作者要感谢主席汉斯Oppel和他的假肢奥托博克保健品有限公司的技术人员制造在这项研究中所用的参与者插座。这项研究是由财务欧洲研究委员会（ERC）通过ERC高级资助DEMOVE（267888号），奥地利议会研究和技术开发，和奥地利联邦科学，研究和经济支持。

这项研究进行了按照赫尔辛基宣言，作为经当地研究伦理委员会。该研究在全面详细解释，以参与者启动前，让参与者权衡决定自愿参加研究，证实了他的参与知情，同意书的时间。 注：一个人，年龄27年来，在研究中的一部分。参与者有正常视力，被左低于肘部截肢者，并且是一位经验丰富的用户（4年共假体的使用）。在此之前开始这项研究，他用每天的假体是一个4通道肌电假手与转动手腕，每天12-15小时为15个月。参与者的右手此前被重建手术，但没有其他物理或神经系统受损。 1.研究设计<ol><li>拆分研究了两会：NA39;已经使用，并使用下面的系统培训。 注：这是为了让前，后分别训练检体内的比较。 </li><li>确保这两个会话是至少三个月分开，以便被视为彼此独立。 </li><li>在这两届会议的开始，适合定制的插座和假体的参与者。确保假肢的硬件和控制算法匹配在这个协议中的材料部分详述。确保参与者不能够使用定制的假体在会话之间的间隔时间。 </li><li>根据训练中的朴素会议和本协议的结构化培训会议部分所述的步骤病人。在每届会议开始时，校准假肢的硬件。使用收集的校准数据进行实时控制假肢。 </li><li>一旦朴素会议及结构性培训课程完成后，评估PArticipant的表现用南安普敦手评估程序（SHAP）的测量结果。23用比较参与者的标准假体（无论是培训课程之前获得）的SHAP分数的基准指标。 </li></ol> 2.材料<ol><li>适合用定制插座的参与者。根据制造商的说明将市面上购买假体。装备假手与原型组件，使促动腕关节屈曲，后伸和旋转。这使得参与者，以控制手3.5自由度（自由度）（ 表1）。 注意：在这个实验中一个米开朗基罗手（见材料清单）中的使用。能够转动手腕，屈伸其它终端装置，连同标准握功能也将是适当的。 </li><li>使用八个等距周围放置树桩原始信号电极记录EMG信号，和一个板上解码系统在1000赫兹的采样速率和数字化的10位深度。根据供应商的规格电极本身内执行的初始滤波和放大。使用个人计算机（PC）来进行主处理，它与采集硬件通信，并控制通过无线连接的假体。 注：在本研究中的表面肌电信号电极和车载使用的解码系统（AxonBus）来自奥托博克。类似设备的其他制造商也将是适当的。无线连接是通过蓝牙，同样其他方式可以适用。 </li></ol> 3.控制算法<ol><li>使用的控制算法，提供了在多个自由度的同时和比例控制假肢21在本研究中使用的算法是一个两阶段的决策模式，使得依赖于上下文的运动估计是可能的。 </li><li>经系统培训，其中包含了所有的控制单自由度的运动，记录来电肌电图（EMG）。 </li><li>在第一阶段中，评估基于从训练数据中的马哈拉诺比斯距离的新计算出的肌电特征向量的预期运动的固有维信息。作出决定用户的意图是否是执行罚款1自由度或粗糙的同时2自由度的运动。 注：一个特征向量 x类的马氏距离我带班的意思是我和协方差矩阵Σi的计算公式为载体μ： <img alt="式（1）" src="/files/ftp_upload/52968/52968eq1.jpg" /> 如在Amsuess 等人所描述的，新计算出的特征向量被映射到高维空间和马哈拉诺比斯距离的变换点的任何经训练类点被取为量度新颖性。21所述的经验确定的阈值，以该距离给出了新颖性（2自由度，否则为1自由度）的决定。 </li><li>在第二阶段，基于前决定，使用两个平行的估计1 - 1处理顺序的动作（序列-E）和其它处理同时运动（SIM-E） - 提供假体的控制信号。 注意：SEQ-E是在本质比例估计（即，肌肉收缩的强度），基于共同的空间模式（CSP）21，而SIM-E是一个线性回归，其同时操纵2自由度的手腕。 </li></ol> 4.软件框架注意：在此研究中允许假肢硬件和嵌入式控制算法之间的通信的处理中所使用的软件框架。它还提供了所需的最大化学员培训在视觉上支持性的培训工具。 <ol><li>显示均方根电子的平方（RMS）MG信号从8等距地置于电极的肌电振幅的极坐标图作为电极位置的功能的形式收集。这种视觉反馈可轻松监控肌电图在前臂的横向平面的空间分布。使用这样的设置中，每个用户的运动的可由此引起明显的图案 22中的极坐标图，然后可以被保存并用于训练为特定手势的重复性。 注：该框架允许的肌电图数据集合中的标准模式识别方法23对于每个肌电图通道的RMS超过40毫秒的计算方法。 <img alt="公式（2）" src="/files/ftp_upload/52968/52968eq2.jpg" /> 导致观测每个合奏窗口。 </li><li>对于初始校准收集的最大的长期随意收缩（MLVC）每个值拟提出的动议。通过示威的手进行提示参与者同时也让声音和视觉指示，持续5秒所需的运动。 </li><li>校准后，目前的参与者与一组梯形线索。这些力配置文件包含高原定在30％，60％和90％的校准的最大的。 </li><li>在每次试验中，指导参与者通过调节提示运动（ 图1）的力量水平，督导红色指针沿着线索。指针的垂直位置对应于在所有八个通道的求和的RMS值。与高原区间对应的中间3秒设定审判的持续时间5秒。 </li></ol> 5.朴素会议注：在天真的训练结束后，参与者曾在这项研究中所用的假体控制方案中没有现成的经验。 <ol><li>不给参加者的任何正式临床训练，但仅指示该残肢，其中一个是静止状态的8动作，将允许在计算机屏幕上的视觉目标的控制。这些任务类似于在经典模式识别用于接近假体控制23，以及用于这些方法在本研究参与者有大约60小时的以往的经验。 </li><li>在屏幕上显示所要求的运动的文本和静态图象而言以下的视觉提示（图1），同时。 </li><li>显示参与者他的肌电图的激活模式，其对应于八种特定和独特极坐标图（ 图2）。 </li><li>使用可听指令，鼓励参与者遵循视觉线索。如果用在结构化的培训课程，这些可听指令必须相同。 </li><li>重复任务的三次不同的手臂部位（放松，达到在前面，到达对面），以增强系统的培训。请记住，有8种不同的动作和三个力水平，一旦所有的手臂位置都包括在内，系统训练输入总计为72个体样本的总和。 </li><li>一旦完成，让参与者有机会练习之前完成SHAP结局评估的实时控制。 </li><li>确保参与者不具有访问定制的假体和控制算法超出天真会议结束。 </li></ol> 6.结构化培训课程<ol><li>天真会议三个月后，进行系统的培训会议。 </li><li>结构在下面的顺序步骤（图3）的会话： <ol><li>对于模仿，指导参与者直接模仿所需的8行动的示威者在实时进行（ 表1）。 3秒执行每个动作。 </li><li>对于重复，要求与会者重申，一直被模仿10次的动作，所以30秒执行每个动作。 </li><li>为了增强与计算机SYS统的培训，要求参加者到现在用电脑的视觉反馈搞，这是完全一样的设置为天真的会话。确保在这两个部分之间没有区别。 </li><li>对于假体的控制，要求参与者在完成成果的评估之前练习定制假体的实时控制。 </li></ol></li><li>在模仿，座位的参加者从示威者45°角，并与示威者的手参与者患侧匹配过程中的所有操作（ 图4）充分和一览无遗提供。从计算机屏幕没有视觉线索应提供给参与者在这个时候。 </li><li>用于重复，在与会者的动作，具有示范观察对应EMG活动如由极座标图的每个运动（图4）表示。一旦验证机已确定该participant也会产生独特的和可重复的肌电激活模式的每一个动作，要求参与者重复30秒的动作没有任何视觉线索。 注：总共有8个独特的行动 - 他们中的七个（腕旋前/旋后，腕屈/伸，手开，重点抓地力和细捏），需要肌肉活化，和第八是没有行动代表一个稳定宽松的状态。 </li><li>经过加固和计算机系统的训练，目前的参与者与视觉的他的八个动作反馈，正是因为主要出现在天真会议上，对应于八个不同的和具体的极坐标图在计算机屏幕上（ 图3）。为了优化性能，要求参与者在观看与录制的动态覆盖实时极坐标图来加强学习，一般2-4尝试每个动作之间执行的操作。一旦有信心，参与者就可以完成那名PERF完全相同的任务<html> ormed在天真会议。 </li></ol> 7.人工控制<ol><li>使用从每个会话的训练数据集来校准和调整假体的实时控制。 </li><li>最初，只有允许参与者通过顺序比例控制， 即，一运动的时间，与设备成比例肌肉收缩的水平的速度，以控制假肢。 </li><li>一旦每个八个操作以可重复和可靠的方式执行的，切换控制方案，以比例和同时控制，允许在一时间手腕的一个以上的运动。 </li><li>有参与者实践简单的任务，如拾取瓶子并铺设在其一侧（2次尝试就足够了）。允许一段时间的休息进行成果评估前。在这项研究中，2小时的休息天真的会议，和24小时的休息结构化会议的情况。 </li></ol>书名“&gt; 8。结果测<ol><li>评估不仅是使用SHAP，它监视手和上肢功能密切相关的日常生活（一项ADLs）活动的天真和结构化的培训课程全球上肢功能。在SHAP执行的任务包括操纵轻和重的物体，以及ADL的任务，如切削的对象，用小刀或撤消按钮。该SHAP已被证实为病理和假肢手部功能评估。24 注：此测量被选为这项研究的参与者已经定期随访，用他的临床团队这一结果的措施。 </li></ol>

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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+representation+of+dynamics+during+learning+of+a+motor+task.">Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 14 (5 Pt 2), (1994).</li><li>Hogervorst, T., Brand, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanoreceptors+in+joint+function.">Mechanoreceptors in joint function.</a> The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 80 (9), 1365-1378 (1998).</li><li>Bosco, G., Poppele, R. 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E., Panayiotou, A., Crewther, D., Puce, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Common+and+distinct+brain+activation+to+viewing+dynamic+sequences+of+face+and+hand+movements.">Common and distinct brain activation to viewing dynamic sequences of face and hand movements.</a> NeuroImage. 37 (3), 966-973 (2007).</li><li>Binkofski, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fronto-parietal+circuit+for+object+manipulation+in+man:+Evidence+from+an+fMRI-study.">A fronto-parietal circuit for object manipulation in man: Evidence from an fMRI-study.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 11 (9), 3276-3286 (1999).</li><li>Iacoboni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+Mechanisms+of+Human+Imitation.">Cortical Mechanisms of Human Imitation.</a> Science. 286 (5449), 2526-2528 (1999).</li></ol>

作者宣称没有竞争的经济利益。

我们的研究结果表明了参与这一研究，系统的训练帮助一个单独的会话中改进的多功能假手控制。此处所用的结构化的方案是仿，重复和手部动作的加强件的组合，参与者无法完成与他的传统假手。 虽然参与者的得分更高，他的传统假体在SHAP测试，值得一提的是，他通常穿的设备每天12至15小时之间历时15个月。记录在案的基线SHAP得分，很显然，他已经学会并经过一个很长的...

在截肢者更换手功能是一个艰巨的任务。协调高度熟练的手部动作是不是一种与生俱来的能力，并采取人多年的学习开发的1-5手的创伤性丧失之后，复制这种能力通过人工手段不是一个简单的任务，可能需要一段持续的学习。 假肢的设计和对它们的控制接口的方法都受到快速的技术革新，随着多功能控制以自然的方式的目的。6的这些控制系统的复杂性增加了基本上为截肢者提供更多的功能。为了确保这些系统的精确控制，并减少遗弃的新技术，充分的培训需要建立。这可能是比较成功的，如果它是基于截肢者固有的学习策略。 视力可以勒期间发挥重要作用arning手部动作。行为研究表明，通过观察他人7的动作或使用视觉提示8，身强力壮的人学习，并协调新的动作。通过观察，理解和执行观察到行动的过程中，个人能够模仿他人的行为。具体皮质网络，其可包括一个反射镜-神经元系统（MNS），被认为是背后这种能力，并且可以具有在控制假肢的作用。9-11 仿的作用可能不只是被实际上限制为执行该已看到的动作，但连同MNS，允许尚未被观察到，但由观察者的马达repetoire外推运动的执行。12，模仿可能不一定是一种与生俱来的能力，但运动技能随着时间的推移accruement导致有经验的和复杂的行动。13届观察行动，在只是简单想象他们的rength，已被证明是提高学习新的任务。14因此，模仿可能是一个务实的态度来训练截肢者，有证据表明它的目标指向15的方法，用在康复设定目标对实现有用的假手功能。 康复研究已分别显示视觉线索，如一个假手虚拟模拟中，鼓励被截肢者在康复训练。16此外，当使用时在被锁定的范例进行重复已被证明使上肢假体的快速学习控制。17虽然虚拟模拟已经被证明是同样有效的假肢手使体健，体用户控制肌电设备实时控制，使用标准化成果的措施截肢者18它们的作用尚不明确。最后，如​​果上肢AMPU协议塔季翁培训存在的，仿的假体控制学习中的作用没有明确讨论。19,20 本研究旨在理解，如果使用仿制的，在重复和强化相结合，对多功能假肢控制的学习产生积极的影响作为一个系统的培训计划的一部分。 这里介绍的是谁被训练使用的多功能假手一经桡动脉截肢的病例报告。参与者此前曾习惯于传统经营肌电假肢。利用视觉线索，无论是在模仿一个健康的示威者，并为简单的计算机视觉反馈的形式，截肢者提高很快处理了他的新设备。

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		<tr>
			<td>Michelangelo Hand</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, A</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td>AxonRotation</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, A</td>
			<td>9S503</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Wrist Flexor</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, A</td>
			<td>&#160;--</td>
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			<td>AxonMaster</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, A</td>
			<td>13E500</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Electrode</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, A</td>
			<td>13E200=50AC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ScissorFenceElectrodeCarrier</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, A</td>
			<td>&#160;--</td>
			<td>prototype unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acquisition Software</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, A</td>
			<td>&#160;--</td>
			<td>prototype unit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon shaft</td>
			<td>Otto Bock Healthcare Products GmbH, A</td>
			<td>&#160;--</td>
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a structured rehabilitation protocol for improved multifunctional prosthetic control: a case study

在机器人系统的进步已导致在假肢可以制作多功能运动的上肢。然而，这些复杂的系统，需要上肢截肢者学习复杂的控制方案。人类必须学会通过模仿等学习策略的新的运动的能力。本协议描述的结构化的康复方法，其中包括模仿，重复和强化学习，其目的在于评估，如果这种方法可以提高多功能假肢控制。阿左肘关节以下被截肢，用4年的假体的使用体验，在这种情况下，研究的一部分。所使用的假体是米开朗基罗手转动手腕，及腕屈伸的附加功能，这让手部动作的更多的组合。来自58个参与者的南安普敦手工评估程序得分提高到71以下的系统培训。这表明，IMIT的结构化培训协议通货膨胀，重复和强化可能在学习控制新假手的作用。然而，一个更大的临床研究需要支持这些发现。

经临床人员8人个月前开始测试时，测得他每天假肢参与者的基线SHAP表现为81。 100一SHAP分数代表身强力壮的手部功能。24与会者的天真会拥有较先进的假肢控制系统中打进了58的整体SHAP得分。然而，3个月后，用与新系统没有进一步交互，除了从结构化训练，参与者达到71 SHAP得分用相同的先进系统 ​​（ 表2）。 当整体SHAP比分被细分为功能配置文件评估?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study at JoVE.com

A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

As prosthetic development moves towards the goal of natural control, harnessing amputees&#8217; inherent ability to learn new motor skills may enable proficiency. This manuscript describes a structured rehabilitation protocol, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning strategies, for improved multifunctional prosthetic control.

结构化的康复协议改进的多功能假肢控制：一个案例研究

Advances in robotic systems have resulted in prostheses for the upper limb that can produce multifunctional movements. However, these sophisticated ...

a-structured-rehabilitation-protocol-for-improved-multifunctional

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

9.3K 次观看.  Christian Doppler Laboratory for Restoration of Extremity Function. As prosthetic development moves towards the goal of natural control, harnessing amputees’ inherent ability to learn new motor skills may enable proficiency. This manuscript describes a structured rehabilitation protocol, which includes imitation, repetition, and reinforcement learning strategies, for improved multifunctional prosthetic control.

视频: A Structured Rehabilitation Protocol for Improved Multifunctional Prosthetic Control: A Case Study

A Fully Automated Rodent Conditioning Protocol for Sensorimotor Integration and Cognitive Control Experiments

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. Higher cognitive functions that require precise control over sensorimotor responses such as decision-making and attentional modulation, however, are typically assessed in nonhuman primates. Despite the richness of primate behavior that allows multiple variants of these functions to be studied, the rodent model remains an attractive, cost-effective alternative to primate models. Furthermore, the ability to fully automate operant conditioning in rodents adds unique advantages over the labor intensive training of nonhuman primates while studying a broad range of these complex functions.
Here, we introduce a protocol for operantly conditioning rats on performing working memory tasks. During critical epochs of the task, the protocol ensures that the animal's overt movement is minimized by requiring the animal to 'fixate' until a Go cue is delivered, akin to nonhuman primate experimental design. A simple two alternative forced choice task is implemented to demonstrate the performance. We discuss the application of this paradigm to other tasks.

A fully automated protocol for rodent operant conditioning is proposed. The protocol relies on precise temporal control of behavioral events to investigate the extent to which this control influences neural activity underlying sensorimotor integration and cognitive control experiments.

为感觉运动整合与认知控制实验完全自动化的啮齿动物调理协议

Rodents have been traditionally used as a standard animal model in laboratory experiments involving a myriad of sensory, cognitive, and motor tasks. ...

科研

行为学

The 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task: A Task of Attention and Impulse Control for Rodents

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, modifications to the standard task, can be used to systematically tax the neural systems controlling either attention or impulse control. Importantly, these challenges have consistent effects on behavior across laboratories in intact animals and can reveal either enhancements or deficits in cognitive function that are not apparent when rats are only tested on the standard task. The variety of behavioral measures that are collected can be used to determine if other factors (i.e., sedation, motivation deficits, locomotor impairments) are contributing to changes in performance. The versatility of the 5CSRTT is further enhanced because it is amenable to combination with pharmacological, molecular, and genetic techniques.

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. Test day challenges, which are modifications of the standard task, increase flexibility of the task and can be combined with other manipulations to more fully characterize behavior.

5选择序列反应时任务：注意的任务和脉冲控制鼠害

This protocol describes the 5-choice serial reaction time task, which is an operant based task used to study attention and impulse control in rodents. ...

A Protocol for Housing Mice in an Enriched Environment

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent studies demonstrate that environmental enrichment decreases adiposity, increases energy expenditure, resists diet induced obesity, and causes cancer remission and inhibition in mice. EE typically consists of larger living space, a variety of &#8216;toys&#8217; to interact with, running wheels, and can include a number of other novel environmental changes. All of this fosters a more complex social engagement, cognitive and physical stimulations. Importantly, the toy location and type of toy is changed regularly, which encourages the mice to adapt to a frequently changing and novel environment. Many variables can be manipulated in EE to promote health effects in mice. Thus these approaches are difficult to control and must be properly managed to successfully replicate the associated phenotypes. Therefore, the goal of this video is to demonstrate how EE is properly set up and maintained to assure a complex, challenging, and controlled environment so that other researchers can easily reproduce the protective effects of EE against obesity and cancer.

Environmental enrichment for mice requires a complex and challenging setup, as well as comprehensive husbandry and handling techniques to assure robust metabolic and anti-cancer effects in the mice. This protocol provides detailed procedures to reproduce the above mentioned effects in mice.

在丰富环境的协议房屋小鼠

Environmental enrichment (EE) is a housing environment for mice that boosts mental and physical health compared to standard laboratory housing. Our recent ...

Multifunctional Setup for Studying Human Motor Control Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Electromyography, Motion Capture, and Virtual Reality

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular function include transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and three-dimensional motion capture. The advent of readily available and cost-effective virtual reality solutions has expanded the capabilities of researchers in recreating &#8220;real-world&#8221; environments and movements in a laboratory setting. Naturalistic movement analysis will not only garner a greater understanding of motor control in healthy individuals, but also permit the design of experiments and rehabilitation strategies that target specific motor impairments (e.g. stroke). The combined use of these tools will lead to increasingly deeper understanding of neural mechanisms of motor control. A key requirement when combining these data acquisition systems is fine temporal correspondence between the various data streams. This protocol describes a multifunctional system&#8217;s overall connectivity, intersystem signaling, and the temporal synchronization of recorded data. Synchronization of the component systems is primarily accomplished through the use of a customizable circuit, readily made with off the shelf components and minimal electronics assembly skills.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, electromyography, and 3D motion capture are commonly used non-invasive techniques for investigating neuromuscular function in humans. In this paper, we describe a protocol that synchronously samples data generated by all three of these tools along with the unique addition of virtual reality stimulus presentation and feedback.

多功能设置研究人类电机控制用经颅磁刺激，肌电图，运动捕捉和虚拟现实

The study of neuromuscular control of movement in humans is accomplished with numerous technologies. Non-invasive methods for investigating neuromuscular ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

A protocol for capturing and statistically analyzing emotional response of a population to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis software is described.

协议进行数据采集和分析应用到自动人脸表情分析技术和时序分析感官评价

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

Tickling, a Technique for Inducing Positive Affect When Handling Rats

Handling small animals such as rats can lead to several adverse effects. These include the fear of humans, resistance to handling, increased injury risk for both the animals and the hands of their handlers, decreased animal welfare, and less valid research data. To minimize negative effects on experimental results and human-animal relationships, research animals are often habituated to being handled. However, the methods of habituation are highly variable and often of limited effectiveness. More potently, it is possible for humans to mimic aspects of the animals&#39; playful rough-and-tumble behavior during handling. When applied to laboratory rats in a systematic manner, this playful handling, referred to as tickling, consistently gives rise to positive behavioral responses. This article provides a detailed description of a standardized rat tickling technique. This method can contribute to future investigations into positive affective states in animals, make it easier to handle rats for common husbandry activities such as cage changing or medical/research procedures such as injection, and be implemented as a source of social enrichment. It is concluded that this method can be used to efficiently and practicably reduce rats&#39; fearfulness of humans and improve their welfare, as well as reliably model positive affective states.

This article demonstrates the standardized application of playful handling, a tickling technique designed to mimic rat rough-and-tumble play. This technique is effective at reducing fearful reactions to humans and generating positive affect when rats are handled for common husbandry activities and medical and research procedures such as injection.

痒, 一种诱发大鼠正向影响的技术

Handling small animals such as rats can lead to several adverse effects. These include the fear of humans, resistance to handling, increased injury risk ...

A Novel Single Animal Motor Function Tracking System Using Simple, Readily Available Software

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor deficits. Motor impairments were manually quantified through an open field grid test to measure the gross motor function and through a ladder test to measure the fine motor function. Here, we discuss a technique for the automated quantification of the video-recorded tests using our custom Capadona Behavioral Video Analysis System: Grid and Ladder Test, or BVAS. Leveraging simple and readily available coding software (see the Table of Materials), this program allows for the tracking of a single animal on both the open field grid and the ladder tests. In open field grid tracking, the code thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the position of the rat over the 3 min duration of the grid test, and analyzes the path. It then computes and returns measurements for the total distance traveled, the maximum velocity achieved, the number of left- and right-handed turns, and the total number of grid lines crossed by the rat. In ladder tracking, the code again thresholds the video for intensity, tracks the movement of the rat across the ladder, and returns calculated measurements including the time it took the rat to cross the ladder, the number of paw slips occurring below the plane of the ladder rungs, and the incidence of failures due to stagnation or reversals. We envision that the BVAS developed here can be employed for the analysis of motor function in a variety of applications, including many injury or disease models.

The current study aimed to automate the quantification of motor deficits in rats. The initial evaluation model assesses motor loss resulting from an intracortical microelectrode implantation in the motor cortex. We report on the development and use of a tracking algorithm using easily adaptable, simple, and readily available coding software.

一种新的单动物运动功能跟踪系统, 使用简单、易于使用的软件

We have recently demonstrated that implanting intracortical microelectrodes in the motor corteces of rats&#160;results in immediate and lasting motor ...

A Wind Tunnel for Odor Mediated Insect Behavioural Assays

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study insect chemical ecology. Insects can locate point sources in a three-dimensional environment through the sensory interaction and sophisticated behavior. The quantification of this behavior is a key element in the development of new tools for pest control and decision support. A wind tunnel with a suitable flight section with laminar air flow, visual cues for in-flight feedback and a variety of options for the application of odors can be used to measure complex behaviour which subsequently may allow the identification of attractive or repellent odors, insect flight characteristics, visual-odor interactions and interactions between attractants and odors lingering as background odors in the environment. A wind tunnel holds the advantage of studying the odor mediated behavioural repertoire of an insect in a laboratory setting. Behavioural measures in a controlled setting provide the link between the insect physiology and field application. A wind tunnel must be a flexible tool and should easily support the changes to setup and hardware to fit different research questions. The major disadvantage to the wind tunnel setup described here, is the clean odor background which necessitates special attention when developing a synthetic volatile blend for field application.

Here, we describe the construction and use of a wind tunnel for odor mediated behavioural assays with insects. The wind tunnel design facilitates the release of odor sources by several methods, with and without visual stimuli. Wind tunnel experiments are important methods to identify behaviorally active volatile chemicals.

气味介导的昆虫行为检测风洞

Olfaction is the most important sensory mechanism by which many insects interact with their environment and a wind tunnel is an excellent tool to study ...

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Over the last decade, employing computer animations for animal behavior research has increased due to its ability to non-invasively manipulate the appearance and behavior of visual stimuli, compared to manipulating live animals. Here, we present the FishSim Animation Toolchain, a software framework developed to provide researchers with an easy-to-use method for implementing 3D computer animations in behavioral experiments with fish. The toolchain offers templates to create virtual 3D stimuli of five different fish species. Stimuli are customizable in both appearance and size, based on photographs taken of live fish. Multiple stimuli can be animated by recording swimming paths in a virtual environment using a video game controller. To increase standardization of the simulated behavior, the prerecorded swimming path may be replayed with different stimuli. Multiple animations can later be organized into playlists and presented on monitors during experiments with live fish.
In a case study with sailfin mollies (Poecilia latipinna), we provide a protocol on how to conduct a mate-choice copying experiment with FishSim. We utilized this method to create and animate virtual males and virtual model females, and then presented these to live focal females in a binary choice experiment. Our results demonstrate that computer animation may be used to simulate virtual fish in a mate-choice copying experiment to investigate the role of female gravid spots as an indication of quality for a model female in mate-choice copying.
Applying this method is not limited to mate-choice copying experiments but can be used in various experimental designs. Still, its usability depends on the visual capabilities of the study species and first needs validation. Overall, computer animations offer a high degree of control and standardization in experiments and bear the potential to &#39;reduce&#39; and &#39;replace&#39; live stimulus animals as well as to &#39;refine&#39; experimental procedures.

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Using the novel FishSim Animation Toolchain, we present a protocol for non-invasive visual manipulation of public information in the context of mate-choice copying in sailfin mollies. FishSim Animation Toolchain provides an easy-to-use framework for the design, animation and presentation of computer-animated fish stimuli for behavioral experiments with live test fish.