Name: applying an inducible expression system to study interference of bacterial virulence factors with intracellular signaling
Uploaded: 2015-06-25T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 51 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the Collaborative Research Initiative 796 (SFB796) to A.L. and C.B., and through the ERA-NET PathoGenoMics 3rd call to A.L.

1.产生的稳定细胞系的利益表达的蛋白<ol><li>通过加入热灭活的FCS和1％青霉素/链霉素准备媒体市售Dulbecco&#39;s改良的Eagle培养基（DMEM），补充有含有GlutaMAX-I，丙酮酸，和4.5g / L的D-葡萄糖。 </li><li>在5％CO 2培养HEK293细胞中的媒体，在37℃。子培养细胞每三天。删除媒体和悬浮细胞15毫升新鲜培养基。吸管1毫升到一个新的75cm 2的细胞培养瓶中，并添加14毫升介质。 </li><li>通过使用血球分析细胞数量。 </li><li>种子HEK293细胞在6孔板中以每孔2×10 5个细胞的密度，并培育24小时。 </li><li>转染使用由转染试剂的制造商提供的协议。转染使用转染试剂的细胞与载体pEGFP-C2或质粒pEGFP-C2-CAEB。在使用之前，预热染REAG耳鼻喉科和需要RT媒体。使用3:1的比例转染试剂与DNA。 <ol><li>详细地说，吸移管1.5微升转染试剂直接加入50微升无血清DMEM培养基。为复合物形成，吸取0.5的DNA编码GFP或GFP-CAEB到转染试剂含有混合物的微克孵育15分钟，在室温。 </li><li>通过在逐滴方式加入，将反应混合物转染细胞并在5％CO 2孵育在37℃下24小时。 </li></ol></li><li>加入1毫克/毫升，在5％CO 2的遗传霉素进行选择的GFP阳性克隆在37℃。 </li><li> 6天后，分离单个细胞通过流式细胞术在一个96孔板窝藏介质和HEK293上清液在1排序:1的比例。产生从该均在4966×g下离心15分钟培养汇合HEK293细胞的HEK293上清液。 </li><li>在接下来的一天，更换培养基含有1.5培养基0毫克/ ml遗传霉素。更改每周一次的媒体。如果细胞形成汇合单层，将它们转移到一个24孔板中。 5在介质含有1.5毫克/ ml遗传:每周以1:1的比例分培养细胞两次。最后，分析GFP阳性细胞的免疫印迹分析的百分比和流式细胞术。 </li></ol>通过免疫分析稳定细胞系2.分析<ol><li>除去上清液，用温PBS洗涤一次附着的细胞。将细胞重悬于100微升的2×Laemmli样品缓冲液中，加热5分钟，在95℃，并储存在-20℃。 </li><li>加载在12％SDS-PAGE凝胶，每个样品约4×10 4个细胞。此外，负载6微升市售蛋白质梯作为分子量标记物。 180伏的恒定电压下运行的凝胶电泳系统凝胶45-60分钟，用1×Laemmli的运行缓冲液。 </li><li>吸干蛋白到PVDF膜上（0孔径。为45μm），在16伏特用于使用一台转印迹SD半干转移细胞60分钟的恒定电压。 </li><li>块膜在10ml的5％脱脂奶粉的PBS / 0.05％吐温20（MPT）中1小时，在室温。 </li><li>稀释4微升抗GFP抗体在4毫升MPT和孵化膜O / N在4℃。 </li><li>执行三个10分钟的洗涤步骤，用10毫升的PBS / 0.05％吐温20。 </li><li>孵育膜用0.8微升辣根过氧化物酶缀合的第二抗体在4毫升的MPT的。 </li><li> 1小时后在室温下孵育，洗膜三次，用PBS / 0.05％吐温20（如在2.6中描述），并根据制造商的方案检测辣根过氧化物酶活性用市售的试剂盒。适用标准装备片开发可视化蛋白质带。 </li></ol> 3.分析使用流式细胞仪的细胞。 <ol><li>重悬在PBS细胞。使用HEK293细胞作为阴性对照调整前进SC东北黑钙土（FSC）和侧向散射（SSC），以使细胞在规模。在排除细胞双峰，聚集和细胞碎片活细胞绘制一个门。 </li><li>调整光电倍增管（PMT）的增益，以使未染色细胞是在最左边的直方图的FL1通道（488纳米氩离子激光）的。 </li><li>为了分析的HEK293-GFP和HEK293-GFP-CAEB细胞的荧光强度打开FL1通道的直方图，并采集门控人口10,000个事件。 </li><li>分析使用商业FACS分析软件中的数据。 </li></ol> 4.转染的稳定细胞系的诱导表达系统的<ol><li>种子HEK293细胞稳定表达GFP或GFP-CAEB在12孔板中以1×10 5个细胞/孔的密度。 </li><li> 19小时后播种，共转染的细胞，调节质粒和反应质粒编码两种或Bax蛋白活化的caspase 3。 <ol><li>共转染的稳定的HEK293细胞用100ng pWHE125-P调节器质粒（ 图2）和100ng的响应质粒pWHE655-hBax或pWHE655-revCasp3（ 图3）和0.4微升的聚乙烯亚胺。 </li><li>制备的DNA和聚乙烯亚胺染试剂每75微升的Opti-MEM培养基中，孵育在室温，精确至5分钟。为复合物形成，孵育两种混合物一起进行15分钟，在室温。 </li></ol></li><li>添加聚乙烯亚胺/ DNA溶液滴至细胞并在5％CO 2孵育在37℃。 </li></ol> 5.诱导细胞凋亡<ol><li> 5小时转染后，通过加入1μg/ ml的多西环素的培养基中诱导的促凋亡蛋白的表达。在5％CO 2孵育细胞18小时，在37℃。 </li></ol>宿主细胞凋亡的免疫分析6.分析<ol><li>检查之前H细胞在光学显微镜下arvesting检查细胞死亡诱导。细胞凋亡是可检测由死的细胞周围的凋亡小体的存在。 </li><li>除去上清液，用温PBS洗涤一次附着的细胞。将细胞重悬于100微升的2×Laemmli样品缓冲液中，加热5分钟，在95℃，并储存在-20℃。 </li><li>加载在12％SDS-PAGE凝胶，每个样品约4×10 4个细胞。此外，负载6微升市售蛋白质梯作为分子量标记物。 180伏的恒定电压下运行的凝胶电泳系统凝胶45-60分钟，用1×Laemmli的运行缓冲液。 </li><li>吸干蛋白到PVDF膜（0.45微米孔径大小）以16伏特用于使用一台转印迹SD半干转移细胞60分钟的恒定电压。 </li><li>块膜在10ml的5％脱脂奶粉的PBS / 0.05％吐温20（MPT）中1小时，在室温。 </li><li>稀释4μ升反切割聚ADP-核糖聚合酶（PARP）抗体在4毫升MPT和孵化O / N在4℃。 </li><li>执行三个10分钟的洗涤步骤，用10毫升的PBS / 0.05％吐温20。 </li><li>孵育膜用0.8微升辣根过氧化物酶缀合的第二稀释在4ml MPT抗体。 </li><li> 1小时后在室温下孵育，洗膜三次，用PBS / 0.05％吐温20（如在6.7中描述），并检测辣根过氧化物酶的活性具有根据制造商的协议商业试剂盒。适用标准装备片开发可视化蛋白质带。 </li><li> 30分钟，在室温下孵育除去结合的抗体用7ml Western印迹溶出缓冲区。 </li><li>洗涤三次后，用PBS / 0.05％吐温20（如在6.7中描述），探针与4微升抗肌动蛋白抗体的4ml MPT O / N在4℃下的膜。 </li><li>经过三次洗涤步骤，MPT（如6.7所述），孵化膜与0.8微升豪rseradish过氧化物酶缀合的二抗稀释于4ml的MPT的。 </li><li> 1小时后在室温下孵育，洗膜三次，用PBS / 0.05％吐温20（如在6.7中描述和检测辣根过氧化物酶的活性通过根据制造商的协议商业试剂盒。应用的标准设备胶片显影可视化蛋白条带。 注意:在板振荡器上在指定的时间和温度进行所有的孵育步骤。 </li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

许多病原细菌怀有分泌系统分泌或易位细菌效应蛋白进入宿主细胞。这些效应蛋白具有调节在宿主细胞中的过程和途径，从而使细菌存活并在其各自的细胞内利基复制的能力。了解生化活动和效应蛋白的分子机制将有助于建立一个更好地了解致病性，并可能有助于开发新的治疗手段，以抗击疾病。另外，作为效应蛋白经常通过模仿宿主细胞活动发挥它们的功能，它们也可以被用来进一步了解真核?...

许多革兰氏阴性细菌病原体的毒力取决于专门的分泌系统劫持真核宿主细胞。细菌利用这些分泌系统注入细菌毒性蛋白（效应物）到宿主细胞来调节各种细胞和生化活性。效应蛋白的研究不仅提供了卓越的洞察宿主/病原体相互作用的基本方面，但也到真核细胞1的基础生物学。宿主细胞凋亡的调节已被证明是一种重要的毒力机制的许多细胞内病原体，和一些效应蛋白调节细胞凋亡已经确定2-9。然而，他们的活动的精确的分子机制仍然是难以捉摸的，在许多情况下。 细胞凋亡，程序性细胞死亡的一种形式，在免疫应答中起重要作用，以感染10。导致细胞凋亡的两个主要途径有已经确定:针对线粒体（内在凋亡）或信号的直接转导通过细胞死亡受体在质膜（外源性凋亡）。本征或线粒体介导的细胞死亡途径由细胞内信号所触发的，并涉及Bax和Bak的，所述的Bcl-2家族的两个促凋亡成员的活化。这家由控制细胞死亡11-14亲和抗凋亡调节蛋白。细胞凋亡的激活导致低聚的Bax和Bak的后跟线粒体外膜的随后通透性，导致细胞色素C释放到细胞质中。细胞色素c释放引发的凋亡小15激活效应半胱氨酸蛋白酶3和7通过激活caspase 9的。这导致选择底物，除其他外，导致磷脂酰丝氨酸在细胞表面16的暴露的蛋白水解，并释放一个专用的DNase该片段沟道romatin 17,18。 为了确定在凋亡级联的个体效应蛋白干扰内，可诱导的表达系统被雇用19。管制系统，转基因的条件式已在分析过程中发生，发展和维持疾病20-23的细胞内的蛋白质的功能或它的对组织，器官和生物体发展的重要性，以及一个宝贵的工具。典型地，可诱导的控制系统，如四环素系统24在这里使用的，形成人工转录单位（参见图1）。一种成分是一种叫做tTA的（四环素依赖性转录激活剂）人工工程转录因子，通过融合的细菌转录阻遏四面体25到介导转录激活或沉默24,26的哺乳动物蛋白结构域形成。第二组分是一种混合启动子，称为TRE（四环素响应元件），它由一个真核最小启动子的，含有至少一个TATA盒和转录起始位点，结合到同源DNA结合位点为四面体，TETO 24,25的多个重复。第三成分是四面体，四环素或其衍生物，如无水四环素或强力霉素25之一的天然配体。在配体加入到培养基中，四面体失去其亲和力TETO并从TRE解离。其结果，靶基因的转录被废除。转基因表达可以，因此，被严格控制在两个细胞培养物以时间和剂量依赖的方式和在动物20,23,24。与tTA的，转基因的表达发生组成型，除了在四环素存在下进行。这可以是在细胞毒性或致癌蛋白的研究一个缺点，因为四环素首先必须从体系中除去，转基因expressio前n，将会和可监控单元上的靶蛋白的影响。这可能是耗时的并且不总是完全，特别是在转基因动物27。为了解决此限制，一个四面体突变体具有逆响应于多西环素的存在被用来产生新的转录因子，rtTA（反向TTA）28。它仅结合于TRE和，伴随，激活在强力霉素存在下转录。的系统， 即残余泄漏，在不存在TRE结合转录因子的转基因表达，始发或者（i）从位置效应在基因组整合位点，（ⅱ）从TRE本身29，或（iii）来自非特异性tTA的/ rtTA 28的结合，是通过引入一个附加的转录消音处理，称为TTS（四环素依赖的转录的消音器）30到系统。它形成了一个双重调节网络一起rtTA（ 见图1）。在没有强力霉素，TTS结合TRE积极关闭任何剩余的转录。在强力霉素存在时，TTS解离TRE和rtTA具约束力同时诱导靶基因的表达。严紧的这个附加层往往是必要的，表达高活性细胞毒性蛋白质31-34。 使用这种严格控制的双调节器系统，细胞凋亡级联可以在限定的步骤，使给定的效应蛋白是否能够与细胞凋亡诱导干扰分析来启动。这种方法不仅可用于研究细菌效应蛋白的抗凋亡活性，但也可用于促凋亡或有毒的蛋白质的诱导表达，或用于解剖与其他信号传导途径的干扰。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>life technologies</td><td>31966-021</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FCS</td><td>Biochrom</td><td>S0115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pen/Strep</td><td>life technologies</td><td>15140-122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OptiMEM</td><td>life technologies</td><td>51985</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>X-tremeGENE 9</td><td>Roche</td><td>6365752001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Geneticin</td><td>Roth</td><td>CP11.3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylenimine</td><td>Polyscienes</td><td>23966</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Doxycycline</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>D9891</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mini-PROTEAN Tetra Cell</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>165-8000EDU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trans-Blot SD Semi-Dry Transfer Cell</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>170-3940</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PageRuler Prestained Protein Ladder</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>26616</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVDF membrane</td><td>Millipore</td><td>IPVH00010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-GFP&amp;nbsp;</td><td>life technologies</td><td>A6455</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-cleaved PARP</td><td>BD Bioscience</td><td>611038</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-actin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A2066</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse IgG (H+L)-HRPO</td><td>Dianova</td><td>111-035-062</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rabbit IgG (H+L)-HRPO</td><td>Dianova</td><td>111-035-045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECL Western Blotting Substrate</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>32106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Restore Plus Western Blot Stripping Buffer</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>46428</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

applying an inducible expression system to study interference of bacterial virulence factors with intracellular signaling

这里提出的技术允许一个来分析在该步骤目标蛋白质，或者小分子，与信号传导途径的组分相互作用。该方法是基于，一方面，在一个特定的蛋白质的诱导表达引发的信令事件在所选择的信号级联限定和预定的步骤。相伴表达，另一方面，目的基因的则允许调查者评估，如果表达靶蛋白的活性被位于上游或发起信令事件的下游，根据所获得的信号通路的读出。这里，凋亡级联被选为一个定义信号传导途径来证明协议的功能。致病细菌，如贝氏柯克斯体 ，易位效应蛋白，与在宿主细胞宿主细胞死亡诱导干扰，以确保细菌存活的细胞，并促进其传播的生物体。 C.该贝氏柯克斯效应蛋白CAEB诱导细胞凋亡与UV光或具有星形孢菌素后有效抑制宿主细胞死亡。来缩小在该步骤CAEB干扰凋亡信号的传播，选择蛋白与充分表征的促凋亡活性在多西环素可诱导的方式瞬时表达。如果CAEB充当这些蛋白质的上游，将细胞凋亡进行畅通无阻。如果CAEB行为下游，细胞死亡会被抑制。选择的试验蛋白质分别为Bax蛋白，其作用在线粒体水平，和caspase 3，这是主要的刽子手蛋白酶。 CAEB干扰诱导Bax表达的细胞死亡，而不是由胱天蛋白酶3的表达。 CAEB，由此，交互这两种蛋白质之间的凋亡级联。

首先，将HEK293细胞系稳定表达的兴趣（CAEB）的蛋白质作为GFP融合蛋白分别建立。作为对照，将HEK293细胞系稳定表达GFP的也产生。 GFP和GFP-CAEB的表达通过免疫印迹分析证实。代表性免疫印迹（ 图4A）显示GFP和GFP-CAEB的稳定和清晰地可检测的表达。然而，这种分析不能确定所有的细胞是否表达GFP或GFP-CAEB。因此，稳定地转染的HEK293细胞系还通过流式细胞仪分析。 如图4B所示 ，...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling at JoVE.com

Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

The method described here is used to induce the apoptotic signaling cascade at defined steps in order to dissect the activity of an anti-apoptotic bacterial effector protein. This method can also be used for inducible expression of pro-apoptotic or toxic proteins, or for dissecting interference with other signaling pathways.

施加诱导表达系统研究与细胞内信号细菌毒力因子的干扰

The technique presented here allows one to analyze at which step a target protein, or alternatively a small molecule, interacts with the components of a ...

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Immunology and Infection

9.1K 次观看.  Friedrich-Alexander-Universität. The method described here is used to induce the apoptotic signaling cascade at defined steps in order to dissect the activity of an anti-apoptotic bacterial effector protein. This method can also be used for inducible expression of pro-apoptotic or toxic proteins, or for dissecting interference with other signaling pathways.

视频: Applying an Inducible Expression System to Study Interference of Bacterial Virulence Factors with Intracellular Signaling

A Fluorescence-based Method to Study Bacterial Gene Regulation in Infected Tissues

Bacterial virulence genes are often regulated at the transcriptional level by multiple factors that respond to different environmental signals. Some factors act directly on virulence genes; others control pathogenesis by adjusting the expression of downstream regulators or the accumulation of signals that affect regulator activity. While regulation has been studied extensively during in vitro growth, relatively little is known about how gene expression is adjusted during infection. Such information is important when a particular gene product is a candidate for therapeutic intervention. Transcriptional approaches like quantitative, real-time RT-PCR and RNA-Seq are powerful ways to examine gene expression on a global level but suffer from many technical challenges including low abundance of bacterial RNA compared to host RNA, and sample degradation by RNases. Evaluating regulation using fluorescent reporters is relatively easy and can be multiplexed with fluorescent proteins with unique spectral properties. The method allows for single-cell, spatiotemporal analysis of gene expression in tissues that exhibit complex three-dimensional architecture and physiochemical gradients that affect bacterial regulatory networks. Such information is lost when data are averaged over the bulk population. Herein, we describe a method for quantifying gene expression in bacterial pathogens in situ. The method is based on simple tissue processing and direct observation of fluorescence from reporter proteins. We demonstrate the utility of this system by examining the expression of Staphylococcus aureus thermonuclease (nuc), whose gene product is required for immune evasion and full virulence ex vivo and in vivo. We show that nuc-gfp is strongly expressed in renal abscesses and reveal heterogeneous gene expression due in part to apparent spatial regulation of nuc promoter activity in abscesses fully engaged with the immune response. The method can be applied to any bacterium with a manipulatable genetic system and any infection model, providing valuable information for preclinical studies and drug development.

Described here is a method for analyzing bacterial gene expression in animal tissues at a cellular level. This method provides a resource for studying the phenotypic diversity occurring within a bacterial population in response to the tissue environment during an infection.

基于荧光的感染组织细菌基因调控方法

Bacterial virulence genes are often regulated at the transcriptional level by multiple factors that respond to different environmental signals. Some ...

科研

遗传学

Tractable Mammalian Cell Infections with Protozoan-primed Bacteria

Many intracellular bacterial pathogens use freshwater protozoans as a natural reservoir for proliferation in the environment. Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires' pneumonia, gains a pathogenic advantage over in vitro cultured bacteria when first harvested from protozoan cells prior to infection of mammalian macrophages. This suggests that important virulence factors may not be properly expressed in vitro. We have developed a tractable system for priming L. pneumophila through its natural protozoan host Acanthamoeba castellanii prior to mammalian cell infection. The contribution of any virulence factor can be examined by comparing intracellular growth of a mutant strain to wild-type bacteria after protozoan priming. GFP-expressing wild-type and mutant L. pneumophila strains are used to infect protozoan monolayers in a priming step and allowed to reach late stages of intracellular growth. Fluorescent bacteria are then harvested from these infected cells and normalized by spectrophotometry to generate comparable numbers of bacteria for a subsequent infection into mammalian macrophages. For quantification, live bacteria are monitored after infection using fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and by colony plating. This technique highlights and relies on the contribution of host cell-dependent gene expression by mimicking the environment that would be encountered in a natural acquisition route. This approach can be modified to accommodate any bacterium that uses an intermediary host as a means for gaining a pathogenic advantage.

This technique provides a method to harvest, normalize and quantify intracellular growth of bacterial pathogens that are pre-cultivated in natural protozoan host cells prior to infections of mammalian cells. This method can be modified to accommodate a wide variety of host cells for the priming stage as well as target cell types.

听话的哺乳动物细胞原生动物引发的细菌感染

Many intracellular bacterial pathogens use freshwater protozoans as a natural reservoir for proliferation in the environment. Legionella pneumophila, the ...

免疫与感染

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Bacterial intracellular pathogens can be conceived as molecular tools to dissect cellular signaling cascades due to their capacity to exquisitely manipulate and subvert cell functions which are required for the infection of host target tissues. Among these bacterial pathogens, Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram positive microorganism that has been used as a paradigm for intracellular parasitism in the characterization of cellular immune responses, and which has played instrumental roles in the discovery of molecular pathways controlling cytoskeletal and membrane trafficking dynamics. In this article, we describe a robust microscopical assay for the detection of late cellular infection stages of L. monocytogenes based on the fluorescent labeling of InlC, a secreted bacterial protein which accumulates in the cytoplasm of infected cells; this assay can be coupled to automated high-throughput small interfering RNA screens in order to characterize cellular signaling pathways involved in the up- or down-regulation of infection.

Imaging InlC Secretion to Investigate Cellular Infection by the Bacterial Pathogen Listeria monocytogenes

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram positive bacterial pathogen frequently used as a major model for the study of intracellular parasitism. Imaging late L. monocytogenes infection stages within the context of small-interfering RNA screens allows for the global study of cellular pathways required for bacterial infection of target host cells.

成像InlC的分泌由细菌病原体调查感染蜂窝<em&gt;单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌</em

Bacterial intracellular  pathogens can be conceived as molecular tools to dissect cellular signaling  cascades due to their capacity to exquisitely ...

Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production

In response to a viral infection, the host innate immune response is activated to up-regulate gene expression and production of antiviral cytokines. Conversely, viruses have evolved intricate strategies to evade and exploit host immune signaling for survival and propagation. Viral immune evasion, entailing host defense and viral evasion, provides one of the most fascinating and dynamic interfaces to discern the host-virus interaction. These studies advance our understanding in innate immune regulation and pave our way to develop novel antiviral therapies.
Murine &#947;HV68 is a natural pathogen of murine rodents. &#947;HV68 infection of mice provides a tractable small animal model to examine the antiviral response to human KSHV and EBV of which perturbation of in vivo virus-host interactions is not applicable. Here we describe a protocol to determine the antiviral cytokine production. This protocol can be adapted to other viruses and signaling pathways.
Recently, we have discovered that &#947;HV68 hijacks MAVS and IKK&#946;, key innate immune signaling components downstream of the cytosolic RIG-I and MDA5, to abrogate NF&#922;B activation and antiviral cytokine production. Specifically, &#947;HV68 infection activates IKK&#946; and that activated IKK&#946; phosphorylates RelA to accelerate RelA degradation. As such, &#947;HV68 efficiently uncouples NF&#922;B activation from its upstream activated IKK&#946;, negating antiviral cytokine gene expression. This study elucidates an intricate strategy whereby the upstream innate immune activation is intercepted by a viral pathogen to nullify the immediate downstream transcriptional activation and evade antiviral cytokine production.

We describe a protocol to measure the antiviral cytokine production in mice infected with a model herpesvirus, murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (&#947;HV68) that is closely-related to human Kaposi&#8217;s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Utilizing genetically modified mouse strains and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), we assessed the antiviral cytokine production both in vivo and ex vivo. &#8220;Reconstituting&#8221; the expression of innate immune components in knockout embryonic fibroblasts by lentiviral transduction, we further pinpoint specific innate immune molecules and dissect the key signaling events that differentially regulate the antiviral cytokine production.

细胞因子产生的病毒逃避解剖先天免疫信号

In response to a viral infection, the host innate immune response is activated to up-regulate gene expression and production of antiviral cytokines. ...

Monitoring the Assembly of a Secreted Bacterial Virulence Factor Using Site-specific Crosslinking

This article describes a method to detect and analyze dynamic interactions between a protein of interest and other factors in vivo. Our method is based on the amber suppression technology that was originally developed by Peter Schultz and colleagues1. An amber mutation is first introduced at a specific codon of the gene encoding the protein of interest. The amber mutant is then expressed in E. coli together with genes encoding an amber suppressor tRNA and an amino acyl-tRNA synthetase derived from Methanococcus jannaschii. Using this system, the photo activatable amino acid analog p-benzoylphenylalanine (Bpa) is incorporated at the amber codon. Cells are then irradiated with ultraviolet light to covalently link the Bpa residue to proteins that are located within 3-8 &#197;. Photocrosslinking is performed in combination with pulse-chase labeling and immunoprecipitation of the protein of interest in order to monitor changes in protein-protein interactions that occur over a time scale of seconds to minutes. We optimized the procedure to study the assembly of a bacterial virulence factor that consists of two independent domains, a domain that is integrated into the outer membrane and a domain that is translocated into the extracellular space, but the method can be used to study many different assembly processes and biological pathways in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In principle interacting factors and even specific residues of interacting factors that bind to a protein of interest can be identified by mass spectrometry.

This article illustrates the use of pulse-chase radio labeling in combination with site-specific photocrosslinking to monitor interactions between a protein of interest and other factors in E. coli. Unlike traditional chemical cross-linking methods, this approach generates high resolution &#8220;snapshots&#8221; of an ordered assembly pathway in a living cell.

监视分泌细菌毒力因子的组装使用站点特定的交联

This article describes a method to detect and analyze dynamic interactions between a protein of interest and other factors in vivo. Our method is based on ...

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an intracellular pathogen that relies on a Type IV Dot/Icm Secretion System to establish a replicative niche. A cohort of effectors are translocated through this system into the host cell to manipulate host processes and allow the establishment of a unique lysosome-derived vacuole for replication. The method presented here involves the combination of two well-established techniques: specific gene silencing using siRNA and measurement of effector translocation using a FRET-based substrate that relies on &#946;-lactamase activity. Applying these two approaches, we can begin to understand the role of host factors in bacterial secretion system function and effector translocation. In this study we examined the role of Rab5A and Rab7A, both important regulators of the endocytic trafficking pathway. We demonstrate that silencing the expression of either protein results in a decrease in effector translocation efficiency. These methods can be easily modified to examine other intracellular and extracellular pathogens that also utilize secretion systems. In this way, a global picture of host factors involved in bacterial effector translocation may be revealed.

Applying Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer FRET to Examine Effector Translocation Efficiency by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA Silencing

Investigating the interactions between bacterial pathogens and their hosts is an important area of biological research. Here, we describe the necessary techniques to measure effector translocation by Coxiella burnetii during siRNA gene silencing using BlaM substrate.

应用荧光共振能量转移（FRET）审查效应转运效率由<em&gt;贝氏柯克斯体</em&gt; siRNA沉默中

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever, is an intracellular pathogen that relies on a Type IV Dot/Icm Secretion System to establish a ...

设计用于利什曼病治疗的四环素对照合成回路

Immunometabolic Circuits in Infection for Advancing Host Directed Therapies

Immuno-metabolism is a pivotal determinant in the progression of leishmaniasis. Synthetic biology-based approach has garnered significant attention as a step toward therapeutic intervention targeting host-associated factors that drive leishmaniasis. Synthetic biology entails the engineering of genetic components in an orthogonal and modular manner to precisely modulate biological systems, imparting novel functions to cells. In the presented study, elucidation of a systematic pipeline for the development of an inducible tetracycline-controlled (TetON)-based synthetic circuit was aimed at delivering succinate dehydrogenase as a therapeutic agent to facilitate the elimination of intracellular Leishmania parasites. The outlined protocol describes the designing of a synthetic circuit and its subsequent validation. The proposed strategy also concentrates on the incorporation of synthetic circuits in the plasmid backbone as a delivery vehicle. Additionally, delivery machinery employing polyplexes-based nano-particles for the delivery of synthetic circuits was used in murine macrophage cell lines without compromising the cellular morphology. Standardization of the method was conducted for selecting transfected cells and determining optimal induction concentration for synthetic circuit expression. Observations reveal a distinct reduction in intracellular parasite burden in transfected cells compared to infected cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokines were expressed post-infection in synthetic circuit transfected and induced cells as a mechanism to promote parasite elimination. This underscores the synthetic biology-based method as a potent approach in leishmaniasis by targeting host factors associated with disease progression.

作者聚焦:利用系统和合成生物学在利 什曼原虫 重症感染中创新疗法

Here, a protocol for designing, constructing, and delivering tetracycline-controlled based inducible synthetic circuit is presented. The effect of the synthetic circuits on parasite elimination and cytokine expression can be studied by channelizing the presented pipeline. This protocol is relevant for researchers studying synthetic circuit-based therapeutics in infectious diseases.

感染中的免疫代谢回路用于推进宿主定向治疗

Immuno-metabolism is a pivotal determinant in the progression of leishmaniasis. Synthetic biology-based approach has garnered significant attention as a ...

生物工程

A Hydroponic Co-cultivation System for Simultaneous and Systematic Analysis of Plant/Microbe Molecular Interactions and Signaling

An experimental design mimicking natural plant-microbe interactions is very important to delineate the complex plant-microbe signaling processes. Arabidopsis thaliana-Agrobacterium tumefaciens provides an excellent model system to study bacterial pathogenesis and plant interactions. Previous studies of plant-Agrobacterium interactions have largely relied on plant cell suspension cultures, the artificial wounding of plants, or the artificial induction of microbial virulence factors or plant defenses by synthetic chemicals. However, these methods are distinct from the natural signaling in planta, where plants and microbes recognize and respond in spatial and temporal manners. This work presents a hydroponic cocultivation system where intact plants are supported by metal mesh screens and cocultivated with Agrobacterium. In this cocultivation system, no synthetic phytohormone or chemical that induces microbial virulence or plant defense is supplemented. The hydroponic cocultivation system closely resembles natural plant-microbe interactions and signaling homeostasis in planta. Plant roots can be separated from the medium containing Agrobacterium, and the signaling and responses of both the plant hosts and the interacting microbes can be investigated simultaneously and systematically. At any given timepoint/interval, plant tissues or bacteria can be harvested separately for various &#34;omics&#34; analyses, demonstrating the power and efficacy of this system. The hydroponic cocultivation system can be easily adapted to study: 1) the reciprocal signaling of diverse plant-microbe systems, 2) signaling between a plant host and multiple microbial species (i.e.&#160;microbial consortia or microbiomes), 3) how nutrients and chemicals are implicated in plant-microbe signaling, and 4) how microbes interact with plant hosts and contribute to plant tolerance to biotic or abiotic stresses.

The described hydroponic cocultivation system supports intact plants with metal mesh screens and cocultivates them with bacteria. Plant tissue, bacteria, and secreted molecules can then be separately harvested for downstream analyses, simultaneously allowing for the molecular responses of both plant hosts and interacting microbes or microbiomes to be investigated.

施加诱导表达系统研究与细胞内信号细菌毒力因子的干扰

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此视频中的章节

基于荧光的感染组织细菌基因调控方法

听话的哺乳动物细胞原生动物引发的细菌感染

成像InlC的分泌由细菌病原体调查感染蜂窝

细胞因子产生的病毒逃避解剖先天免疫信号

监视分泌细菌毒力因子的组装使用站点特定的交联

应用荧光共振能量转移（FRET）审查效应转运效率由

感染中的免疫代谢回路用于推进宿主定向治疗

感染中的免疫代谢回路用于推进宿主定向治疗

感染中的免疫代谢回路用于推进宿主定向治疗

用于植物/微生物分子相互作用和信号的同时系统分析的水培共培养系统