i.e., subjective mood and physiological arousal) and driving behaviors in the car following task.

Here, we present a protocol to assess driving behaviors while following a vehicle in a simulated driving environment. The presented protocol is used to compare the impact of different auditory backgrounds on driving behaviors.

影响下的驾驶: 音乐听力对驾驶行为的影响

Car driving is a daily activity for many individuals in modern societies. Drivers often listen to music while driving. The method presented here ...

Simultaneous Recordings of Cortical Local Field Potentials and Electrocorticograms in Response to Nociceptive Laser Stimuli from Freely Moving Rats

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and human studies to investigate the cortical processing of nociceptive information. These laser-evoked brain potentials (LEPs) consist of several transient responses that are time-locked to the onset of laser stimuli. However, the functional properties of the LEP responses are still largely unknown, due to the lack of a sampling technique that can simultaneously record neural activities at the surface of the cortex (i.e., electrocorticogram [ECoG] and scalp electroencephalogram [scalp EEG]) and inside the brain (i.e., local field potential [LFP]). To address this issue, we present here an animal protocol using freely moving rats. This protocol is composed of three main procedures: (1) animal preparation and surgical procedures, (2) a simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP in response to nociceptive laser stimuli, and (3) data analysis and feature extraction. Specifically, with the help of a 3D-printed protective shell, both ECoG and LFP electrodes implanted on the rat&#39;s skull were securely held together. During data collection, laser pulses were delivered on the rat&#39;s forepaws through gaps in the bottom of the chamber when the animal was in spontaneous stillness. Ongoing white noise was played to avoid the activation of the auditory system by the laser-generated ultrasounds. As a consequence, only nociceptive responses were selectively recorded. Using the standard analytical procedures (e.g., band-pass filtering, epoch extraction, and baseline correction) to extract stimulus-related brain responses, we obtained results showing that LEPs with a high signal-to-noise ratio were simultaneously recorded from ECoG and LFP electrodes. This methodology makes the simultaneous recording of ECoG and LFP activities possible, which provides a bridge of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, thereby facilitating the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

We developed a technique that simultaneously records both electrocorticography and local field potentials in response to nociceptive laser stimuli from freely moving rats. This technique helps establish a direct relationship of electrocortical signals at the mesoscopic and macroscopic levels, which facilitates the investigation of nociceptive information processing in the brain.

在自由运动大鼠的反应中, 皮质局部电位和电皮质图谱的同时记录

Electrocortical responses, elicited by laser heat pulses that selectively activate nociceptive free nerve endings, are widely used in many animal and ...

The HoneyComb Paradigm for Research on Collective Human Behavior

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent literature has revealed that these patterns, often visible at the global level of the group, are based on self-organized, individual behaviors that follow several simple local parameters. Understanding the dynamics of human collective behavior can help to improve coordination and leadership in group and crowd scenarios, such as identifying the ideal placement and number of emergency exits in buildings.
In this article, we present the experimental paradigm HoneyComb, which can be used to systematically investigate conditions and effects of human collective behavior. This paradigm uses a computer-based multi-user platform, providing a setting that can be shaped and adapted to various types of research questions. Situational conditions (e.g., cost-benefit ratios for specific behavior, monetary incentives and resources, various degrees of uncertainty) can be set by experimenters, depending on the research question. Each participant's motions are recorded by the server as hexagonal coordinates with timestamps at an accuracy of 50 ms and with individual IDs. Thus, a metric can be defined on the playfield, and movement parameters (e.g., distances, velocity, clustering, etc.) of participants can be measured over time. Movement data can in turn be combined with non-computerized data from questionnaires garnered within the same experiment setup.
The HoneyComb paradigm is paving the way for new types of human movement experiments. We demonstrate here that these experiments can render results with sufficient internal validity to meaningfully deepen our understanding of human collective behavior.

Here, we present the computer-based, multi-agent game HoneyComb, which enables experimental investigations of collective human movement behavior via black-dot-avatars on a virtual 2D hexagonal playfield. Different experimental conditions, like variable&#160;incentives on goal fields or vision radius, can be set, and their effects on human movement behavior can be investigated.

集体人类行为研究的蜂窝范式

Collective human behavior such as group movement frequently shows surprising patterns and regularities, such as the emergence of leadership. Recent ...

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli

The assessment of pain relies mostly on methods that require a person to communicate. However, for people with cognitive and verbal impairments, existing methods are not sufficient as they lack reliability and validity. To approach this problem, recent research focuses on an objective pain assessment facilitated by parameters of responses derived from physiology, and video and audio signals. To develop reliable automated pain recognition systems, efforts have been made in creating multimodal databases in order to analyze pain and detect valid pain patterns. While the results are promising, they only focus on discriminating pain or pain intensities versus no pain. In order to advance this, research should also consider the quality and duration of pain as they provide additional valuable information for more advanced pain management. To complement existing databases and the analysis of pain regarding quality and length, this paper proposes a psychophysiological experiment to elicit, measure, and collect valid pain reactions. Participants are subjected to painful stimuli that differ in intensity (low, medium, and high), duration (5 s / 1 min), and modality (heat / electric pain) while audio, video (e.g., facial expressions, body gestures, facial skin temperature), and physiological signals (e.g., electrocardiogram [ECG], skin conductance level [SCL], facial electromyography [EMG], and EMG of M. trapezius) are being recorded. The study consists of a calibration phase to determine a subject&#8217;s individual pain range (from low to intolerable pain) and a stimulation phase in which pain stimuli, depending on the calibrated range, are applied. The obtained data may allow refining, improving, and evaluating automated recognition systems in terms of an objective pain assessment. For further development of such systems and to investigate pain reactions in more detail, additional pain modalities such as pressure, chemical, or cold pain should be included in future studies. Recorded data of this study will be released as the &#8220;X-ITE Pain Database&#8221;.

This article focuses on the experimental elicitation of pain through heat (thermal) and electrical stimulation while recording physiological, visual, and paralinguistic responses. It aims at collecting valid multimodal data for analyzing pain based on its intensity, quality, and duration.&#160;

分析疼痛对热和电刺激反应的多模态信号

The assessment of pain relies mostly on methods that require a person to communicate. However, for people with cognitive and verbal impairments, existing ...

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

This protocol introduces a method for generating strictly controlled and objectively defined stimuli for figure recognition experiments. A (6, n) figure consists of n line segments that are spanned between n pairs of points located at the vertices of an invisible regular hexagon. The structural properties (graph invariants) and superficial features (non-graph invariants) of each (6, n) figure with n values ranging from 1 to 6 are calculated and stored in a database. Using this database, experimenters can systematically extract appropriate figures depending on the purpose of the experiment. Furthermore, if the database does not contain necessary information, new feature values can sometimes be calculated ad hoc from the formation of a specific (6, n) figure. Let us call a mirror-reflected pair of figures an axisymmetric (Ax) pair. An Ax pair of figures is known to be more difficult to discriminate than a non-identical pair in the decision of whether the shapes of a given pair are rotated-to-be-identical (Idr). The purpose of the present experiment is to examine whether the sameness of line lengths between two figures in a pair causes the discrimination of the pair to be as difficult as that of an Ax pair. Mutually isomorphic figures share common structural properties despite differences in shape. Ax pairs and Idr pairs are special cases of isomorphic pairs. Furthermore, an Ax pair and Idr pair share most of the superficial feature values, except the relative direction from one location to another location across an axis of symmetry is opposite for an Ax pair. Three types of mutually isomorphic (6, 4) figure pairs were generated: Idr; Ax; and non-identical, non-axisymmetric, isomorphic (Nd) pairs. Nd pairs were further classified into three subcategories according to the superficial feature values of the degree of line length differences.

This protocol describes a method for an experiment that examines whether specific graph and non-graph properties (features) are relevant to the recognition of figures. The method uses a database that stores various feature values of respective figures called (6 point, n line) figures.

为图形识别实验生成严格控制的刺激

This protocol introduces a method for generating strictly controlled and objectively defined stimuli for figure recognition experiments. A (6, n) figure ...