这项研究是由"联邦德RECHERCHE 3C"，艾克斯 - 马赛大学和欧盟Euprim-NET-II项目（＃RII3-026155）的支持。这项工作是由公共资助由法国国家研究署（ANR）作为节目LICORNES（ANR-12-CULT-0002）和ASCE（ANR-13-PDOC-0004）的一部分监管支持。鲁塞的河畔弧CNRS灵长类站的工作人员承认的技术支持。

伦理学声明:这项研究进行了按照法国标准，并从法国国家伦理委员会，在"科米特D&#39;Ethique CE-14倾L&#39;实验安尼米尔"获得批准。程序也与协会的动物行为学研究的指导方针是一致的。 1. ALDM试验单位建立注:设置ALDM检验单位按柴草和Paleressompoulle 1。 <ol><li>如创建1所描述的尺寸（0.7×0.7×0.8米3）测试室。确保每一个试验室拥有2侧透明侧壁。装备每个试验室用一个滑门，可以是打开或关闭的背面（ 见图1）。打开ALDM单元的后门，以提供从外壳进入测试系统。 </li><li>适应测试室的前面板与（7.3×7厘米2 </SUP&gt;）查看端口提供在位于单元前面的触摸屏19和2 handports视觉与触摸屏互动手册。 </li><li>安装，如1所述的连接到围绕每个手端口的微芯片读取器的天线。该天线将捕获被检体的RFID标识。 </li><li>在电容式触摸屏在各个试验室的前面安装一个19。触摸屏用于呈现的刺激，并记录响应有关的变量（精度和响应时间）。从屏幕中分离视口25厘米。 </li><li>一台PC计算机连接到每个测试单元，这将有助于运行测试程序。 注:在每次试验中，测试程序确定受试者的测试方案（ 例如，显示器，刺激持续时间等属性）和相关联的行为的措施（ 例如，响应时间，精度）来确定所述RFID猴子技术。 </li><li>食品分配器连接到PC COMPUT<html>通过并行端口呃如1所述。该分配器提供晶粒ALDM猴区域内的干小麦。 </li><li>如1所述注入的RFID微芯片在该组的每个人的前臂。 注:此过程应该根据兽医实践来进行。 </li></ol><img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig1highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图1:图（A）和原理图的ALDM单元的图（B）。每个测试单元具有五个主要构成要素。 （ 一 ）触摸屏; （B）handport; （C）视口; （ 四）食品贩卖机提供食物的笼子里后，正确的反应; （ 五）计算机; （F）提供门从机柜的访问。fig1highres.jpg"目标="_空白"&gt;点击此处查看该图的放大版本。 2. ALDM网络设置<ol><li>安装10 ALDM单元内的两个8×4米2拖车，5 ALDM单元在每个拖车，如1所述。每个ALDM测试单元连接到通过IP地址访问的唯一控制服务器（ 见图2）。确保ALDM单元既可以下载和上传信息从/给服务器。 </li><li>写一个电脑测试程序，下载文本文件从服务器一旦猴子是由ALDM测试单元按1确定。在文本文件中，提供指示在当前的实验状态使用单位的猴的（在训练或测试阶段已经进行的试验的数量）。写的测试程序，使得它可以使用该信息用于呈现所述训练或测试试通过的实验程序预定义的。 </li><li>插入测试编程的，米内嵌脚本，使得它从服务器上传和下载数据。确保ALDM单位，每天两次的同步时钟ALDM。 注意:对于此过程中，10 ALDM单元可以提供指示在其上猴使用哪个单位，并且当，因此提供在使用该测试系统的社会动态信息。 </li><li>编写测试程序，使得每次试验前，测试程序上传从猴子的目前的实验状态服务器的信息。一旦试验完成，ALDM单位将更新服务器上的主题的文本文件。 注意:这个问题的上的控制服务器保证了学员将在预定义的测试程序进行测试的独立测试ALDM单位决定使用，相关参数的集中。 </li><li>存储以下数据作为每次试验后的文本文件:日期，时间一天（HH:MM:SS格式），目前的测试程序的名称，猴名称，数量屁股igned到ALDM测试单元（ 例如，1），测试水平（ 例如，培训），得分（1 =正确的行为反应; 2 =不正确的响应），以毫秒精确的响应时间。 </li></ol><img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig2highres.jpg" width="700" /> 图2:在ALDM网络示意图每个ALDM单位接收并处理来自/到一个独特的控制服务器提供的信息<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击这里查看该图的放大版本。</a> 3.插图社会认知的研究中采用ALDM网络的注:ALDM协议具有猴子可以与计算机自由交互的独特优势，同时保持他们的社交组。现介绍如下3协议说明日E使用的ALDM测试单位网络收集狒狒"（ 狒狒狒狒 ）的社会认知前所未有的信息。 <ol><li>电脑ALDM测试相结合的行为（行为学）意见: 注:本研究的主要目标是在电脑ALDM测试，以评估价的情感状态（正与负）对动物的认知能力的影响。该过程在图3中概述，并在此研究的全部细节刊登在Marzouki 等 10 <ol><li>安装一个视觉搜索任务由一个目标视觉刺激的选择中的每一台计算机上几个干扰项。 </li><li>在八天观察和手动记录其行为机壳中的每个单独的展览，并在与同步到控制服务器的定时器。 </li><li>组的行为表现出在外壳中相对应的三组情绪积极的社会事件（ 例如，梳洗），感情上负面的社会事件（ 如威胁），以及情感非社会（中性）的事件（ 例如，对象操作）。 </li><li>下面一行为观察在机箱内分析一个3分钟的时间窗口得到的视觉搜索任务的响应时间。同步行为观察和计算机数据，并分析（ 见图3）。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig3.jpg" /> 图3:第3.1节的示意图表示在外壳的自发行为记录在平行于ALDM测试认知能力。 <ol start="2"><li> ALDM测试期间社会影响的评估: 注:此协议的目的是对认知能力的记录DUR学习效果的观众荷兰国际集团电脑ALDM测试。在这项研究的全部细节刊登在于盖等 。11 <ol><li>每个ALDM测试单元，安装在其中一个圆后跟在屏幕右侧的或左侧的响应时，平行四边形，提出的任务。 </li><li>让猴子用10 ALDM测试系统，因为他们想要的。因此，一些猴子可以使用相邻的测试系统。记录下哪些个人使用的系统。 注:狒狒可以看到他们的同种（当存在时）使用拖车的其它的测试设置，由于每个单元的透明的侧壁。 </li><li>确保测试程序记录每一个人的表现，以及在审判的社会环境（ 即，如果对方ALDM测试部同时被使用，以及由谁）。 </li><li>这取决于社会环境的响应时间分析的变化。 </li></ol></li><li>通过电脑TRA文化演变评估nsfer从个人到个人信息: 注:此协议的开发，研究通过链参与者发送的信息的演变。该过程在图4中 ，并在此研究的完整细节概述刊登在Claidière 等 12 <ol><li>培养学员解决一个简单的记忆任务中，他们第一次看到四个随机选择的红色方块在四乘四格，否则白色的。 400毫秒后改变所有的红色方块为白色，并要求参与者摸了以前红色的正方形。 </li><li>当训练完成后，使用一个参与者的行为反应（该正方形触摸），以产生所述刺激为在链中的下一个体（参见图4）。除了链中的第一个人的量，网格由计算机随机生成的。 </li><li>与传动和数量分析成功的任务传输停滞的事件。 </li></ol></li></ol><img alt="图4" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig4highres.jpg" width="600" /> 图4:第3.3节的示意图第一狒狒（第1代）必须完成的一组由计算机产生的50次试验。本狒狒的运动反应，然后用来创建在传输链中的刺激对于第二狒狒（第2代）。重复这个过程，直到链上的最后一个狒狒进行了测试。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig2highres.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看该图的放大版本。</a>

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The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

灵长类动物学家一直在表达认知社会和非社会各方面的强烈兴趣。然而这两个层次的理解的集成是困难的。社会测试是在实验室有时进行的，但对受试者13一个非常有限的数目。的ALDM单位的网络提供这方面的4个主要优点:（1）ALDM测试使用高度精密（电脑）协议和认知过程的毫秒级精确测量; （2）ALDM测试所研究的动物的自然社会环境中实现; （3）ALDM测试可以提出大集团，以完成我们的研究; （4）ALDM测试需要社会交往的自发发生的优点，并且不限制个人特定的社会环境。 因此ALDM网络开辟途径，综合性和认知​​多维分析相结合的社会和非社会因素秒。 本文说明了使用三个协议这种综合方法，但这些关键的插图旁边许多其他的可能性存在。例如，在收集我们实验室的初步（未发表）的证据表明，利用相邻单元测试的猴子也有自己的范围内社会团体的强烈affiliative债券。如果此效果被证实，然后ALDM测试的自动化将使大量信息上社会动态集合的可促进纵向社会计量研究（ 例如，基于社会距离的措施）在非人类灵长类动物。 ALDM测试的局限性仍然是未知的，在这个阶段。举例来说，它仍然是未知到什么程度的受试者的活性水平可以通过该组的社会结构（ 例如，性别比率）的影响。尽管如此，ALDM测试似乎是一个非常有前途的工具来弥合研究之间的明显差距上个体认知和那些更侧重于社会认知。它的使用提供了机会，以找出可能影响个人的认知，并更准确地衡量其影响的社会因素。另外，我们之前的研究已经表明，ALDM测试还促进动物福利:它们是降低压力水平（从皮质醇水平推断和异常的刻板的数量）行为富集形式3。因此，ALDM测试似乎对科学家和动物非常有益，并且应当更广泛地应用在未来在实验室和动物园。

灵长类的认知实验的实验室研究已经几乎有系统的青睐隔离动物4的测试，根据解决的问题。这个经典的实验室程序显示了其效率，我们的大部分问题，如感知，记忆，推理和抽象的概念知识来源于孤立科目的测试。测试孤立的个人传达许多实用的优点;这种方法有助于复杂的实验设计结合行为的高度严格的测量（ 例如，毫秒计时），这将是不可访问。然而，这个过程也有其局限性，当它涉及到社会影响的认知，特别是研究。研究人员常常被迫离开先进的实验室环境有利于大机箱或野生环境中时，他们的研究涉及个人之间的社会互动。这种选择是有代价的，因为它是睦ħ更难以控制实验因素并测量它们与精密实验室外的相同水平的效果。了解如何真正的社交互动影响的认知是人类和非人类灵长类动物中最困难的科学挑战之一。 本论文提出了一种新的实验方案，旨在减轻这个普通难度，调查的社会认知实验室基于非人灵长类动物。柴草和Paleressompoulle 1和柴草和邦泰2在半自由的条件提出的猴子认知能力的评估最近发表的自动学习装置（ALDM）。这种方法结合使用传统的实验室与射频识别（RFID）技术的操作性条件反射技术。在实践中，生活在他们的社会群体猴子从他们的户外机柜的免费访问几个ALDM检验单位。 ADLMs consist包含所有的在实验室传统上提供必要的设备开放测试系统，特别是一个触摸屏来显示的刺激和记录响应和一个食品分配器提供的奖励。记载的RFID微芯片阅读器读取当它进入一个ALDM测试单元中的参与者的数字身份，和测试程序使用此信息来呈现分配给此特定主题的研究方案。 在过去的5年积累的证据已经清楚地表明，（1）ALDM测试增强了参与者1,2和（2）有利于复杂的学习5,6的动机。 ALDM测试也似乎有益于动物福利方面，并降低了参与者3的应力水平，也见7。所述ALDM测试过程由几个研究小组用冠（ 猕猴黑 ）和恒河猴（ 恒河猴）猕猴工作激发测试设备的发展<s向上&gt; 7,8和鸽子（ 科伦巴利维娅 ）9。我们的论文的主要目标是展示ALDM测试在社会认知领域研究的潜在贡献。这个协议的三个不同用途被描述用于这一目的。该ALDM测试单位已经在柴草和Paleressompoulle 1的细节被描述。它们示于图1和下面简要描述。 ALDM测试单元是开放式接入操作条件的测试系统配备有射频识别（RFID）的系统，该系统读取猴的所述RFID芯片，因此，其身份，一旦它进入测试系统。刺激呈现在触摸屏上，并且食物奖励交付测试系统内部的正确的响应，给出（选择正确的刺激）对这些刺激后。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Touch screen</td><td></td><td></td><td>model ET1939L from Elotouch; Berwyn, IL</td></tr><tr><td>RFID microchip reader</td><td></td><td></td><td>model Petscan RT100 Version 5, Real Trace; Villebon sur Yvette, France</td></tr><tr><td>Eprime software</td><td></td><td></td><td>Professional, V 2.0, Psychology Software Tools, Pittsburg, PA</td></tr><tr><td>PC computer connected to a network</td><td></td><td></td><td>HP-Pavillon, programmed in our laboratory</td></tr><tr><td>Food dispenser</td><td></td><td></td><td>Home made in our laboratory</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessment of social cognition in non-human primates using a network of computerized automated learning device (aldm) test systems

柴草和Paleressompoulle 1和柴草和邦泰2已发表 ​​的自动学习设备（ALDM）为保持在半自由放养条件猴子认知能力的研究。在过去五年积累的数据一直表现出这个协议，调查猴子个人/物理认知的效率，并进一步表明，这种方法动物试验中3减轻压力水平。本文表明ALDM的网络也可用于研究社会认知的不同方面和在组表示在猴子的行为，并描述了一种用于此目的开发了三种说明性的协议。第一项研究演示了如何社会行为和认知能力的电脑评估行为学评估可以综合调查的社会情绪表现出对个人的认知能力的影响。第二个STUDY表明ALDM蓄电池并联运行可提供他人对任务绩效存在的影响的独特信息。最后，最后研究表明，ALDM测试单元网络也可用于研究与社会传输和文化演进的问题。结合在一起，这三项研究清楚地表明ALDM测试是一个非常有前景的实验工具弥合个人的认知研究和研究之间的动物文学的差距对社会的认知。

如图5，以下负面valenced行为，例如威胁的响应时间，较下面的中性（ 例如，对象的操作）显著慢，并积极valenced社会行为，如梳理。这项研究表明，社会情绪的影响在认知测试中的表现。有兴趣的读者会发现在Marzouki 等人 10关于这项研究的更详细信息。在图6中 ，相对于隔离，其他人的存在而降低响应时间（与存在于拖车个体数的响应时间减少），这表明一个社会精心了解到反应促进效应。更详细的有关此研究可以在于盖等上找到。11 图7表示在传输过程中的试验性能的提高（蓝色正方形），但不是在一个控制（随机）状态（黄色圆圈）。铁道部<html>在这项研究Ë详细信息可在Claidière 等人发现。12 <img alt="图5" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig5.jpg" width="500" /> 图5:在视觉搜索任务从3.1节的说明性结果平均响应时间（毫秒），紧随其后的社会正面，负面或中性的事件。误差棒代表标准偏差（SD）。 <img alt="图6" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig6.jpg" width="500" /> 图6:从3.2节说明性结果上的良好反应学到的速度存在的社会效果。该图显示平均的响应时间（毫秒），这取决于在相邻ALDM测试单元中的每个试验期间存在同种的数量。误差棒代表标准误差（SE）。 帐篷"FO:保持together.within页="总是"&gt; <img alt="图7" src="/files/ftp_upload/52798/52798fig7highres.jpg" width="500" /> 图7:从3.3节的说明性结果狒狒的增加在传输过程中的试验（蓝色方块）传输事件（代）的数量，但不是在随机对照试验（黄圈）的成功（50试验报酬平均数）。误差棒代表SE。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems at JoVE.com

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

柴草和Paleressompoulle 1已发表 ​​的自动学习设备（ALDM）目的是在半自由放养的猴子测试个体的认知能力。我们的协议的主要目的是利用ALDM测试单元的网络来研究社会认知在非人灵长类。

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

Fagot &#38; Paleressompoulle1 and Fagot &#38; Bonte2 have published an automated learning device (ALDM) for the study of cognitive abilities of monkeys ...

assessment-social-cognition-non-human-primates-using-network

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Social Psychology

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Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

Foundations of Social Psychology

Social Judgement and Decision-Making

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.0K 次观看.  Aix-Marseille University. 柴草和Paleressompoulle 1已发表 ​​的自动学习设备（ALDM）目的是在半自由放养的猴子测试个体的认知能力。我们的协议的主要目的是利用ALDM测试单元的网络来研究社会认知在非人灵长类。 

视频: Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device ALDM Test Systems

Assessment of Social Interaction Behaviors

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and stability of the networks and relationships that define societies. For animals, such as mice, recognition of conspecifics may be important for maintaining social hierarchy and for mate choice 1.
A variety of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized by disruptions in social behavior and social recognition, including depression, autism spectrum disorders, bipolar disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and schizophrenia. Studies of humans as well as animal models (e.g., Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus musculus, Rattus norvegicus) have identified genes involved in the regulation of social behavior 2. To assess sociability in animal models, several behavioral tests have been developed (reviewed in 3). Integrative research using animal models and appropriate tests for social behavior may lead to the development of improved treatments for social psychopathologies.
The three-chamber paradigm test known as Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty protocol has been successfully employed to study social affiliation and social memory in several inbred and mutant mouse lines (e.g. 4-7). The main principle of this test is based on the free choice by a subject mouse to spend time in any of three box's compartments during two experimental sessions, including indirect contact with one or two mice with which it is unfamiliar. To quantitate social tendencies of the experimental mouse, the main tasks are to measure a) the time spent with a novel conspecific and b) preference for a novel vs. a familiar conspecific. Thus, the experimental design of this test allows evaluation of two critical but distinguishable aspects of social behavior, such as social affiliation/motivation, as well as social memory and novelty. "Sociability" in this case is defined as propensity to spend time with another mouse, as compared to time spent alone in an identical but empty chamber 7. "Preference for social novelty" is defined as propensity to spend time with a previously unencountered mouse rather than with a familiar mouse 7. This test provides robust results, which then must be carefully analyzed, interpreted and supported/confirmed by alternative sociability tests. In addition to specific applications, Crawley's sociability test can be included as an important component of general behavioral screen of mutant mice.

Here we describe a detailed protocol for examination of sociability in mice by using Crawley's sociability and preference for social novelty test. We describe the advantages and possible applications for this procedure, including critical details important for correct interpretation of the results.

社会交往行为的评估

Social interactions are a fundamental and adaptive component of the biology of numerous species. Social recognition is critical for the structure and ...

科研

神经科学

Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

The corticospinal (CS) tract is the anatomical support of the exquisite motor ability to skillfully manipulate small objects, a prerogative mainly of primates1. In case of lesion affecting the CS projection system at its origin (lesion of motor cortical areas) or along its trajectory (cervical cord lesion), there is a dramatic loss of manual dexterity (hand paralysis), as seen in some tetraplegic or hemiplegic patients. Although there is some spontaneous functional recovery after such lesion, it remains very limited in the adult. Various therapeutic strategies are presently proposed (e.g. cell therapy, neutralization of inhibitory axonal growth molecules, application of growth factors, etc), which are mostly developed in rodents. However, before clinical application, it is often recommended to test the feasibility, efficacy, and security of the treatment in non-human primates. This is especially true when the goal is to restore manual dexterity after a lesion of the central nervous system, as the organization of the motor system of rodents is different from that of primates1,2. Macaque monkeys are illustrated here as a suitable behavioral model to quantify manual dexterity in primates, to reflect the deficits resulting from lesion of the motor cortex or cervical cord for instance, measure the extent of spontaneous functional recovery and, when a treatment is applied, evaluate how much it can enhance the functional recovery.
The behavioral assessment of manual dexterity is based on four distinct, complementary, reach and grasp manual tasks (use of precision grip to grasp pellets), requiring an initial training of adult macaque monkeys. The preparation of the animals is demonstrated, as well as the positioning with respect to the behavioral set-up. The performance of a typical monkey is illustrated for each task. The collection and analysis of relevant parameters reflecting precise hand manipulation, as well as the control of force, are explained and demonstrated with representative results. These data are placed then in a broader context, showing how the behavioral data can be exploited to investigate the impact of a spinal cord lesion or of a lesion of the motor cortex and to what extent a treatment may enhance the spontaneous functional recovery, by comparing different groups of monkeys (treated versus sham treated for instance). Advantages and limitations of the behavioral tests are discussed. The present behavioral approach is in line with previous reports emphasizing the pertinence of the non-human primate model in the context of nervous system diseases2,3.

As manual dexterity is a prerogative mainly of primates, behavioral tasks have been developed in macaque monkeys. Four reach and grasp prehension tasks, measuring hand manipulation ability and force, allow to establish functional recovery after a lesion of the central nervous system and to test the effect of a treatment.

在非人类灵长目动物行为评估手巧

The corticospinal (CS) tract is the anatomical support of the exquisite motor ability to skillfully manipulate small objects, a prerogative mainly of ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

一个多认知功能测试，并记录在啮齿动物的神经元活动的完全自动化和高度灵活的系统

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, numerous behavioral tasks have been created, many of which utilize an option to decline memory tests. To assess metamemory in rats, we utilized this decline-test option paradigm by adapting previous visual delayed-match-to-sample tests (DMTS)1,2 developed for primate species to an odor-based test suitable for rodents. First,&#160;rats are given a sample to remember by digging in a cup of scented sand. After a delay, the rat is presented with four distinctly scented cups, one of which contains the identical scent experienced during the sample; if this matching cup is selected, then the rat obtains a preferred, larger reward. Selection of any of the other three non-matching sand-filled scented cups results in no reward. Retention intervals are individually titrated such that subjects perform between 40 and 70% correct, therefore ensuring rats sometimes remember and sometimes forget the sample. Here, the operational definition of metamemory is the ability to distinguish between the presence and absence of memory through behavioral responding. Towards this end, on two-thirds of trials, a decline option is presented in addition to the four choice cups (choice trials). If the decline-test option- an unscented colored sand cup, is selected, the subject receives a smaller less-preferred reward and avoids the memory test. On the remaining third of trials, the decline-test option is not available (forced trials), causing subjects to guess the correct cup when the sample is forgotten. On choice tests, subjects that know when they remember should select the decline option when memory is weak rather than take the test and choose incorrectly. Therefore, significantly higher performance on chosen tests as compared to forced memory tests is indicative of the adaptive use of the decline-test response and metacognitive responding.

This protocol describes a method for investigating the possibility of metamemory, or memory awareness, in rodents. The odor-based delayed-matching-to-sample paradigm is a novel, ecologically-relevant behavioral test useful for determining the extent to which rodents can adaptively respond based on cognitively monitoring the strength of their memory states.

用基于气味的延迟配对试验对大鼠元认知应答的测试

Metamemory involves the cognitive ability to assess the strength of one&#39;s memories. To explore the possibility of metamemory in non-human animals, ...

行为学

Automated, Long-term Behavioral Assay for Cognitive Functions in Multiple Genetic Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Using IntelliCage

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive decline, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), have become a promising tool to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and promote the therapeutic advances. An important step is the validation and characterization of expected behavioral abnormality in the models, in the case of AD, cognitive decline. The long-term behavioral investigations of laboratory animals to study the effect of aging demand substantial efforts from researchers. The IntelliCage system is a high-throughput and cost-effective test battery for mice that eliminates the need for daily human handling. Here, we describe how the system is utilized in the long-term phenotyping of a genetic Alzheimer&#39;s disease model, specifically focusing on the cognitive functions. The experiment employs repeated battery of tests that assess spatial learning and executive functions. This cost-effective age-dependent phenotyping allows us to identify the transient and/or permanent effects of genes on various cognitive aspects.

This paper describes a protocol for cognitive assessments for genetic models of the Alzheimer&#39;s disease using the IntelliCage system, which is a high throughput automated behavioral monitoring system with operant conditioning.

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

Multiple factors&#8212;such as aging and genes&#8212;are frequently associated with cognitive decline. Genetically modified mouse models of cognitive ...

Noninvasive, In-pen Approach Test for Laboratory-housed Pigs

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidences have increased in both civilian and military populations, and many researchers are adopting a porcine model for TBI. Unlike rodent models for TBI, there are few behavioral tests that have been standardized. A larger animal requires more invasive handling in test areas than rodents, which potentially adds stress and variation to the animals&#39; responses. Here, the human approach test (HAT) is described, which was developed to be performed in front of laboratory pigs&#39; home pen. It is noninvasive, but flexible enough that it allows for differences in housing set-ups.
During the HAT, three behavioral ethograms were developed and then a formula was applied to create an approach index (AI). Results indicate that the HAT and its index, AI, are sensitive enough to detect mild and temporary alterations in pigs&#39; behavior after a mild TBI (mTBI). In addition, although specific behavior outcomes are housing-dependent, the use of an AI reduces variation and allows for consistent measurements across laboratories. This test is reliable and valid; HAT can be used across many laboratories and for various types of porcine models of injury, sickness, and distress. This test was developed for an optimized manual timestamping method such that the observer consistently spends no more than 9 min on each sample.

This protocol describes a new behavioral test&#8212;the human approach test in the pigs&#39; home pen&#8212;to detect functional deficits in laboratory pigs after subconcussive traumatic brain injury.

实验室安置猪的非侵入性、笔内方法测试

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) incidences have increased in both civilian and military populations, and many researchers are adopting a porcine model for ...

A System for Tracking the Dynamics of Social Preference Behavior in Small Rodents

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and observer-independent manner. Since the beginning of the millennium, the three-chamber test has been widely used as a standard paradigm to evaluate sociability (social preference) and social novelty preference in small rodents. However, this test suffers from multiple limitations, including its dependence on spatial navigation and negligence of behavioral dynamics. Presented and validated here is a novel experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test, while also solving some of its caveats. The system requires a simple and affordable experimental apparatus and publicly available open-source analysis system, which automatically measures and analyzes multiple behavioral parameters at individual and population levels. It allows detailed analysis of the behavioral dynamics of small rodents during any social discrimination test. We demonstrate the efficiency of the system in analyzing the dynamics of social behavior during the social preference and social novelty preference tests as performed by adult male mice and rats. Moreover, we validate the ability of the system to reveal modified dynamics of social behavior in rodents following manipulations such as whisker trimming. Thus, the system allows for rigorous investigation of social behavior and dynamics in small rodent models and supports more accurate comparisons between strains, conditions, and treatments.

Described here is a novel automated experimental system that offers an alternative to the three-chamber test and also solves several caveats. This system supplies multiple behavioral parameters that enable rigorous analysis of small rodent behavioral dynamics during the social preference and social novelty preference tests.

跟踪小啮齿动物社会偏好行为动态的系统

Exploring the neurobiological mechanisms of social behavior requires behavioral tests that can be applied to animal models in an unbiased and ...

Assessment of Mouse Judgment Bias through an Olfactory Digging Task

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This phenomenon has long been observed in humans, with individuals in positive states responding to ambiguity 'optimistically' and those in negative states instead showing 'pessimism'. Researchers aiming to assess animal affect have taken advantage of these differential responses, developing tasks to assess judgment bias as an indicator of affective state. These tasks are becoming increasingly popular across diverse species and fields of research. However, for laboratory mice, the most widely used vertebrates in research and a species heavily relied upon to model affective disorders, only one JB task has been successfully validated as sensitive to changes in affective state. Here, we provide a detailed description of this novel murine JB task, and evidence of its sensitivity to mouse affect. Though refinements are still necessary, assessment of mouse JB opens the door for answering both practical questions regarding mouse welfare, and fundamental questions about the impact of affective state in translational research.

This article provides a detailed description of a novel mouse judgment bias protocol. Evidence of this olfactory digging task's sensitivity to affective state is also demonstrated and its utility across diverse research fields is discussed.

通过嗅觉挖掘任务评估小鼠判断偏差

Judgment biases (JB) are differences in the way that individuals in positive and negative affective/emotional states interpret ambiguous information. This ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>小鼠模型中自闭症谱系障碍的行为检测

Strategies for Assessing Autistic-Like Behaviors in Mice

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically complex condition with a heterogeneous genetic etiology. Clinically, ASD is diagnosed by social communication impairments and restrictive or repetitive behaviors, such as hand flapping or lining up objects. These behavioral patterns can be reliably observed in mouse models with ASD-linked genetic mutations, making them highly useful tools for studying the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms in ASD. Understanding how genetic changes affect the neurobiology and behaviors observed in ASD will facilitate the development of novel targeted therapeutic compounds to ameliorate core behavioral impairments. Our lab has employed several protocols encompassing well-described training and testing procedures that reflect a wide range of behavioral deficits related to ASD. Here, we detail two assays to study the core features of ASD in mouse models: self-grooming (a measure of repetitive behavior) and the three-chamber social interaction test (a measure of social interaction approach and preference for social novelty).

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

Rodent models are valuable tools for studying core behaviors related to autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this article, we expound on two behavioral tests for modeling the core features of ASD in mice: self-grooming, which assesses repetitive behavior, and the three-chamber social interaction test, which documents social impairments.

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurobiologically complex condition with a heterogeneous genetic etiology. Clinically, ASD is diagnosed by social ...

社会认知的非人类灵长类动物评估使用电脑自动学习设备（ALDM）测试系统的网络

摘要

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社会交往行为的评估

在非人类灵长目动物行为评估手巧

一个多认知功能测试，并记录在啮齿动物的神经元活动的完全自动化和高度灵活的系统

用基于气味的延迟配对试验对大鼠元认知应答的测试

基于 IntelliCage 的阿尔茨海默病多基因模型认知功能的自动、长期行为检测

实验室安置猪的非侵入性、笔内方法测试

跟踪小啮齿动物社会偏好行为动态的系统

通过嗅觉挖掘任务评估小鼠判断偏差

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略

评估小鼠自闭症样行为的策略