The authors would like to gratefully thank Steffen Lippert, Khalid Aliyev, Korinna J&#246;hrens and Katharina Struecker for their help during this project.

Hayvanlar Deneysel Tıp (FEM, Charité, Berlin, Almanya) için Tesisi&#39;nde tutuldu ve tüm deneysel protokoller gözden geçirilecek ve Devlet Sağlık ve Yerel İşleri Ofisi (LAGeSo, Berlin, Almanya tarafından kabul edildi;. Reg No O 0365 / 11). 1. Karaciğer Hasat <ol><li> Ön Cerrahi hazırlık <ol><li> Sabitleme için bir mantar plaka kullanın. Plaka üzerinde tıbbi örtü koyun. Dört iğneler kullanılarak, intraoperatif inhalasyon narkoz için mantar plaka üzerinde bir inhalasyon maskesi düzeltmek. </li></ol></li><li> Portal Venöz Kanül prearrangement <ol><li> Üç-yollu bir periferal venöz kateter (G 20) bağlanır. kateter yaklaşık bir uzunluğa sahip, eğik olarak kesilmelidir. 1,5 cm. </li><li> De hava Ringer çözeltisi ile doldurulmuş bir 10 ml şırınga kullanarak sistem. Dikkatle de hava gaz embolisi olumsuz perfüzyon decellularization etkileyebilir çünkü çok önemlidir. </li></ol></li><li> PrearrangementArter Kanül <ol><li> Kelebek kanül kullanıldığı ve 5 mm bir uzunluğa iğne kesti. 5 mm iğne ve superglue ile sabitleyin, 5 cm tüp (OD 0.96 mm ID 0.58 mm) takınız. Büyük tüp içine ve superglue ile sabitleyin, 2 cm uzunluğunda bir tüp (OD 0.61 mm ID 0.28 mm) yerleştirin. </li><li> Bir dayanak olarak bu yapı üzerinde başka tüp kayma ve superglue ile sabitleyin. De hava Ringer çözeltisi ile dolu bir 5 ml şırıngaya arteryel kanül. </li></ol></li><li> Anestezi ve Analjezi <ol><li> 1.5 L / dakikalık bir akış oranında% 3.5 oksijen izofluran anestezi indüksiyon odasında sıçan narkozu neden. </li><li> Çalışma sırasında analjezi sağlamak için, karın içinden metamizol (100 mg / kg vücut kütlesi) ve düşük doz ketamin / medetomidini (kg vücut ağırlığı başına 10 mg / 0.1 mg) enjekte edilir. </li><li> Cerrahi anestezi sonraki bakım için inhalasyon maskesi üzerinden 1 L / dk oksijen% 1.5 izofluran sağlayın. </li></ol></li><li> Ameliyat öncesi Düzenlemeler &lt;ol&gt; <li> Elektrikli kesme makinesi ile liberal karın Tıraş. Dezenfeksiyonu için% 70 etanol ile karın traş kesi sitesini nemlendirin. </li><li> Hazırlanan plaka üzerinde yatar pozisyonda hayvan yerleştirin inhalasyon maskesi içine kafasını takın ve tıbbi bant ve iğneler ile bacaklarda düzeltmek. Bir gazlı bez kompres ile aşırı etanol ve kürk çıkarın. </li></ol></li><li> Anestezi Değerlendirmesi <ol><li> Solunum hızı izleyerek anestezi derinliği değerlendirin. Anestezi (40-60 solunum / dk) yeterince derin görünüyor zaman analjezi her iki arka bacaklarda ayak parmakları arasında cilt çimdik cerrahi forseps kullanarak ayak tutam refleks tetiklemek için deneyerek yeterli olup olmadığını kontrol edin. </li></ol></li><li> Karın Yaklaşım <ol><li> Mesane üstünde kaudal karın duvarı içine medyan kesi yapmak. V-şekilli bir biçimde her iki lateral kot kemerler için, bu noktadan itibaren kesilir. Diyaframın içine kesmek için özen gösterin. Göğüs üzerine kesilmiş karın duvarı çekin. </li&gt; <li> Bir Overholt kelepçe ile kılıç şeklinde Fix cranially çekin ve bir lastik bant ile sabitleyin. Bağırsak tahliye ıslak pamuk bezlerden kullanın. Islak gazlı bez içinde bağırsak sarın. Ayrıca, ıslak bandaj ile tüm karın marjlarını kapsamaktadır. </li></ol></li><li> Karaciğer Hazırlık <ol><li> Falciform ligament parçalara ayır. Cranially diyaframın kubbe altında medial ve sol karaciğer loblar tutmak için ıslak bir gazlı bez bandaj kullanın. Triadın ve üst omentum karaciğer lobu Açığa. </li><li> Lob mobil kadar dikkatlice üst omentum lob bağlı ligament incelemek için iki microforceps ve yaylı makas kullanın. Yerinde medial ve sol lobu tutan, gazlı bez kompres altında ıslak pamuklu çubuklarla kullanarak lob hareket ettirin. </li><li> Üst omentum karaciğer lobunun seferber sonra sola mide hareket ettirin. Bir kelepçe ile mide Fix ve microforceps ve yaylı makas ile küçük omentum teşrih. </li><li> Alt omenta Seferberl karaciğer lobu mobil ve daha sonra onun boşluğuna geri lobun taşımak kadar. Duodenum korumak için bir Backhaus kelepçe kullanın. Streç ve triadın maruz sola duodenum taşıyın. Gergin hepatoduodenal ligaman koledok circumscribe. </li><li> Adipoz ve pankreas dokusundan safra kanalını parçalara ayır. Safra kanalını safra kanalı bifurkasyondan 1,5 cm kesin. Çevreleyen yağ dokusundan portal ven parçalara ayır. Gastroduodenal ven Açığa. </li><li> Ipek 6-0 ile iki kez gastroduodenal ven bağlanır ve 2 bitişik harfler arasındaki damar bölün. Tüm arteriyel rami ortaya kadar çevreleyen dokudan çölyak gövde ve ortak hepatik arter parçalara ayır. </li><li> Çevreleyen dokudan gastroduodenal arter Özgürleştirin. Birbirinden uzak bağları, ipek 6-0 ile iki kez gastroduodenal arter kravat. 2 bitişik harfler arasındaki gastroduodenal arter parçalara ayır. </li><li> Dalak arteri kurtarmakçevreleyen dokudan. Birbirinden uzak bağları, ipek 6-0 ile iki kez dalak arteri bağla. 2 bitişik harfler arasındaki dalak arteri parçalara ayır. </li><li> Çevreleyen doku sol gastrik arter Özgürleştirin. Birbirinden uzak bağları, ipek 6-0 ile iki kez sol gastrik arter kravat. 2 bitişik harfler arasındaki arter parçalara ayır. </li><li> Sağ böbrekte ve sağ yanal karaciğer lobu arasındaki alt kaval ven circumscribe. Retroperitoneal uzaydan damar parçalara ayır. Çölyak gövde izleyerek aorta Açığa. </li><li> Retroperitoneal adipoz doku teşrih. Inferior vena kava içine 1 ml serum fizyolojik içinde 1.000 IE heparin enjekte edilir. Kanül geri çekin ve pamuklu ped ile kesi kapatın. Heparin sistemik etki için 1-2 dakika bekleyin. </li><li> Forseps ile aorta circumscribe. Aorta incelemek ve sıçan asıl bulbus olfaktoryusları alındı. Ayrıca, böbrek distal inferior vena kava teşrih. </li></ol></li><li> Portal Venöz Kanülasyon (Kullanım bölüm 1.2 hazırlanan kanül) <ol><li> Distal portal vende bir balık ağzı kesi olun. Forseps ile kesi açın ve portal ven cannulate. Karaciğer rengini yitiren kadar 20 ml Ringer solüsyonu ile karaciğer yıkayın ve bitişik harfler (ipek 6-0) ile kanül düzeltin. </li></ol></li><li> Arteriyel Kanülasyon (Kullanım bölüm 1.3 hazırlanan kanül) <ol><li> Çölyak gövde üzerinde aorta parçalara ayır. Retroperitoneal uzaydan aort segmenti Özgürleştirin. Aort yama oluşturmak için uzunlamasına aort segmenti kesin. Statik tutucu içine kendini inşa kanül yerleştirin. </li><li> Kanül üzerinde aort yama kayma 2 forseps kullanın. Kanül üzerinde ipek 6-0 ile hepatik arter bağlanır ve dayanak olarak yama sabitleyin. </li></ol></li><li> Karaciğer eksplantasyonu <ol><li> , Diyaframı açıp dairesel kesi yapmak ve çevre yapılardan karaciğer teşrih. </li></ol></li><li> Depolama <ol><li> Stokullanılana kadar 350 ml Ringer çözeltisi ile doldurulmuş, steril 500 ml tankında karaciğer yeniden. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Deterjan Çözümleri <ol><li> % 10 Triton X-100 stok solüsyonu <ol><li> 900 ml su dest ile 1.000 ml&#39;lik şişe doldurun. ve 100 ml Triton X-100 (% 99,9) ekleyin. Triton X-100 eritmek için bir karıştırıcıyı kullanarak. Damıtılmıs şişeyi doldurun. 1000 ml&#39;lik toplam hacme kadar ulaşılır. </li></ol></li><li> % 1 Triton X-100 <ol><li> 1.000 ml şişe stok çözeltisi, 100 ml (% 10) ilave edilir. 900 mi su Hedef ekle. ve iki kez şişeyi çalkalayın. Steril bir filtre içerisinden,% 1 Triton X-100 çözeltisi filtre. </li></ol></li><li> % 10 SDS Stok Çözeltisi <ol><li> 900 ml su dest ile 1.000 ml&#39;lik şişe doldurun. ve 66.99 g SDS (% 99.9, yoğunluk 0.67) ekleyin. SDS çözmek için bir karıştırıcı kullanın. Damıtılmıs şişeyi doldurun. 1000 ml&#39;lik toplam hacme kadar ulaşılır. </li></ol></li><li> % 1 SDS <ol><li> 1.000 mi bot stok çözeltisi, 100 ml (% 10) ilave edilirtle. 900 mi su Hedef ekle. ve iki kez şişeyi çalkalayın. Steril bir filtre ile% 1 SDS çözeltisi filtre. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Decellularization <ol><li> Perfüzyon Cihaz Set-up <img alt="Figür 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53029/53029fig1.jpg" /></li></ol> Şekil 1:. Oscillating Basınç Koşullarda Seçici Arter ve Dört Rat karaciğerinin Portal Venöz Perfüzyon için Perfüzyon Cihaz Programı (. Struecker ark değiştirilmiş 14) <ol><li> Üç yollu ve dolum seviyesini düzenleyen ve 500 ml% 0,9 NaCl ile reaktörü doldurmak için Heidelberger uzantısı drenaj bağlayın. <img alt="Şekil 2," src="/files/ftp_upload/53029/53029fig2.jpg" /></li></ol> Şekil 2:. (4) portal venöz yoldan kabarcık kapanı (5) (2) ya da arteriyel ac yoluyla uzak ucuna perfüzyon set-up Plan perfüzyon odasına bağlantı (1.400 cm 3) (1)ri (3). Kabarcık kapanı (5) uzak ucunda bir tıkama (4) ve bir delik (6) ile donatılmış olmalıdır. Bir Heidelberger uzatma (7) kabarcık tuzak (5) bağlayın. Pompa segmenti (8) ile Heidelberger uzantısı bağlayın. Bundan başka, bir başka Heidelberger uzantısı (9), pompa segmenti (8) bağlanır. Deterjan çözeltisinin (10) şişenin içine geçen Heidelberger uzantısı (9) takın. (Ya da birden perfüzyonları durumunda basınç dağıtıcıya) perfüzyon odasına solunum cihazı (11) takın. Reaktör sıvıları boşaltmak için, atık şişe (12) çıkışı bağlayın. <ol><li> Pompanın içine pompa segmenti yerleştirin. PBS ile döngüsü doldurmak için pompayı çalıştırın, kabarcık kapanı distal ucunu kapatın ve havalandırma açın. Kabarcık alt güvenli PBS (2-3 cm) ile kaplı olduğunda, havalandırma kapatın ve baloncuk kapanı distal ucunu açın. </li><li> Karaciğer Kurulum <ol><li> İlgili reaktör erişmek için portal ven kanül üç yönlü stopcock bağlayın. Carteriyel erişim arteriyel kanül taşıyıcılarına bağlan- ması. Hava sistemlerini girmemesini sağlamak için dikkatli olun. </li></ol></li><li> Titreşimli Basınç Koşullar Uygulaması <ol><li> 15 bpm bir frekans ve 26 mbar (dak. 4 mbar, maks. 30 mbar), bir genlik solunum cihazı kullanın. Basınç dağılımı odasına solunum bağlayın ve reaktöre odasına bağlayın. Basınç uygulamasını başlatın. </li></ol></li><li> Decellularization Protokolü <ol><li> / Dakika, 5 ml bir akış oranı ile perfüzyon adımları. 90 dakika boyunca,% 1 Triton X-100 ile birlikte karaciğer perfüzyonu ile decellularization başlatın. Perfüzyon odasının sabiti içinde ve perfüze karaciğer üzerindeki sıvı seviyesini korumak için perfüzyon cihazının çıkışı yoluyla atık effluence izin verin. 90 dakika sonra,% 1 SDS deterjan değiştirin. <img alt="Şekil 3," src="/files/ftp_upload/53029/53029fig3.jpg" /> <img alt="Tablo 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/53029/53029table1.jpg" /></li></ol></li></ol> &lt;p&gt; Şekil 3: Tüm Deneysel Grupları için Perfüzyon Protokolü.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Sıçan karaciğer hasat ve decellularization sunulan tekniği kolayca tekrarlanabilir olmasına rağmen, dikkate bazı kritik adımlar vardır: Kan pıhtılaşmasını aktive edecek ve karaciğer içinde kan pıhtısı oluşumuna neden olabilir, çünkü karaciğer hasat için hazırlık sırasında, şiddetli kanama önlemek için önemlidir. Bizce, bu portal ven yoluyla perfüzyon sırasında hepatik arter yoluyla kan akışını önlemek için portal ven kanülasyonu önce doğrudan abdo...

Decellularization ve Recellularization vitro 1&#39;de işlevsel ve çoklu organ üretilmesini sağlayabilir. Kaldırma hücreleri ile antijenik madde ile (ör., DNA, a-Gal epitopları), bir organdan, olmayan ya da daha az immünojenik hücre dışı matris (ECM) elde edilebilir. Bu matris, bir organ, üç boyutlu mikroanatomisinin korur ve farklı, muhtemelen ksenogeneik kökenli 2 hücreleri ile yeniden popüle için ideal bir biyolojik matris olarak görev yapabilir. Bu durumda, bir hücresizleştirilmiş sıçan karaciğer matrisi insan karaciğer hücreleri ile yeniden doldurulur edilebilir. Bu insanlaştırılmış mikro-karaciğer hastalıkları (örn., Doğumsal metabolik hastalıklar, viral hastalıklar veya maligniteler) veya preklinik ilaç testi 3 araştırma için bir ex vivo modeli olarak hizmet verebilir. Sıçan karaciğer perfüzyon decellularization için çeşitli protokoller zaten 4-13 yayınlanmıştır. Tüm protokollerde, decellularleştirilmesi kanüllü portal ven aracılığıyla alkali iyonik veya non-iyonik deterjanlar perfüzyon ile elde edilmiştir. Bizim bilgimize göre, biz portal ven ve / veya sıçan hepatik arter 14 üzerinden seçici perfüzyon ile sıçan karaciğer decellularization bildiren ilk gruptu. Karaciğer farklı vasküler sistemlerinin seçici perfüzyon etkinleştirilmesi hücre yeniden popüle önemli bir rol oynayabilir, bundan başka, daha decellularization sonuçlar etkinleştirmek olabilir. Burada ayrıntılı çalışmada, karaciğer titreşen basınç koşullarında perfüzyon sağlayan bir ısmarlama tescilli perfüzyon cihazında perfüze edildi. Bu basınç koşulları karaciğer fizyolojik solunum bağımlı perfüzyon taklit: in situ, karaciğer hareketi solunum sırasında karaciğer perfüzyon üzerinde doğrudan etkisi vardır diyaframın copula altında asılı. İlham, özellikle optimize diyaframın düşürülmesi ve karaciğerde sıkma yol açarhepato-venöz çıkış, oysa son karaciğer yükselmesi ve portal venöz girişi 15 optimize karın içi basıncının düşürülmesi yol açar. Amacımız salınan basınç koşulları karın içi koşullar ex vivo taklit ederek sıçan karaciğer perfüzyon decellularization homojenliği üzerinde bir etkisi olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. decellularization sürecinin homojenliği perfüzyon decellularization bir hafife bir faktör olabilir. Bilinen tüm maddeler ECM karaciğer decellularization neden değişiklikler için kullanılır. Diğer alanlarda zaten tamamen decellularized oysa kötü perfüze alanlarda hücreler, ECM içinde kalır. Geri kalan hücrelerin çözmek için, perfüzyon süresi ya da basınç iyi perfüze alanlara daha fazla değişiklik neden yükselmiş olması gerekir. Bu nedenle, decellularization deterjanlar organ içindeki homojen dağıtılmalıdır.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Self built arterial cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Portex Non Sterile Polyethene Tubing</td>
			<td>SIMS Portex</td>
			<td>REF 800/110/100</td>
			<td>0,28mm ID 0,61mm OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Portex Non Sterile Polyethene Tubing</td>
			<td>SIMS Portex</td>
			<td>REF 800/110/200</td>
			<td>0,58mm ID 0,96m OD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Venodrop Safe butterfly catheter</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>3275851</td>
			<td>21 G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>portal vein cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Periphereal Venous Catheter</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>393224</td>
			<td>BD Venflon Pro 20G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>three-way stopcock</td>
			<td>smiths medical</td>
			<td>888-101RE</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>surgery</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Sticks</td>
			<td>Hecht-Assistent</td>
			<td>4302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Pads&#160;</td>
			<td>Shaoxing Zhengde Surgical dressing</td>
			<td>13H118-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze Bandage</td>
			<td>Hubei Haige&#160; Medical Instruments</td>
			<td>14388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;Ringer Solution</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>13 HKP022</td>
			<td>1000ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10ml Syringe</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>4606108V</td>
			<td>10ml/ Luer Solo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml Syringe</td>
			<td>Braun</td>
			<td>4606061V</td>
			<td>5ml /Luer Solo</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture (Silk 6/0)</td>
			<td>Resorba</td>
			<td>H1F</td>
			<td>LOT 105001.81</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>medical drape</td>
			<td>Shaoxing Zhengde Surgical dressing</td>
			<td>D0613011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>surgical instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needle holder</td>
			<td>Geuder</td>
			<td>17570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro-forceps</td>
			<td>Inox-Electronic</td>
			<td>91150-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro-scissors</td>
			<td>Martin</td>
			<td>11-740-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>micro-forceps</td>
			<td>S&#38;T&#160;</td>
			<td>112314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clamp</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>BH111R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>scissors</td>
			<td>F S T&#160;</td>
			<td>14501-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>surgical forceps</td>
			<td>Aesculap</td>
			<td>BD 557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Decellularisation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Respirator</td>
			<td>Resmed</td>
			<td>14.24.11.0004</td>
			<td>SmartAIR ST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perfusion Device</td>
			<td>Charite, medical engineering laboratory</td>
			<td>custome-made device</td>
			<td>decellularisation device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>peristaltic pump ismatec reglo ICC</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>ISM4408&#160;</td>
			<td>4-channel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>heidelberger extension 75 cm&#160;</td>
			<td>Fresenius Kabi</td>
			<td>2873</td>
			<td>75 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MS/CA pump-segment</td>
			<td>IDEX</td>
			<td>IS 3510&#160;</td>
			<td>MS/CA/click&#39;n&#39;go/POM-C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CA 2-stopper tube</td>
			<td>Pharmed</td>
			<td>BPT NSF-51</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bubble trap&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>custome-made item</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock hose connector</td>
			<td>Neolab</td>
			<td>No. 02-1887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Detergents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS pellets</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>CN30.4&#160;</td>
			<td>2,5 kg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>3051.1&#160;</td>
			<td>10l</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190-094</td>
			<td>DPBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eosin 1%</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>10177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayer hematoxylin</td>
			<td>AppliChem</td>
			<td>A4840</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gomori staining</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>11104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AlcainBlue-PAS staining</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>11388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Direct Red 80&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>365548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

procedure for decellularization of rat livers in an oscillating-pressure perfusion device

Decellularization and recellularization of parenchymal organs may enable the generation of functional organs in vitro, and several protocols for rodent liver decellularization have already been published. We aimed to improve the decellularization process by construction of a proprietary perfusion device enabling selective perfusion via the portal vein and/or the hepatic artery. Furthermore, we sought to perform perfusion under oscillating surrounding pressure conditions to improve the homogeneity of decellularization. The homogeneity of perfusion decellularization has been an underestimated factor to date. During decellularization, areas within the organ that are poorly perfused may still contain cells, whereas the extracellular matrix (ECM) in well-perfused areas may already be affected by alkaline detergents. Oscillating pressure changes can mimic the intraabdominal pressure changes that occur during respiration to optimize microperfusion inside the liver. In the study presented here, decellularized rat liver matrices were analyzed by histological staining, DNA content analysis and corrosion casting. Perfusion via the hepatic artery showed more homogenous results than portal venous perfusion did. The application of oscillating pressure conditions improved the effectiveness of perfusion decellularization. Livers perfused via the hepatic artery and under oscillating pressure conditions showed the best results. The presented techniques for liver harvesting, cannulation and perfusion using our proprietary device enable sophisticated perfusion set-ups to improve decellularization and recellularization experiments in rat livers.

homojenliği ve dolayısıyla farklı decellularization protokolleri etkinliği makroskopik gözleminden, histolojik analiz ve hücresizleştirilmiş karaciğer matrisleri içinde kalan DNA içeriğinin analizi ile değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, korozyon döküm decellularization sonra karaciğerinin sağlam mikroanatomisinin görselleştirmek için yapıldı. Makroskopi Decellularization sırasında, karaciğer hücre içeriğine çıkarılmasını gösteren lu...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Procedure for Decellularization of Rat Livers in an Oscillating-pressure Perfusion Device at JoVE.com

Procedure for Decellularization of Rat Livers in an Oscillating-pressure Perfusion Device

The presented techniques for liver harvesting, cannulation and perfusion using our proprietary device enable sophisticated perfusion set-ups to improve decellularization and recellularization experiments in rat livers.

Bir Salınım basınçlı perfüzyon Aygıt Sıçan karaciğerinin decellularization Prosedürü

Decellularization and recellularization of parenchymal organs may enable the generation of functional organs in vitro, and several protocols for rodent ...

procedure-for-decellularization-rat-livers-an-oscillating-pressure

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

10.2K Görüntüleme.  Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin. The presented techniques for liver harvesting, cannulation and perfusion using our proprietary device enable sophisticated perfusion set-ups to improve decellularization and recellularization experiments in rat livers.

Video: Procedure for Decellularization of Rat Livers in an Oscillating-pressure Perfusion Device

Decellularization and Recellularization of Whole Livers

The liver is a complex organ which requires constant perfusion for delivery of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste in order to survive1. Efforts to recreate or mimic the liver microstructure with grounds up approach using tissue engineering and microfabrication techniques have not been successful so far due to this design challenge. In addition, synthetic biomaterials used to create scaffolds for liver tissue engineering applications have been limited in inducing tissue regeneration and repair in large part due to the lack of specific cell binding motifs that would induce the proper cell functions2. Decellularized native tissues such blood vessels3and skin4on the other hand have found many applications in tissue engineering, and have provided a practical solution to some of the challenges. The advantage of decellularized native matrix is that it retains, to an extent, the original composition, and the microstructure, hence enhancing cell attachment and reorganization5.
In this work we describe the methods to perform perfusion-decellularization of the liver, such that an intact liver bioscaffold that retains the structure of major blood vessels is obtained. Further, we describe methods to recellularize these bioscaffolds with adult primary hepatocytes, creating a liver graft that is functional in vitro, and has the vessel access necessary for transplantation in vivo.

Perfusion decellularization is a novel technique to produce whole liver scaffolds that retains the organ's extracellular matrix composition and microarchitecture. Herein, the method of preparing whole organ scaffolds using perfusion decellularization and subsequent repopulation with hepatocytes is described. Functional and transplantable liver grafts can be generated using this technique.

Tüm karaciğerleri Decellularization ve Recellularization

The liver is a complex organ which requires constant perfusion for delivery of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste in order to survive1. Efforts to ...

Biyomühendislik

Procedure for Decellularization of Porcine Heart by Retrograde Coronary Perfusion

Perfusion-based whole organ decellularization has recently gained interest in the field of tissue engineering as a means to create site-specific extracellular matrix scaffolds, while largely preserving the native architecture of the scaffold. To date, this approach has been utilized in a variety of organ systems, including the heart, lung, and liver 1-5. Previous decellularization methods for tissues without an easily accessible vascular network have relied upon prolonged exposure of tissue to solutions of detergents, acids, or enzymatic treatments as a means to remove the cellular and nuclear components from the surrounding extracellular environment6-8. However, the effectiveness of these methods hinged upon the ability of the solutions to permeate the tissue via diffusion. In contrast, perfusion of organs through the natural vascular system effectively reduced the diffusion distance and facilitated transport of decellularization agents into the tissue and cellular components out of the tissue. Herein, we describe a method to fully decellularize an intact porcine heart through coronary retrograde perfusion. The protocol yielded a fully decellularized cardiac extracellular matrix (c-ECM) scaffold with the three-dimensional structure of the heart intact. Our method used a series of enzymes, detergents, and acids coupled with hypertonic and hypotonic rinses to aid in the lysis and removal of cells. The protocol used a Trypsin solution to detach cells from the matrix followed by Triton X-100 and sodium deoxycholate solutions to aid in removal of cellular material. The described protocol also uses perfusion speeds of greater than 2 L/min for extended periods of time. The high flow rate, coupled with solution changes allowed transport of agents to the tissue without contamination of cellular debris and ensured effective rinsing of the tissue. The described method removed all nuclear material from native porcine cardiac tissue, creating a site-specific cardiac ECM scaffold that can be used for a variety of applications.

A method to rapidly and completely remove cellular components from an intact porcine heart through retrograde perfusion is described. This method yields a site specific cardiac extracellular matrix scaffold which has the potential for use in multiple clinical applications.

Retrograd Koroner Perfüzyon tarafından Domuz Kalp Decellularization Prosedürü

Perfusion-based  whole organ decellularization has recently gained interest in the field of  tissue engineering as a means to create site-specific ...

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

A detailed understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac devices that require access to these vessels. For example, cardiac venous anatomy is known to be one of the key limitations for the proper delivery of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)1 Therefore, the development of a database of anatomical parameters for human cardiac venous systems can aid in the design of CRT delivery devices to overcome such a limitation. In this research project, the anatomical parameters were obtained from 3D reconstructions of the venous system using contrast-computed tomography (CT) imaging and modeling software (Materialise, Leuven, Belgium). The following parameters were assessed for each vein: arc length, tortuousity, branching angle, distance to the coronary sinus ostium, and vessel diameter.
	CRT is a potential treatment for patients with electromechanical dyssynchrony. Approximately 10-20% of heart failure patients may benefit from CRT2. Electromechanical dyssynchrony implies that parts of the myocardium activate and contract earlier or later than the normal conduction pathway of the heart. In CRT, dyssynchronous areas of the myocardium are treated with electrical stimulation. CRT pacing typically involves pacing leads that stimulate the right atrium (RA), right ventricle (RV), and left ventricle (LV) to produce more resynchronized rhythms. The LV lead is typically implanted within a cardiac vein, with the aim to overlay it within the site of latest myocardial activation. 
	We believe that the models obtained and the analyses thereof will promote the anatomical education for patients, students, clinicians, and medical device designers. The methodologies employed here can also be utilized to study other anatomical features of our human heart specimens, such as the coronary arteries. To further encourage the educational value of this research, we have shared the venous models on our free access website: <a href="http://www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas" target="_blank">www.vhlab.umn.edu/atlas</a>.

The objective of this research is to recreate and then access the anatomy of the human cardiac venous system using 3D reconstructions generated from contrast-computed tomography scans.

Kontrast-bilgisayarlı Perfüzyon-sabit Örneklerinin Tomografi kullanarak İnsan Kardiyak Venöz Sistemi anatomik yeniden düzenlemesi

A detailed  understanding of the complexity and relative variability within the human  cardiac venous system is crucial for the development of cardiac ...

An Ultrasonic Tool for Nerve Conduction Block in Diabetic Rat Models

Nerve conduction block with a high intensity-focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer has been performed in normal and diabetic animal models recently. HIFU can reversibly block the conduction of peripheral nerves without damaging the nerves while using an appropriate ultrasonic parameter. Temporary and partial block of the action potentials of nerves shows that HIFU has the potential to be a useful clinical treatment for pain relief. This work demonstrates the procedures for suppressing the action potentials of neuropathic nerves in diabetic rats in vivo using an HIFU transducer. The first step is to generate adult male diabetic neuropathic rats by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. The second step is to evaluate the peripheral diabetic neuropathy in STZ-induced diabetic rats by an electronic von Frey probe and a hot plate. The final step is to record in vivo extracellular action potentials of the nerve exposed to HIFU sonication. The method showed here may benefit the study of ultrasound analgesic applications.

This work presents the methodology of applying high intensity-focused ultrasound to block the action potentials of diabetic neuropathic nerves.

Sinir iletim için ultrasonik bir araç diyabetik sıçan modellerinde engelleme

Nerve conduction block with a high intensity-focused ultrasound (HIFU) transducer has been performed in normal and diabetic animal models recently. HIFU ...

Development of an Electrochemical DNA Biosensor to Detect a Foodborne Pathogen

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, significantly affecting the rate of human mortality and morbidity. Conventional methods for the detection of V. parahaemolyticus such as culture-based methods, immunological assays, and molecular-based methods require complicated sample handling and are time-consuming, tedious, and costly. Recently, biosensors have proven to be a promising and comprehensive detection method with the advantages of fast detection, cost-effectiveness, and practicality. This research focuses on developing a rapid method of detecting V. parahaemolyticus with high selectivity and sensitivity using the principles of DNA hybridization. In the work, characterization of synthesized polylactic acid-stabilized gold nanoparticles (PLA-AuNPs) was achieved using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Field-emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV). We also carried out further testing of stability, sensitivity, and reproducibility of the PLA-AuNPs. We found that the PLA-AuNPs formed a sound structure of stabilized nanoparticles in aqueous solution. We also observed that the sensitivity improved as a result of the smaller charge transfer resistance (Rct) value and an increase of active surface area (0.41 cm2). The development of our DNA biosensor was based on modification of a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) with PLA-AuNPs and using methylene blue (MB) as the redox indicator. We assessed the immobilization and hybridization events by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). We found that complementary, non-complementary, and mismatched oligonucleotides were specifically distinguished by the fabricated biosensor. It also showed reliably sensitive detection in cross-reactivity studies against various food-borne pathogens and in the identification of V. parahaemolyticus in fresh cockles.

A protocol for the development of an electrochemical DNA biosensor comprising a polylactic acid-stabilized, gold nanoparticles-modified, screen-printed carbon electrode to detect Vibrio parahaemolyticus is presented.

Gıda kaynaklı patojen tespit etmek için bir elektrokimyasal DNA biyoalgılayıcı gelişimi

Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a common foodborne pathogen that contributes to a large proportion of public health problems globally, ...

Two Methods for Decellularization of Plant Tissues for Tissue Engineering Applications

The autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts currently used as scaffolds for tissue replacement have limitations due to low availability, poor biocompatibility, and cost. Plant tissues have favorable characteristics that make them uniquely suited for use as scaffolds, such as high surface area, excellent water transport and retention, interconnected porosity, preexisting vascular networks, and a wide range of mechanical properties. Two successful methods of plant decellularization for tissue engineering applications are described here. The first method is based on detergent baths to remove cellular matter, which is similar to previously established methods used to clear mammalian tissues. The second is a detergent-free method adapted from a protocol that isolates leaf vasculature and involves the use of a heated bleach and salt bath to clear the leaves and stems. Both methods yield scaffolds with comparable mechanical properties and low cellular metabolic impact, thus allowing the user to select the protocol which better suits their intended application.

Here we present, and contrast two protocols used to decellularize plant tissues: a detergent-based approach and a detergent-free approach. Both methods leave behind the extracellular matrix of the plant tissues used, which can then be utilized as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.

Doku mühendisliği uygulamaları için bitki dokuların Decellularization için iki yöntem

The autologous, synthetic, and animal-derived grafts currently used as scaffolds for tissue replacement have limitations due to low availability, poor ...

Decellularization and Recellularization Methodology for Human Saphenous Veins

Vascular conduits used during most vascular surgeries are allogeneic or synthetic grafts that often lead to complications caused by immunosuppression and poor patency. Tissue engineering offers a novel solution to generate personalized grafts with a natural extracellular matrix containing the recipient&#39;s cells using the method of decellularization and recellularization. We show a detailed method for performing decellularization of the human saphenous vein and recellularization by perfusion of peripheral blood. The vein was decellularized by perfusing 1% Triton X-100, 1% tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TnBP) and 2,000 Kunitz units of deoxyribonuclease (DNase). Triton X-100 and TnBP were perfused at 35 mL/min for 4 h while DNase was perfused at 10 mL/min at 37 &#176;C for 4 h. The vein was washed in ultrapure water and PBS and then sterilized in 0.1% peracetic acid. It was washed again in PBS and preconditioned in endothelial medium. The vein was connected to a bioreactor and perfused with endothelial medium containing 50 IU/mL heparin for 1 h. Recellularization was performed by filling the bioreactor with fresh blood, diluted 1:1 in Steen solution, and adding endocrine gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factors (80 ng/mL), basic fibroblast growth factors (4 &#181;L/mL), and acetyl salicylic acid (5 &#181;g/mL). The bioreactor was then moved into an incubator and perfused for 48 h at 2 mL/min while maintaining glucose between 3 - 9 mmol/L. Later, the vein was washed with PBS, filled with endothelial medium and perfused for 96 h in the incubator. Treatment with Triton X-100, TnBP and DNase decellularized the saphenous vein in 5 cycles. The decellularized vein looked white in contrast to normal and recellularized veins (light red). The hematoxylin &#38; eosin (H&#38;E) staining showed the presence of nuclei only in normal but not in decellularized veins. In the recellularized vein, H&#38;E-staining showed the presence of cells on the luminal surface of the vein.

Here, we describe a protocol for the saphenous vein decellularization using detergents and recellularization by perfusion of the peripheral blood and the endothelial medium.

Decellularization ve Recellularization metodoloji insan safen damarlar için

Vascular conduits used during most vascular surgeries are allogeneic or synthetic grafts that often lead to complications caused by immunosuppression and ...

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver engineering, including in vivo organ decellularization followed by repopulation, has emerged as a promising approach over ex vivo liver engineering. However, postoperative survival was not achieved. The aim of this study is to develop a novel surgical technique of in vivo selective liver lobe perfusion in rats as a prerequisite for in vivo liver engineering. We generate a circuit bypass only through the left lateral lobe. Then, the left lateral lobe is perfused with heparinized saline. The experiment is performed with 4 groups (n = 3 rats per group) based on different perfusion times of 20 min, 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h. Survival, as well as the macroscopically visible change of color and the histologically determined absence of blood cells in the portal triad and the sinusoids, is taken as an indicator for a successful model establishment. After selective perfusion of the left lateral lobe, we observe that the left lateral lobe, indeed, turned from red to faint yellow. In a histological assessment, no blood cells are visible in the branch of the portal vein, the central vein, and the sinusoids. The left lateral lobe turns red after reopening the blocked vessels. 12/12 rats survived the procedure for more than one week. We are the first to report a surgical model for in vivo single liver lobe perfusion with a long survival period of more than one week. In contrast to the previously published report, the most important advantage of the technique presented here is that perfusion of 70% of the liver is maintained throughout the whole procedure. The establishment of this technique provides a foundation for in vivo partial liver engineering in rats, including decellularization and recellularization.

A Novel Surgical Technique As a Foundation for In Vivo Partial Liver Engineering in Rat

We establish a novel surgical technique for an in vivo single liver lobe perfusion model in rat as a prerequisite for further studying in vivo partial liver engineering in the future.

Sıçan Vivo içinde kısmi karaciğer Dairesi'nde için bir temel olarak yeni bir cerrahi teknik

Organ engineering is a novel strategy to generate liver organ substitutes that can potentially be used in transplantation. Recently, in vivo liver ...

Decellularization of Whole Human Heart Inside a Pressurized Pouch in an Inverted Orientation

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ultimately rejection can occur. Creating a functional, autologous bio-artificial heart could solve these challenges. Biofabrication of a heart comprised of scaffold and cells is one option. A natural scaffold with tissue-specific composition as well as micro- and macro-architecture can be obtained by decellularizing hearts from humans or large animals such as pigs. Decellularization involves washing out cellular debris while preserving 3D extracellular matrix and vasculature and allowing &#34;cellularization&#34; at a later timepoint. Capitalizing on our novel finding that perfusion decellularization of complex organs is possible, we developed a more &#34;physiological&#34; method to decellularize non-transplantable human hearts by placing them inside a pressurized pouch, in an inverted orientation, under controlled pressure. The purpose of using a pressurized pouch is to create pressure gradients across the aortic valve to keep it closed and improve myocardial perfusion. Simultaneous assessment of flow dynamics and cellular debris removal during decellularization allowed us to monitor both fluid inflow and debris outflow, thereby generating a scaffold that can be used either for simple cardiac repair (e.g. as a patch or valve scaffold) or as a whole-organ scaffold.

This method enables decellularization of a complex solid organ using a simple protocol based on osmotic shock and perfusion of ionic detergent with minimal organ matrix disruption. It comprises a novel decellularization technique for human hearts inside a pressurized pouch with real-time monitoring of flow dynamics and cellular debris outflow.

Decellularization ters yönde bir basınçlı bir kese içinde bütün insan kalp

The ultimate solution for patients with end-stage heart failure is organ transplant. But donor hearts are limited, immunosuppression is required, and ...

Generation of Dynamical Environmental Conditions using a High-Throughput Microfluidic Device

Mimicking in vivo environmental conditions is crucial for in vitro studies on complex life machinery. However, current techniques targeting live cells and organs are either highly expensive, like robotics, or lack nanoliter volume and millisecond time accuracy in liquid manipulation. We herein present the design and fabrication of a microfluidic system, which consists of 1,500 culture units, an array of enhanced peristaltic pumps and an on-site mixing modulus. To demonstrate the capacities of the microfluidic device, neural stem cell (NSC) spheres are maintained in the proposed system. We observed that when the NSC sphere is exposed to CXCL in day 1 and EGF in day 2, the round-shaped conformation is well maintained. Variation in the input order of 6 drugs causes morphological changes to the NSC sphere and the expression level representative marker for NSC stemness (i.e., Hes5 and Dcx). These results indicate that dynamic and complex environmental conditions have great effects on NSC differentiation and self-renewal, and the proposed microfluidic device is a suitable platform for high throughput studies on the complex life machinery.

We present a microfluidic system for high throughput studies on complex life machinery, which consists of 1500 culture units, an array of enhanced peristaltic pumps and an on-site mixing modulus. The microfluidic chip allows for the analysis of the highly complex and dynamic micro-environmental conditions in vivo.

Yüksek Verimli Mikroakışkan Cihaz Kullanarak Dinamik ÇevreSel Koşulların Üretilmesi

Mimicking in vivo environmental conditions is crucial for in vitro studies on complex life machinery. However, current techniques targeting live cells and ...