The authors would like to gratefully thank Steffen Lippert, Khalid Aliyev, Korinna J&#246;hrens and Katharina Struecker for their help during this project.

动物保持在该基金用于实验医学杂志（FEM，查理特，柏林，德国），并且所有实验方案进行了审查并批准由卫生部和地方事务的德国国办（LAGeSo，柏林;注册号Ø0365 / 11）。 1.肝收获<ol><li>手术前准备<ol><li>使用软木塞板固定。把医用被单上盘。采用四针，一个固定吸入面罩在软木板上术麻醉吸入。 </li></ol></li><li>门静脉插管酝酿<ol><li>一个外周静脉导管（G 20）连接到一个三通阀。静脉导管应斜切，以约的长度。 1.5厘米。 </li><li>去空气使用10毫升注射器填充有Ringer溶液的系统。这是非常重要的是要仔细地去空气，因为气体栓塞可能负面灌注脱细胞的影响。 </li></ol></li><li>酝酿动脉插管<ol><li>使用蝴蝶套管切针5毫米的长度。适合5cm的管（ID0.58毫米; OD0.96毫米）至5毫针刺，用强力胶固定。插入2厘米长的管子（ID0.28毫米; OD0.61毫米）到更大的管和强力胶固定。 </li><li>另一个滑倒在管这种结构桥基和具有强力胶固定。去空气中的动脉插管用5毫升注射器填充有林格氏溶液。 </li></ol></li><li>麻醉与镇痛<ol><li>诱导氧大鼠在麻醉诱导室由3.5％异氟烷的麻醉以1.5升/分钟的流速。 </li><li>为了确保在操作过程中安全镇痛，腹膜内注射安乃近（100毫克/千克体重）和低剂量的氯胺酮/美托咪定（每公斤体重10毫克/ 0.1毫克）。 </li><li>经由吸入面罩用于后续维护外科麻醉的供给1.5％异氟烷在1升/分钟的氧气。 </li></ol></li><li>术前安排&lt;OL&gt; <li>用电动剪毛机剃除宽松的腹部。滋润剃切口部位上，用70％乙醇消毒腹部。 </li><li>将动物在所制备的板仰卧位，插入头插入吸入面罩和修复用医用胶带和标签的肢体。去除多余的乙醇和毛皮用纱布敷。 </li></ol></li><li>麻醉评估<ol><li>通过观察呼吸频率评估麻醉深度。当麻醉似乎足够深（40-60次/ min），检查镇痛是否足以试图通过使用触发钳手术捏两个后肢的脚趾之间的皮肤脚趾捏反射。 </li></ol></li><li>腹途径<ol><li>做一个正中切口入尾腹壁，膀胱上方。从这点切割以在一个V形的方式两个横向肋拱。小心不要切入隔膜。拉剪腹壁在胸前。 </li&gt; <li>修复剑突与overholt钳，颅拉它，并用橡皮筋固定。用湿棉签疏散肠。裹在湿纱布包扎肠道。此外，覆盖所有腹部利润率用湿绷带。 </li></ol></li><li>肝准备<ol><li>解剖镰状韧带。用湿纱布绷带以保持内侧和左肝叶颅下膜片的圆顶。暴露肝十二指肠韧带和上大网膜肝叶。 </li><li>使用两个microforceps和弹簧剪刀仔细解剖附着于上网膜瓣韧带，直到瓣移动。用湿棉签在纱布压缩，保持内侧和左叶的地方移动瓣。 </li><li>动员上部网膜肝叶后，将胃到左侧。修正了一个夹子胃和剖析未成年人网膜与microforceps和弹簧剪刀。 </li><li>动员下网膜升肝叶直到它移动，并随后移动叶回其空腔中。使用巴克豪斯钳保留十二指肠。移动十二指肠向左伸展和暴露肝十二指肠韧带。外接在拉伸肝十二指肠韧带胆总管。 </li><li>解剖来自脂肪和胰腺组织的胆管。切开胆管1.5厘米从胆管分叉。解剖来自周围脂肪组织的门静脉。露出胃静脉。 </li><li>丝绸6-0结扎静脉胃十二指肠两次划分2间结扎静脉。从周围组织解剖腹腔干和肝总动脉，直到所有动脉支显露。 </li><li>解放从周围组织的胃十二指肠动脉。丝绸领带6-0胃十二指肠动脉两次，彼此遥远的联系。解剖2间结扎胃十二指肠动脉。 </li><li>解放脾动脉从周围的组织。丝绸领带6-0脾动脉两次，彼此遥远的联系。解剖2间结扎脾动脉。 </li><li>解放从周围组织的胃左动脉。丝绸领带6-0胃左动脉两次，彼此遥远的联系。解剖2间结扎动脉。 </li><li>外接右肾和右外侧肝叶之间的下腔静脉。从解剖腹膜后间隙静脉。按照腹腔干暴露主动脉。 </li><li>解剖腹膜后脂肪组织。注入1000的IE肝素在1ml盐水进入下腔静脉。收回插管，用化妆棉关闭切口。等待1-2分钟肝素的全身效应。 </li><li>外接钳主动脉。解剖主动脉和抽血的老鼠。此外，从肾脏远侧解剖下腔静脉。 </li></ol></li><li>门静脉插管（使用1.2节准备的套管） <ol><li>使鱼口内切口，在远端门静脉。打开切口，用血管钳和导管插入门静脉。冲洗用20毫升林格氏液，直到肝脱色肝脏和修复连字（6-0丝）的套管。 </li></ol></li><li>动脉插管（使用第1.3节准备的套管） <ol><li>上述解剖腹腔干主动脉。从解放腹膜后间隙主动脉段。切开主动脉段纵向产生主动脉补丁。将自建套管插入静态持有。 </li><li>使用2镊子滑动主动脉修补过套管。结扎肝动脉丝6-0在套管和修复补丁的对接。 </li></ol></li><li>肝外植<ol><li>开隔膜，使一个环形切口，并从周围结构解剖肝脏。 </li></ol></li><li>存储<ol><li>申通快递再在无菌500毫升罐填充用350ml林格溶液直到使用肝脏。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.洗涤剂溶液<ol><li> 10％的Triton X-100原液<ol><li>填写1,000毫升瓶装900毫升水作空白。并加入100 ml的Triton X-100（99.9％）。使用搅拌器以溶解的Triton X-100。把瓶子装满水作空白。直到1000毫升的总体积为止。 </li></ol></li><li> 1％的Triton X-100的<ol><li>加入100 ml的储备溶液（10％），以1000毫升瓶装。添加900毫升水作空白。并两次摇瓶。过滤通过无菌过滤的1％的Triton X-100溶液。 </li></ol></li><li> 10％的SDS原液<ol><li>填写1,000毫升瓶装900毫升水作空白。并添加66.99克SDS（99.9％，密度0.67）。使用搅拌器以溶解的SDS。把瓶子装满水作空白。直到1000毫升的总体积为止。 </li></ol></li><li> 1％SDS中<ol><li>加入100 ml的储备溶液（10％），以的1000ml的机器人颞叶癫痫。添加900毫升水作空白。并两次摇瓶。过滤通过无菌过滤的1％SDS溶液。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.脱细胞<ol><li>建立灌流器的<img alt="图1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53029/53029fig1.jpg" /></li></ol> 图1：在振荡压力条件下灌注设备的选择性动脉和四大鼠肝脏门静脉灌注的方案 （ 从 Struecker 等人修改14） <ol><li>连结其漏极连接到一个三路活塞和一个海德堡扩展以调节填充水平和填充反应器，用500ml 0.9％NaCl洗涤。 <img alt="图2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53029/53029fig2.jpg" /></li></ol> 图2：的灌注设置方案链接灌注腔（1,400 毫升 ）（1）到远端的气泡阱（5）经门静脉通路（4）（2）或通过动脉交流塞斯（3）。气泡收集器（5）应配备一个密闭（4）在远端和一通气口（6）。泡沫陷阱（5）连接到海德堡扩展（7）。链接海德堡延伸到泵段（8）。此外，泵段（8）连接到另一个海德堡分机（9）。插入最后海德堡延伸部（9）进入瓶子的洗涤剂溶液（10）。呼吸器（11），以将灌注腔连接（或在多个灌注的情况下，压力分配器）。排出反应器中的流体，连接流出到废液瓶（12）。 <ol><li>插入泵段进入泵内。启动泵以填充循环用PBS，关闭气泡阱的远端和打开排。当气泡的底部被牢固地覆盖，用PBS（2-3厘米），关闭排气口和打开所述气泡阱的前端。 </li><li>肝安装<ol><li>链接门静脉插管的活塞三方的相关反应器的访问。 CONNECT动脉插管动脉进入。要小心，以确保没有空气进入系统。 </li></ol></li><li>的脉动压力条件下的应用<ol><li>使用呼吸器具有15 BPM的频率和26毫巴（最少4毫巴，最大30毫巴）的幅度。连接呼吸器到压力分配室和腔室连接到反应器中。开始施加压力。 </li></ol></li><li>脱细胞协议<ol><li>执行灌注步骤以5毫升/分钟的流速。开始用1％的Triton X-100肝脏进行90分钟的灌注脱细胞。经由灌注装置的流出允许废物流出，以保持内灌注腔常数和灌注肝脏高于液体高度。 90分钟后，将洗涤剂更改为1％的SDS。 <img alt="图3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53029/53029fig3.jpg" /> <img alt="表1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53029/53029table1.jpg" /></li></ol></li></ol> &lt;P&gt; 图3：所有实验组灌注协议。

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

虽然提出了技术大鼠肝收获和脱细胞是容易复制，也有考虑某些关键步骤： 在制备过程中对肝收获，它避免严重出血是非常重要的，因为它会激活血液凝结，并可能导致在肝脏内的血液凝块的形成。在我们看来，这是有利的，门静脉插管之前直接切开腹部大动脉，以避免通过门静脉灌注过程中通过肝动脉血液流入。一旦肝脏插管并明确灌注，血液凝块的形成是不再是一个问?...

脱细胞和recellularization可以使得能够在体外 1的功能，移植器官的生成。通过除去细胞和抗原物质（ 例如 ，DNA，α-半乳糖表位）从一个器官，非或更少免疫原性外基质（ECM）能够得到。此矩阵可以节省一个器官的三维显微解剖和可作为复育的理想生物基质具有不同的，可能异种来源2的细胞。因此，脱细胞的大鼠肝基质可重新填充与人肝细胞。此人源化微肝脏可以作为离体模型上的疾病（ 如 ，先天性代谢疾病，病毒性疾病或恶性肿瘤）或用于临床前的药物测试3研究。 大鼠肝脏灌注脱细胞几种不同的协议已经公布4-13。在所有协议，脱细胞化是由碱性离子或非离子型去污剂灌注经由插管门静脉实现。尽我们所知，我们是第一批通过选择性灌注经门静脉和/或大鼠肝动脉14报告大鼠肝脱细胞。使不同的血管系统，可在肝脏的选择性灌注可以使更好脱细胞的结果，而且，可以在细胞再增殖中起重要作用。 在这项研究中这里详述，肝脏灌注在一个特制的专用灌流器，振荡压力的条件下，使灌注。这些压力条件模仿肝脏的生理呼吸依赖性灌注： 原位 ，肝脏的隔膜，其变动在呼吸过程中对肝灌注有直接影响的连接函数下挂起。灵感具体地说导致降低隔膜和挤压肝脏，优化肝静脉流出，而到期导致肝脏升高和降低腹内压，优化门静脉流入15。 我们的目的是评估振荡压力条件是否具备通过模仿腹内条件体外对大鼠肝脏灌注脱细胞的同质性产生影响。脱细胞过程的同质性可能是灌注脱细胞低估的因素。所有已知的药物用于肝脱细胞的事业改建为ECM。在灌注不良的地方细胞保持在ECM内，而其它地区已经完全脱细胞。以溶解剩余的细胞中，灌注持续时间或压力必须提高，从而导致更多的改建为良好灌注的区域。因此，洗涤剂脱细胞应均匀器官内分布。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Self built arterial cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Portex Non Sterile Polyethene Tubing</td>
			<td>SIMS Portex</td>
			<td>REF 800/110/100</td>
			<td>0,28mm ID 0,61mm OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Portex Non Sterile Polyethene Tubing</td>
			<td>SIMS Portex</td>
			<td>REF 800/110/200</td>
			<td>0,58mm ID 0,96m OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Venodrop Safe butterfly catheter</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>3275851</td>
			<td>21 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>portal vein cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Periphereal Venous Catheter</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>393224</td>
			<td>BD Venflon Pro 20G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>three-way stopcock</td>
			<td>smiths medical</td>
			<td>888-101RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Sticks</td>
			<td>Hecht-Assistent</td>
			<td>4302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Pads&#160;</td>
			<td>Shaoxing Zhengde Surgical dressing</td>
			<td>13H118-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze Bandage</td>
			<td>Hubei Haige&#160; Medical Instruments</td>
			<td>14388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Ringer Solution</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>13 HKP022</td>
			<td>1000ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10ml Syringe</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>4606108V</td>
			<td>10ml/ Luer Solo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml Syringe</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>4606061V</td>
			<td>5ml /Luer Solo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture (Silk 6/0)</td>
			<td>Resorba</td>
			<td>H1F</td>
			<td>LOT 105001.81</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>medical drape</td>
			<td>Shaoxing Zhengde Surgical dressing</td>
			<td>D0613011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>surgical instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle holder</td>
			<td>Geuder</td>
			<td>17570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro-forceps</td>
			<td>Inox-Electronic</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro-scissors</td>
			<td>Martin</td>
			<td>11-740-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro-forceps</td>
			<td>S&#38;T&#160;</td>
			<td>112314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clamp</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>BH111R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scissors</td>
			<td>F S T&#160;</td>
			<td>14501-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical forceps</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>BD 557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Decellularisation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Respirator</td>
			<td>Resmed</td>
			<td>14.24.11.0004</td>
			<td>SmartAIR ST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion Device</td>
			<td>Charite, medical engineering laboratory</td>
			<td>custome-made device</td>
			<td>decellularisation device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>peristaltic pump ismatec reglo ICC</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>ISM4408&#160;</td>
			<td>4-channel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heidelberger extension 75 cm&#160;</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>2873</td>
			<td>75 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS/CA pump-segment</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>IS 3510&#160;</td>
			<td>MS/CA/click&#39;n&#39;go/POM-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CA 2-stopper tube</td>
			<td>Pharmed</td>
			<td>BPT NSF-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bubble trap&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custome-made item</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock hose connector</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>No. 02-1887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Detergents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS pellets</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>CN30.4&#160;</td>
			<td>2,5 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>3051.1&#160;</td>
			<td>10l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-094</td>
			<td>DPBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin 1%</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>10177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer hematoxylin</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>A4840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gomori staining</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>11104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlcainBlue-PAS staining</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>11388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct Red 80&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>365548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

procedure for decellularization of rat livers in an oscillating-pressure perfusion device

Decellularization and recellularization of parenchymal organs may enable the generation of functional organs in vitro, and several protocols for rodent liver decellularization have already been published. We aimed to improve the decellularization process by construction of a proprietary perfusion device enabling selective perfusion via the portal vein and/or the hepatic artery. Furthermore, we sought to perform perfusion under oscillating surrounding pressure conditions to improve the homogeneity of decellularization. The homogeneity of perfusion decellularization has been an underestimated factor to date. During decellularization, areas within the organ that are poorly perfused may still contain cells, whereas the extracellular matrix (ECM) in well-perfused areas may already be affected by alkaline detergents. Oscillating pressure changes can mimic the intraabdominal pressure changes that occur during respiration to optimize microperfusion inside the liver. In the study presented here, decellularized rat liver matrices were analyzed by histological staining, DNA content analysis and corrosion casting. Perfusion via the hepatic artery showed more homogenous results than portal venous perfusion did. The application of oscillating pressure conditions improved the effectiveness of perfusion decellularization. Livers perfused via the hepatic artery and under oscillating pressure conditions showed the best results. The presented techniques for liver harvesting, cannulation and perfusion using our proprietary device enable sophisticated perfusion set-ups to improve decellularization and recellularization experiments in rat livers.

的均匀性并且因此不同脱细胞协议的有效性是由肉眼观察，组织学分析，和内脱细胞肝基质剩余DNA含量的分析评价。此外，腐蚀铸件进行脱细胞后肝脏可视化的完整的显微解剖。 肉眼在脱细胞，肝脏变得透亮，说明去除细胞含量。肝脏通过门静脉灌注期间和之后脱细胞（白色箭头）呈不均匀澄清（并因此脱细胞），用肉眼可见剩余的细胞。肝脏通过肝动?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Procedure for Decellularization of Rat Livers in an Oscillating-pressure Perfusion Device at JoVE.com

Procedure for Decellularization of Rat Livers in an Oscillating-pressure Perfusion Device

The presented techniques for liver harvesting, cannulation and perfusion using our proprietary device enable sophisticated perfusion set-ups to improve decellularization and recellularization experiments in rat livers.

在振荡压力灌流器程序大鼠肝脏的脱细胞

Decellularization and recellularization of parenchymal organs may enable the generation of functional organs in vitro, and several protocols for rodent ...

procedure-for-decellularization-rat-livers-an-oscillating-pressure

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

10.2K 次观看.  Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The presented techniques for liver harvesting, cannulation and perfusion using our proprietary device enable sophisticated perfusion set-ups to improve decellularization and recellularization experiments in rat livers.

视频: Procedure for Decellularization of Rat Livers in an Oscillating-pressure Perfusion Device

Decellularization and Recellularization of Whole Livers

The liver is a complex organ which requires constant perfusion for delivery of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste in order to survive1. Efforts to recreate or mimic the liver microstructure with grounds up approach using tissue engineering and microfabrication techniques have not been successful so far due to this design challenge. In addition, synthetic biomaterials used to create scaffolds for liver tissue engineering applications have been limited in inducing tissue regeneration and repair in large part due to the lack of specific cell binding motifs that would induce the proper cell functions2. Decellularized native tissues such blood vessels3and skin4on the other hand have found many applications in tissue engineering, and have provided a practical solution to some of the challenges. The advantage of decellularized native matrix is that it retains, to an extent, the original composition, and the microstructure, hence enhancing cell attachment and reorganization5.
In this work we describe the methods to perform perfusion-decellularization of the liver, such that an intact liver bioscaffold that retains the structure of major blood vessels is obtained. Further, we describe methods to recellularize these bioscaffolds with adult primary hepatocytes, creating a liver graft that is functional in vitro, and has the vessel access necessary for transplantation in vivo.

Perfusion decellularization is a novel technique to produce whole liver scaffolds that retains the organ's extracellular matrix composition and microarchitecture. Herein, the method of preparing whole organ scaffolds using perfusion decellularization and subsequent repopulation with hepatocytes is described. Functional and transplantable liver grafts can be generated using this technique.

整个肝脏的脱细胞和Recellularization

The liver is a complex organ which requires constant perfusion for delivery of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste in order to survive1. Efforts to ...

科研

生物工程

Procedure for Decellularization of Porcine Heart by Retrograde Coronary Perfusion

Perfusion-based whole organ decellularization has recently gained interest in the field of tissue engineering as a means to create site-specific extracellular matrix scaffolds, while largely preserving the native architecture of the scaffold. To date, this approach has been utilized in a variety of organ systems, including the heart, lung, and liver 1-5. Previous decellularization methods for tissues without an easily accessible vascular network have relied upon prolonged exposure of tissue to solutions of detergents, acids, or enzymatic treatments as a means to remove the cellular and nuclear components from the surrounding extracellular environment6-8. However, the effectiveness of these methods hinged upon the ability of the solutions to permeate the tissue via diffusion. In contrast, perfusion of organs through the natural vascular system effectively reduced the diffusion distance and facilitated transport of decellularization agents into the tissue and cellular components out of the tissue. Herein, we describe a method to fully decellularize an intact porcine heart through coronary retrograde perfusion. The protocol yielded a fully decellularized cardiac extracellular matrix (c-ECM) scaffold with the three-dimensional structure of the heart intact. Our method used a series of enzymes, detergents, and acids coupled with hypertonic and hypotonic rinses to aid in the lysis and removal of cells. The protocol used a Trypsin solution to detach cells from the matrix followed by Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate solutions to aid in removal of cellular material. The described protocol also uses perfusion speeds of greater than 2 L/min for extended periods of time. The high flow rate, coupled with solution changes allowed transport of agents to the tissue without contamination of cellular debris and ensured effective rinsing of the tissue. The described method removed all nuclear material from native porcine cardiac tissue, creating a site-specific cardiac ECM scaffold that can be used for a variety of applications.

A method to rapidly and completely remove cellular components from an intact porcine heart through retrograde perfusion is described. This method yields a site specific cardiac extracellular matrix scaffold which has the potential for use in multiple clinical applications.

脱细胞猪心逆行灌注的程序

Perfusion-based  whole organ decellularization has recently gained interest in the field of  tissue engineering as a means to create site-specific ...

An Ultrasonic Tool for Nerve Conduction Block in Diabetic Rat Models

Nerve conduction block with a high intensity-focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer has been performed in normal and diabetic animal models recently. HIFU can reversibly block the conduction of peripheral nerves without damaging the nerves while using an appropriate ultrasonic parameter. Temporary and partial block of the action potentials of nerves shows that HIFU has the potential to be a useful clinical treatment for pain relief. This work demonstrates the procedures for suppressing the action potentials of neuropathic nerves in diabetic rats in vivo using an HIFU transducer. The first step is to generate adult male diabetic neuropathic rats by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The second step is to evaluate the peripheral diabetic neuropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats by an electronic von Frey probe and a hot plate. The final step is to record in vivo extracellular action potentials of the nerve exposed to HIFU sonication. The method showed here may benefit the study of ultrasound analgesic applications.

This work presents the methodology of applying high intensity-focused ultrasound to block the action potentials of diabetic neuropathic nerves.

糖尿病大鼠模型神经传导阻滞的超声工具

Nerve conduction block with a high intensity-focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer has been performed in normal and diabetic animal models recently. HIFU ...

Development of an Electrochemical DNA Biosensor to Detect a Foodborne Pathogen

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, significantly affecting the rate of human mortality and morbidity. Conventional methods for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus such as culture-based methods, immunological assays, and molecular-based methods require complicated sample handling and are time-consuming, tedious, and costly. Recently, biosensors have proven to be a promising and comprehensive detection method with the advantages of fast detection, cost-effectiveness, and practicality. This research focuses on developing a rapid method of detecting V. parahaemolyticus with high selectivity and sensitivity using the principles of DNA hybridization. In the work, characterization of synthesized polylactic acid-stabilized gold nanoparticles (PLA-AuNPs) was achieved using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). We also carried out further testing of stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of the PLA-AuNPs. We found that the PLA-AuNPs formed a sound structure of stabilized nanoparticles in aqueous solution. We also observed that the sensitivity improved as a result of the smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct) value and an increase of active surface area (0.41 cm2). The development of our DNA biosensor was based on modification of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with PLA-AuNPs and using methylene blue (MB) as the redox indicator. We assessed the immobilization and hybridization events by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). We found that complementary, non-complementary, and mismatched oligonucleotides were specifically distinguished by the fabricated biosensor. It also showed reliably sensitive detection in cross-reactivity studies against various food-borne pathogens and in the identification of V. parahaemolyticus in fresh cockles.

A protocol for the development of an electrochemical DNA biosensor comprising a polylactic acid-stabilized, gold nanoparticles-modified, screen-printed carbon electrode to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus is presented.

电化学 DNA 生物传感器检测食源性致病菌的研究进展

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, ...

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications

The autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts currently used as scaffolds for tissue replacement have limitations due to low availability, poor biocompatibility, and cost. Plant tissues have favorable characteristics that make them uniquely suited for use as scaffolds, such as high surface area, excellent water transport and retention, interconnected porosity, preexisting vascular networks, and a wide range of mechanical properties. Two successful methods of plant decellularization for tissue engineering applications are described here. The first method is based on detergent baths to remove cellular matter, which is similar to previously established methods used to clear mammalian tissues. The second is a detergent-free method adapted from a protocol that isolates leaf vasculature and involves the use of a heated bleach and salt bath to clear the leaves and stems. Both methods yield scaffolds with comparable mechanical properties and low cellular metabolic impact, thus allowing the user to select the protocol which better suits their intended application.

Here we present, and contrast two protocols used to decellularize plant tissues: a detergent-based approach and a detergent-free approach. Both methods leave behind the extracellular matrix of the plant tissues used, which can then be utilized as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

组织工程应用中植物组织去细胞的两种方法

The autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts currently used as scaffolds for tissue replacement have limitations due to low availability, poor ...

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver engineering, including in vivo organ decellularization followed by repopulation, has emerged as a promising approach over ex vivo liver engineering. However, postoperative survival was not achieved. The aim of this study is to develop a novel surgical technique of in vivo selective liver lobe perfusion in rats as a prerequisite for in vivo liver engineering. We generate a circuit bypass only through the left lateral lobe. Then, the left lateral lobe is perfused with heparinized saline. The experiment is performed with 4 groups (n = 3 rats per group) based on different perfusion times of 20 min, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. Survival, as well as the macroscopically visible change of color and the histologically determined absence of blood cells in the portal triad and the sinusoids, is taken as an indicator for a successful model establishment. After selective perfusion of the left lateral lobe, we observe that the left lateral lobe, indeed, turned from red to faint yellow. In a histological assessment, no blood cells are visible in the branch of the portal vein, the central vein, and the sinusoids. The left lateral lobe turns red after reopening the blocked vessels. 12/12 rats survived the procedure for more than one week. We are the first to report a surgical model for in vivo single liver lobe perfusion with a long survival period of more than one week. In contrast to the previously published report, the most important advantage of the technique presented here is that perfusion of 70% of the liver is maintained throughout the whole procedure. The establishment of this technique provides a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rats, including decellularization and recellularization.

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

We establish a novel surgical technique for an in vivo single liver lobe perfusion model in rat as a prerequisite for further studying in vivo partial liver engineering in the future.

大鼠体内部分肝工程的外科技术基础

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver ...

Decellularization of Whole Human Heart Inside a Pressurized Pouch in an Inverted Orientation

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ultimately rejection can occur. Creating a functional, autologous bio-artificial heart could solve these challenges. Biofabrication of a heart comprised of scaffold and cells is one option. A natural scaffold with tissue-specific composition as well as micro- and macro-architecture can be obtained by decellularizing hearts from humans or large animals such as pigs. Decellularization involves washing out cellular debris while preserving 3D extracellular matrix and vasculature and allowing &#34;cellularization&#34; at a later timepoint. Capitalizing on our novel finding that perfusion decellularization of complex organs is possible, we developed a more &#34;physiological&#34; method to decellularize non-transplantable human hearts by placing them inside a pressurized pouch, in an inverted orientation, under controlled pressure. The purpose of using a pressurized pouch is to create pressure gradients across the aortic valve to keep it closed and improve myocardial perfusion. Simultaneous assessment of flow dynamics and cellular debris removal during decellularization allowed us to monitor both fluid inflow and debris outflow, thereby generating a scaffold that can be used either for simple cardiac repair (e.g. as a patch or valve scaffold) or as a whole-organ scaffold.

This method enables decellularization of a complex solid organ using a simple protocol based on osmotic shock and perfusion of ionic detergent with minimal organ matrix disruption. It comprises a novel decellularization technique for human hearts inside a pressurized pouch with real-time monitoring of flow dynamics and cellular debris outflow.

倒置方向下整个人的心脏在加压袋内的去细胞化

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ...

Generation of Dynamical Environmental Conditions using a High-Throughput Microfluidic Device

Mimicking in vivo environmental conditions is crucial for in vitro studies on complex life machinery. However, current techniques targeting live cells and organs are either highly expensive, like robotics, or lack nanoliter volume and millisecond time accuracy in liquid manipulation. We herein present the design and fabrication of a microfluidic system, which consists of 1,500 culture units, an array of enhanced peristaltic pumps and an on-site mixing modulus. To demonstrate the capacities of the microfluidic device, neural stem cell (NSC) spheres are maintained in the proposed system. We observed that when the NSC sphere is exposed to CXCL in day 1 and EGF in day 2, the round-shaped conformation is well maintained. Variation in the input order of 6 drugs causes morphological changes to the NSC sphere and the expression level representative marker for NSC stemness (i.e., Hes5 and Dcx). These results indicate that dynamic and complex environmental conditions have great effects on NSC differentiation and self-renewal, and the proposed microfluidic device is a suitable platform for high throughput studies on the complex life machinery.

We present a microfluidic system for high throughput studies on complex life machinery, which consists of 1500 culture units, an array of enhanced peristaltic pumps and an on-site mixing modulus. The microfluidic chip allows for the analysis of the highly complex and dynamic micro-environmental conditions in vivo.

使用高通量微流体设备生成动态环境条件

Mimicking in vivo environmental conditions is crucial for in vitro studies on complex life machinery. However, current techniques targeting live cells and ...

Procurement and Perfusion-Decellularization of Porcine Vascularized Flaps in a Customized Perfusion Bioreactor

Large volume soft tissue defects lead to functional deficits and can greatly impact the patient&#39;s quality of life. Although surgical reconstruction can be performed using autologous free flap transfer or vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA), such methods also have disadvantages. Issues such as donor site morbidity and tissue availability limit autologous free flap transfer, while immunosuppression is a significant limitation of VCA. Engineered tissues in reconstructive surgery using decellularization/recellularization methods represent a possible solution. Decellularized tissues are generated using methods that remove native cellular material while preserving the underlying extracellular matrix (ECM) microarchitecture. These acellular scaffolds can then be subsequently recellularized with recipient-specific cells.
This protocol details the procurement and decellularization methods used to achieve acellular scaffolds in a pig model. In addition, it also provides a description of the perfusion bioreactor design and setup. The flaps include the porcine omentum, tensor fascia lata, and the radial forearm. Decellularization is performed via ex vivo perfusion of low concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergent followed by DNase enzyme treatment and peracetic acid sterilization in a customized perfusion bioreactor.
Successful tissue decellularization is characterized by a white-opaque appearance of flaps macroscopically. Acellular flaps show the absence of nuclei on histological staining and a significant reduction in DNA content. This protocol can be used efficiently to generate decellularized soft tissue scaffolds with preserved ECM and vascular microarchitecture. Such scaffolds can be used in subsequent recellularization studies and have the potential for clinical translation in reconstructive surgery.

The protocol describes the surgical procurement and subsequent decellularization of vascularized porcine flaps by the perfusion of sodium dodecyl sulfate detergent through the flap vasculature in a customized perfusion bioreactor.

在定制灌注生物反应器中获取和灌注-脱细胞猪血管化皮瓣

Large volume soft tissue defects lead to functional deficits and can greatly impact the patient&#39;s quality of life. Although surgical reconstruction ...

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

Patients with severe traumatic injuries and tissue loss require complex surgical reconstruction. Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is an evolving reconstructive avenue for transferring multiple tissues as a composite subunit. Despite the promising nature of VCA, the long-term immunosuppressive requirements are a significant limitation due to the increased risk of malignancies, end-organ toxicity, and opportunistic infections. Tissue engineering of acellular composite scaffolds is a potential alternative in reducing the need for immunosuppression. Herein, the procurement of a rat hindlimb and its subsequent decellularization using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is described. The procurement strategy presented is based upon the common femoral artery. A machine perfusion-based bioreactor system was constructed and used for ex vivo decellularization of the hindlimb. Successful perfusion decellularization was performed, resulting in a white translucent-like appearance of the hindlimb. An intact, perfusable, vascular network throughout the hindlimb was observed. Histological analyses showed the removal of nuclear contents and the preservation of tissue architecture across all tissue compartments.

Procurement and Decellularization of Rat Hindlimbs Using an Ex Vivo Perfusion-Based Bioreactor for Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation

We describe the surgical technique and decellularization process for composite rat hindlimbs. Decellularization is conducted using low-concentration sodium dodecyl sulfate through an ex vivo machine perfusion system.

使用 离体 灌注生物反应器进行大鼠后肢的获取和去细胞化血管化复合同种异体移植

Patients with severe traumatic injuries and tissue loss require complex surgical reconstruction. Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is an ...