This research was supported by grants from the LuMind Foundation, Research Down Syndrome, and the Alzheimer&#8217;s Association (AS). CP was partially supported by a faculty development grant from the College of Nursing and Health Professions at Arkansas State University.

注：实验按照批准委员会在动物研究在退伍军人事务帕洛阿尔托医疗保健系统的道德标准进行的。 1.高尔基 - 考克斯染色<ol><li>脑提取和染色<ol><li>第1天，通过放血安乐死前，深深地麻醉小鼠100毫克/千克氯胺酮和10毫克/公斤甲苯噻嗪。 </li><li>小心地取出颅骨，并剖析了大脑。 <ol><li>首先去除皮肤上的头骨的顶部，放置一个弯曲剪刀对小脑的顶部并轻轻切穿平行颅盖到中央沟与剪刀的尖端指向向外，朝着朝向嗅球的方向。两侧重复此过程。 </li><li>用手术pincet解除颅骨，同时把它朝嗅球，并打破它。然后，翻转头骨倒过来，用一个接通过视神经切神经和放松大脑。最后，使用挑到大脑从脊髓在枕骨大孔的水平分开。 </li></ol></li><li>立即浸入脑在15毫升市售，未稀释的高尔基体考克斯溶液。存储在大脑中加盖，将20ml玻璃瓶高尔基溶液在室温下在黑暗中。 </li><li>第2天，缓缓倾出溶液，并用15毫升新鲜高尔基考克斯溶液替换。回顾一下含有大脑的瓶子，并留下静置在黑暗中另一个9天。 </li></ol></li><li>切片和嵌入<ol><li> 11日当天，将大脑中30％的蔗糖溶液，准备在DDH 2 O的脱水。 12小时后改变与新配制的30％的蔗糖溶液。孵育3天30％蔗糖溶液的大脑在4℃。 </li><li>在第14天，填的vibratome的贮存用30％的蔗糖溶液，直到刀片被覆盖。设置速度1米米/秒的0.95毫米幅度。 </li><li>吸干大脑用Kimwipe以除去过量的水分并用剃刀刀片切冠除去小脑。 </li><li>使用强力胶牢固地装入整个大脑上的vibratome平台，并允许它为2-4分钟，进行设置。插入与附着脑平台进入储和叶片调整到大脑的顶部。 </li><li>使用的vibratome，切片脑内成150微米厚的切片在室温下，记忆每第三大脑后改变刀片。 </li><li>拿起从储存的部分用小刷子尖和浸入成含有0.3％明胶在双蒸2 O制成的陪替氏培养皿而部分残留在培养皿中，添加0.5毫升0.3％明胶的每个幻灯片上，并用刷子来传播和涂覆的Superfrost +幻灯片。 </li><li>轻轻拿起浸渍部分从培养皿并将其放置到胶凝幻灯片。通过定向脑切片触摸它们只在其两侧，而不是顶部。 </li><li>经过约10分钟，涂上30％蔗糖的章节之前组织完全干燥。然后空气干燥，于黑暗处准备的滑动的滑动架3天。 </li><li>稀释市售10倍显影液至1x使用双蒸2 O.浸泡在显影液7-10分钟的幻灯片。冲洗玻片3次，双蒸2 O. </li></ol></li><li>脱水<ol><li>用蒸馏水双蒸2 O制备的20％，30％，40％，50％，60％，70％，80％，90％和95％的乙醇溶液</li><li>浸泡的幻灯片中越来越高的乙醇溶液，每次10分钟。 </li><li>浸泡的幻灯片在100％的乙醇溶液，每次10分钟，3次。 </li><li>浸泡的幻灯片在100％二甲苯中连续3次，每次5分钟，保持部分在最终溶液中，直到它们盖滑落。 </li><li>将DPX（二正丁酯，邻苯二甲酸酯在二甲苯）的安装介质（AB的大方量出1-1.5毫升）用塑料吸管转移每张幻灯片上。小心地将盖玻片，以避免气泡。 </li><li>空气干燥盖滑脑切片水平3天。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Doublecortin染色<ol><li>深深麻醉（见步骤1.1.1）的动物。 </li><li>用新鲜配制的4％多聚甲醛磷酸盐缓冲液12发进行心脏灌注。 </li><li>提取大脑（见1.1.2），并存储于45ml的4％多聚甲醛在4℃下过夜上的摇床上。 </li><li>大脑转移到30％蔗糖溶液，并等待完整脱水48小时，在4℃。从蔗糖取出大脑，并直接将它们放在置于干冰上的铜块。 </li><li>填具有最佳切割温度（OCT）化合物的块，并使用嗅球作为地标标记的脑的定向。 </li><li>使用低温恒温器，切割70微米厚的切片在-20ºC，并把它们在冷冻保护剂溶液（25％乙二醇，25％的甘油，在0.05M磷酸钠缓冲液，pH 7.4）中，并保持在-20℃直到使用。 </li><li>使50％的冷冻保护剂和50％的甲醇的溶液。向此溶液中添加0.5％过氧化氢（体积/体积）。孵育浮动切片30分钟，在室温下进行。 </li><li>在37ºC的TBS（Tris缓冲盐水）30-40分钟暖段通过将它们放置在一个组织学烘箱。 </li><li>孵育0.3％的Triton和3％正常马血清的章节之前，免疫染色45分钟，在室温下进行。孵育4ºC的部分一夜之间在DCX抗体稀释1 3毫升的解决方案：500 TBS与0.3％的Triton和1％的正常马血清。 </li><li>翌日洗部分连续3次的TBS（各10分钟）。 </li><li>孵育用生物素化的马抗山羊部分（1：200在TBS​​中）为2小时，在室温下进行。在TBS中洗部分连续3次（每次10分钟）。 </li><li>孵育吨下摆与ABC精简版（1：1,000）1.5小时，在室温下进行。 </li><li>加入5微升30％的H 2 O 2至10毫克DAB的溶解于15ml的1M的Tris-HCl（pH值7.6）的（3,3“二氨基联苯胺）溶液1片剂。在该溶液中5分钟，立即孵育部分。 </li><li>洗涤他们用冰冷的TBS三次随后在TBS中洗涤一次，在室温下使反应终止。 </li><li>脱水用一系列乙醇溶液（50％，60％，70％，80％，90％，95％，100％，每5分钟），明确在二甲苯的部分，然后用覆盖的DPX滑移如在步骤1.3。 </li></ol> 3.可视化<ol><li>继部分完全干燥，去除用锋利的刀片幻灯片上面多余的DPX，并把他们放在显微镜扫描阶段。该系统由装备有扫描阶段，控制杆，和一个彩色12位相机的显微镜的。 </li><li>启动该程序。打开一个新的数据文件。 </li><li>地方通过点击鼠标指针在任何地方在屏幕上的参考点。这将激活所有从程序窗口的工具面板的图标。 </li><li>点击工具栏上的“摇杆自由”图标，然后用操纵杆来定位海马齿状回的第一部分。 </li><li>在程序窗口的“工具”选项卡，选中“序列部门经理”。点击在窗口的左下角的“新科”图标。这将打开“串行科设置”窗口。 </li><li>选择的串行部分设置窗口，然后输入包含海马区切片的总数。选择评估间隔。输入部分切割厚度（70微米的DCX和150微米的高尔基染色切片）。 </li><li>首先点击工具栏中的“写意轮廓图”图标，跟踪齿状回区。概述齿状颗粒细胞层。&lt;/ li&gt; <li>从“放大”菜单中选择“100X”。添加一滴浸油的部分和切换目标100X。在找到这一目标的齿状颗粒细胞体和树突。 </li><li>专注于一个选定的神经元，然后单击工具栏上的“神经元跟踪”图标。跟踪齿状颗粒细胞体的周长。当跟踪完成后，单击鼠标右键，选择“完成胞体”。 </li><li>开始的x，y和z方向手动跟踪的树突和使用操纵杆和z马达旋钮按照每个分支。在分叉或三叉节点，选择在右键下拉菜单中选择相应的选项。跟踪每个源于这些节点的分支。在每个分支末端单击鼠标右键，从下拉菜单中选择“结束”。 </li><li>在软件窗口中使用箭头键图标随机选择另一齿状颗粒细胞，并按照同样的程序DESCRIBED步骤3.9-3.10。保存整个跟踪。 </li><li>启动神经跟踪软件。 </li><li>从实验组的第一鼠标打开第一NRX数据文件。追加实验组的第二只老鼠的NRX文件。继续下去，直到该组所有的NRX文件被追加。 </li><li>在分析选项卡，选择“范在-图”。这将打开风扇在分析窗口。查马克“树突”，然后单击显示，描绘树突的长度和分支模式这组小鼠（ 图1）。 </li></ol> 4. EDFI 注意：此方法使用户通过每个场的z轴快速记录大量图像并生成包含所有的聚焦像素整个z轴2D图像。其结果将是一个包含从收集到的图像都聚焦像素的合成图像。 <ol><li>显微镜连接到数字凸轮时代。首先将部分在连接到显微镜扫描的阶段，然后切换到10倍的目标。移动台到感兴趣的区域。 </li><li>启动视频捕捉程序。 </li><li>按下录制按钮。只要记录按钮被按下时，使用宏对焦旋钮从顶部移动到段的底部，总共4秒。保存生成的视频文件。 </li><li>使用ImageJ的免费软件来打开文件并将其保存在非压缩文件格式的AVI视频文件转换成压缩格式。 </li><li>开始图像分析程序并打开该AVI文件。进入“进程”菜单中，单击“扩展景深”。选择相应的视频文件。在“输出”选项中，选择“生成复合的最佳聚焦图像”。 </li><li>在“焦点分析”选项中，选择“归照明”和“最大局部对比度”选项。然后，选择“酶Cre吃了“。所产生的图像代表所有的聚焦像素在整个Z轴（ 图2）。 </li><li>保存生成的图像。 </li></ol> 5.生成极其高清晰度图片注：此方法允许用户自动生成低倍率和高倍率高分辨率图像非常高分辨率的图像在一个自动化的方式。 <ol><li>第一放置部分上连接到所述显微镜的扫描阶段。在显微镜被连接到一台数码相机。移动台到感兴趣的区域。 </li><li>启动图像采集程序。 </li><li>使用10X物镜和取得并保存的高分辨率（4076 X 3116）图片来自感兴趣的区域并确保至少有10％的重叠。 </li><li>运行图像编辑复合缝合图像。 </li><li>转到文件菜单，然后单击“新建全景”。选择其中的图像是ST的文件夹或运算。选择属于同一区域，然后按“确定”按钮图像。 </li><li>按“导出到磁盘”按钮，保存图像。此图像表示感兴趣，可以用来分析和/或演示（ 图3）的区域的超高分辨率图像。 </li></ol>

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这里，两个方法被描述以量化在使用中与RTI和EDFI结合常规染色方法成熟和新生神经元树突分支的程度。采集的神经元的高分辨率图像提供了一个非常有效的方法，用于测试的神经变性疾病的有害影响，并反过来，提供了一种方法来评估靶向海马神经元的治疗策略。 而RTI方法用于捕获深度数据有关树枝状和地形的程度，所述EDFI方法不能提供有关该个体的段或树木的复杂度信息...

动态改变在突触的数量和结构的发展，老化的标志，以及众多的神经变性疾病1-3。神经元的接收和整合突触信息的能力取决于树枝状形态和动态的改变在突触连接。事实上，一个正相关树突棘和突触数目，这既影响认知功能4之间存在。因此，这并不奇怪，在树突棘数目递减已与认知功能障碍相关的一些神经障碍5-7，促使在树突棘量化了极大的兴趣。然而，脊柱密度的量化仍然是一个耗时且繁琐的任务失败，以产生与通过该树突树突触的地形和分布的有用信息。幸运的是，染色方法（ 如高尔基-考克斯和doublecortin（DCX））结合与先进的成像技术可以被用来克服目前的障碍，并以可靠和迅速的方式产生树突分支的高清晰度图像。而高尔基-考克斯染色法可以部署到评估所有神经元树突8树枝状的状态，DCX可以部署鉴于神经发生在这两个标签新生神经元特别是在齿状回和脑室下区9，一个重要的考虑因素这些地区的整个生命周期10,11。 染色后，两个成像方法被部署，以评估树突特性：ⅰ）实时成像（RTI）和场成像（EDFI）的ⅱ）延伸的深度。的RTI技术提供的平均来跟踪和量化树枝状的长度和顺序沿个体树突段和分支。因此，它使一个估算的总面积和每个树突树占据的体积。多个Specifically，在该RTI方法的用户连续地识别段和迭代地重新聚焦为神经元的跟踪软件收集在x，y和z的树枝状结构的坐标和重构树枝状结构在三维的轨迹。相比之下，EDFI方法提供了一种相当简单的，快速的用于通过产生合成图像，从而提供对整个z轴信息评估相当厚的组织标本树突密度的手段。这样做时，用户记录的高清晰度视频文件贯穿部的厚度，然后使用软件来搜索视频帧以识别点，其中一个像素是完全聚焦。随后，将聚焦像素被合并和集成到一个高分辨率，复合2D图像。这种复合图象包含分别在焦，不论其在z轴位置的所有像素。这些2D图像的定性和定量分析随后可以用来确定密度的树枝状分枝中的每个字段。 最后，我们提出了一个全景方法用于产生极高分辨率的图像进行分析和树突的评估在感兴趣的整个区域。这种技术可以被部署到克服缺乏接入的到非常高的分辨率和昂贵的数码相机。使用这种方法，因此一个捕获在沿x轴和y轴的不同位置的序列的图像，然后自动缝合在一起使用免费软件（ 例如 ，图片复合编者）。值得注意的是，可以在一个相当宽的区域被用于树突分支的定性和定量评估此方法。

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assessment of dendritic arborization in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal region in mice

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity and extent of dendritic arborization correlates well with the synaptic plasticity in these cells. A reliable method for assessment of dendritic arborization is needed to characterize the deleterious effects of neurological disorders on these structures and to determine the effects of therapeutic interventions. However, quantification of these structures has proven to be a formidable task given their complex and dynamic nature. Fortunately, sophisticated imaging techniques can be paired with conventional staining methods to assess the state of dendritic arborization, providing a more reliable and expeditious means of assessment. Below is an example of how these imaging techniques were paired with staining methods to characterize the dendritic arborization in wild type mice. These complementary imaging methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess dendritic arborization that span a rather wide area within the hippocampal region.

从现存的和刚出生的齿状颗粒细胞产生树枝状的程度用两种高尔基-考克斯或DCX染色（ 图1）在野生型小鼠进行分析。 DCX阳性细胞的树突状段被发现是13-36微米长。使用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验树突长度的正态分布进行了测试（D = 0.1217，P &lt;0.01，Liliefors P &lt;0.001; 图4和5）。 在每个订单树枝状的长度段的分析，最长的片段被发现在树枝状（38.38 + ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice at JoVE.com

Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

树突分支中的海马区对小鼠的齿状回评

Dendritic arborization has been shown to be a reliable marker for examination of structural and functional integrity of neurons. Indeed, the complexity ...

assessment-dendritic-arborization-dentate-gyrus-hippocampal-region

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.2K 次观看.  VA Palo Alto Health Care System. We describe two methods for visualization and quantification of dendritic arborization in the hippocampus of mouse models: real-time and extended depth of field imaging. While the former method allows sophisticated topographical tracing and quantification of the extent of branching, the latter allows speedy visualization of the dendritic tree.

视频: Assessment of Dendritic Arborization in the Dentate Gyrus of the Hippocampal Region in Mice

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other insects proprioception is provided by specialized sensory organs termed chordotonal organs (ChOs) 2. Like many other organs in Drosophila, ChOs develop twice during the life cycle of the fly. First, the larval ChOs develop during embryogenesis. Then, the adult ChOs start to develop in the larval imaginal discs and continue to differentiate during metamorphosis.
The development of larval ChOs during embryogenesis has been studied extensively 10,11,13,15,16. The centerpiece of each ChO is a sensory unit composed of a neuron and a scolopale cell. The sensory unit is stretched between two types of accessory cells that attach to the cuticle via specialized epidermal attachment cells 1,9,14. When a fly larva moves, the relative displacement of the epidermal attachment cells leads to stretching of the sensory unit and consequent opening of specific transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) channels at the outer segment of the dendrite 8,12. The elicited signal is then transferred to the locomotor central pattern generator circuit in the central nervous system.
Multiple ChOs have been described in the adult fly 7. These are located near the joints of the adult fly appendages (legs, wings and halters) and in the thorax and abdomen. In addition, several hundreds of ChOs collectively form the Johnston's organ in the adult antenna that transduce acoustic to mechanical energy 3,5,17,4.
In contrast to the extensive knowledge about the development of ChOs in embryonic stages, very little is known about the morphology of these organs during larval stages. Moreover, with the exception of femoral ChOs 18 and Johnston's organ, our knowledge about the development and structure of ChOs in the adult fly is very fragmentary.
Here we describe a method for staining and visualizing ChOs in third instar larvae and pupae. This method can be applied together with genetic tools to better characterize the morphology and understand the development of the various ChOs in the fly.

Visualization of Proprioceptors in Drosophila Larvae and Pupae

A method to immunostain and visualize chordotonal organs in larvae and pupae of Drosophila melanogaster is described.

可视化本体感受器<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫和蛹

Proprioception is the ability to sense the motion, or position, of body parts by responding to stimuli arising within the body. In fruitflies and other ...

科研

神经科学

Dual Electrophysiological Recordings of Synaptically-evoked Astroglial and Neuronal Responses in Acute Hippocampal Slices

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs through activation of their ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors, and process information in part through activity-dependent release of gliotransmitters. Furthermore, astrocytes constitute the main uptake system for glutamate, contribute to potassium spatial buffering, as well as to GABA clearance. These cells therefore constantly monitor synaptic activity, and are thereby sensitive indicators for alterations in synaptically-released glutamate, GABA and extracellular potassium levels. Additionally, alterations in astroglial uptake activity or buffering capacity can have severe effects on neuronal functions, and might be overlooked when characterizing physiopathological situations or knockout mice. Dual recording of neuronal and astroglial activities is therefore an important method to study alterations in synaptic strength associated to concomitant changes in astroglial uptake and buffering capacities. Here we describe how to prepare hippocampal slices, how to identify stratum radiatum astrocytes, and how to record simultaneously neuronal and astroglial electrophysiological responses. Furthermore, we describe how to isolate pharmacologically the synaptically-evoked astroglial currents.

The preparation of acute brain slices from isolated hippocampi, as well as the simultaneous electrophysiological recordings of astrocytes and neurons in stratum radiatum during stimulation of schaffer collaterals is described. The pharmacological isolation of astroglial potassium and glutamate transporter currents is demonstrated.

双突触诱发的星形胶质细胞和神经元的反应，在急性海马脑片电生理记录

Astrocytes form together with neurons tripartite synapses, where they integrate and modulate neuronal activity. Indeed, astrocytes sense neuronal inputs ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

谷氨酸和GABA快速微离子导入：一个有用​​的工具，调查突触整合

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.

Trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC) was used to assess hippocampal-dependent associative learning in adult rats that were administered a high concentration (11.9% v/v) of alcohol during early neonatal brain development. In general, ECC procedures are sound diagnostic tools for detecting brain dysfunction across many psychological and biomedical settings.

使用的跟踪经典条件反射，评估胎儿酒精谱系障碍大鼠模型海马功能障碍

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

Assessment of Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Aged Mice Using the Golgi-Cox Method

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching variations of the neuronal dendrites within the hippocampus are implicated in cognition and memory formation. There are several approaches to Golgi staining, all of which have been useful for determining the morphological characteristics of dendritic arbors and produce a clear background. The present Golgi-Cox method, (a slight variation of the protocol that is provided with a commercial Golgi staining kit), was designed to assess how a relatively low dose of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-flurouracil (5-Fu) would affect dendritic morphology, the number of spines, and the complexity of arborization within the hippocampus. The 5-Fu significantly modulated the dendritic complexity and decreased the spine density throughout the hippocampus in a region-specific manner. The data presented show that the Golgi staining method effectively stained the mature neurons in the CA1, the CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. This protocol reports the details for each step so that other researchers can reliably stain tissue throughout the brain with high quality results and minimal troubleshooting.

Here we present a Golgi-Cox protocol in extensive detail. This reliable tissue stain method allows for a high-quality assessment of the cytoarchitecture in the hippocampus, and throughout the entire brain, with minimal troubleshooting.

使用高尔基Cox方法评估老年小鼠海马树突状复杂性

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching ...

Recording Synaptic Plasticity in Acute Hippocampal Slices Maintained in a Small-volume Recycling-, Perfusion-, and Submersion-type Chamber System

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful analysis of synaptic transmission modulation when performing field potential or intracellular recordings. This manuscript describes methodological aspects that might be helpful in improving experimental conditions for the maintenance of acute brain slices and for recording field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in a commercially available submersion chamber with an outflow-carbogenation unit. The outflow-carbogenation helps to stabilize the oxygen level in experiments that rely on the recycling of a small buffer reservoir to enhance the cost-efficiency of drug experiments. In addition, the manuscript presents representative experiments that examine the effects of different carbogenation modes and stimulation paradigms on the activity-dependent synaptic plasticity of synaptic transmission.

This protocol describes the stabilization of the oxygen level in a small volume of recycled buffer and methodological aspects of recording activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in submerged acute hippocampal slices.

小容积回收-灌注-浸没式室系统中维持的急性海马切片的突触可塑性记录

Even though experiments on brain slices have been in use since 1951, problems remain that reduce the probability of achieving a stable and successful ...

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. Drosophila larval neuronal dendritic arborization (da) is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis of neural dendrites and gene function in the development of nervous system. There are four classes of da neurons. Class IV is the most complex with a branching pattern that covers almost the entire area of the larval body wall. We have previously characterized the effect of silencing the Drosophila ortholog of SOX5 on class IV neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) using four parameters: the length of dendrites, the surface area of dendrite coverage, the total number of branches, and the branching structure. This protocol presents the workflow of NDAC quantitative analysis, consisting of larval dissection, confocal microscopy, and image analysis procedures using ImageJ software. Further insight into da neuronal development and its underlying mechanisms will improve the understanding of neuronal function and provide clues about the fundamental causes of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

This protocol focuses on quantitative analysis of neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) in Drosophila, which can be used for studies of dendritic morphogenesis.

嗜德维人神经元树突状树突状复杂度的定量分析

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. ...

An Invasive Method for the Activation of the Mouse Dentate Gyrus by High-frequency Stimulation

Electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS), using implanted electrodes targeting various brain regions, has been proven as an effective treatment for various neurological and psychiatric disorders. HFS in the deep region of the brain, also named deep-brain stimulation (DBS), is becoming increasingly important in clinical trials. Recent progress in the field of high-frequency DBS (HF-DBS) surgery has begun to spread the possibility of utilizing this invasive technique to other situations, such as treatment for major depression disorder (MDD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and so on. 
Despite these expanding indications, the underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of HF-DBS remain enigmatic. To address this question, one approach is to use implanted electrodes that sparsely activate distributed subpopulations of neurons by HFS. It has been reported that HFS in the anterior nucleus of the thalamus could be used for the treatment of refractory epilepsy in the clinic. The underlying mechanisms might be related to the increased neurogenesis and altered neuronal activity. Therefore, we are interested in exploring the physiological alterations by the detection of neuronal activity as well as neurogenesis in the mouse dentate gyrus (DG) before and after HFS treatment. 
In this manuscript, we describe methodologies for HFS to target the activation of the DG in mice, directly or indirectly and in an acute or chronic manner. In addition, we describe a detailed protocol for the preparation of brain slices for c-fos and Notch1 immunofluorescent staining to monitor the neuronal activity and signaling activation and for bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling to determine the neurogenesis after the HF-DBS induction. The activation of the neuronal activity and neurogenesis after the HF-DBS treatment provides direct neurobiological evidence and potential therapeutic benefits. Particularly, this methodology can be modified and applied to target other interested brain regions such as the basal ganglia and subthalamic regions for specific brain disorders in the clinic.

This protocol shows how to set up a reliable HFS method in mice. Neurons throughout the hippocampal dentate gyrus are electrically stimulated by HFS directly and indirectly in vivo. Neuronal activity and molecular signaling are examined by c-fos and Notch1 immunofluorescent staining, respectively; neurogenesis is quantified by bromodeoxyuridine labeling assay.

高频刺激激活小鼠齿状回的侵袭方法

Electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS), using implanted electrodes targeting various brain regions, has been proven as an effective treatment for ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Despite the popularization of prepulse inhibition (PPI) in recent years, many current protocols promote using a percent of control measure, thereby precluding the assessment of temporal processing. The present study used cross-modal PPI and gap prepulse inhibition (gap-PPI) to demonstrate the benefits of employing a range of interstimulus intervals (ISIs) to delineate effects of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age. Assessment of sensory modality, psychostimulant exposure, and age reveals the utility of an approach varying the interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function, including increases (sharper curve inflections) or decreases (flattening of the response amplitude curve) in startle amplitude. Additionally, shifts in peak response inhibition, suggestive of a differential sensitivity to the manipulation of ISI, are often revealed. Thus, the systematic manipulation of ISI affords a critical opportunity to evaluate temporal processing, which may reveal the underlying neural mechanisms involved in neurocognitive disorders.

Temporal processing, a preattentive process, may underlie deficits in higher-level cognitive processes, including attention, commonly observed in neurocognitive disorders. Using prepulse inhibition as an exemplar paradigm, we present a protocol for manipulating interstimulus interval (ISI) to establish the shape of the ISI function to provide an assessment of temporal processing.

间刺激间隔对啮齿类动物时间处理评估的力量

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Preparation of Acute Slices from Dorsal Hippocampus for Whole-Cell Recording and Neuronal Reconstruction in the Dentate Gyrus of Adult Mice

Although the general architecture of the hippocampus is similar along its longitudinal axis, recent studies have revealed prominent differences in molecular, anatomical and functional criteria suggesting a division into different sub-circuits along its rostro-caudal extent. Owing to differential connectivity and function the most fundamental distinction is made between the dorsal and the ventral hippocampus, which are preferentially involved in spatial and emotional processing, respectively. Accordingly, in vivo work regarding spatial memory formation has focused on the dorsal hippocampus.
In contrast, electro-physiological in vitro recordings have been preferentially performed on intermediate-ventral hippocampus, largely motivated by factors like slice viability and circuit integrity. To allow for direct correlation of in vivo data on spatial processing with in vitro data we have adapted previous sectioning methods to obtain highly viable transverse brain slices from the dorsal-intermediate hippocampus for long-term recordings of principal cells and interneurons in the dentate gyrus. As spatial behavior is routinely analyzed in adult mice, we have combined this transversal slicing procedure with the use of protective solutions to enhance viability of brain tissue from mature animals. We use this approach for mice of about 3 months of age. The method offers a good alternative to the coronal preparation which is frequently used for in vitro studies on dorsal hippocampus. We compare these two preparations in terms of quality of recordings and preservation of morphological features of recorded neurons.

We present a protocol to prepare acute-slices from the dorsal-intermediate hippocampus of mice. We compare this transversal preparation with coronal slicing in terms of quality of recordings and preservation of morphological features of recorded neurons.