This work was supported by STW (12864, C.C.W.G.B) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Rubicon Grant 825.12.016, T.M.H.E).

在下一节中描述的步骤均符合并通过Radboud大学医学中心的奈梅亨，荷兰的医学伦理委员会的认可。据我们所知，目前可用于研究人员摄取的温度丸3种不同的商业系统。可摄取温度药丸的用户手册是特定品牌（表的具体材料），但所有的系统都适合测量期间运动和静止条件下进行。 1，排除标准和学科教学<ol><li>询问对象以书面或口头形式的排除标准使用遥测温度丸：1）体重低于36.5千克，2）梗阻性肠道疾病，胃肠道手术3）历史，4）植入的医疗设备，以及5 ）在实验期间一个预定的MRI扫描。 </li><li>记下温度丸的序列号和校准号。 </li&gt; <li>指导受试者如何使用温度丸（见第2节）。 </li><li>提供避孕药与短的指导手册，其中包含在第2所示。如果受试者接受温度丸远远超过了实验的信息一起的主题，提醒受天实验之前摄取温度丸。 </li></ol> 2.温度丸说明书<ol><li>指示受试者对摄取温度丸实验至少6小时前，以避免与流体摄取的任何相互作用。按照后续步骤正确摄取温度丸。 </li><li>指示受试者对从丸取出磁条，激活电池，并启用测量。 </li><li>责成受到最好摄取温度丸用一杯水来增强丸服用。 </li><li>让拍摄对象的药片包装材料返回到科研队伍，这样他们就可以ch个ECK在实验前的起始序列和校准号。 </li><li>指示该温度药丸将通过其自然的方式（粪便）离开身体的主体，它可以通过马桶冲洗。 </li></ol> 3.实验方案一：截模式注意：在剖模式下，可以同时测量最多99受试者。 <ol><li>调整记录为之前测量的横截面测量所需的设置。 <ol><li>打开录音机，随着计算机与传输电缆连接录音机，推动&#39;F2-PC链接“按钮，使刻录机与电脑连接。 </li><li>打开电脑，其可以被用来定义正确的设置上的锝软件。注：该软件是由公司与温度丸和录音机的订单供应。 </li><li>要调整设置，点击“程序编写者17;在软件的主屏幕，并随后使用“开放式PC链接”按钮，以与记录仪的连接，并选择正确的设置。 <ol><li>选择通过选择“运动模式&#39;上的横截面测量模式。 </li><li>选择正确的温度测量标度（摄氏或华氏）。使用“写配置，以记录”按钮，将设置复制到刻录机。 </li><li>添加所有个体对象的序列和校准号到外部记录器，这使得能够在实验过程中切换用户的选项。按下“传感器/条形码显示”按钮，软件，并添加所有的序列号和校准的数字。按下“写入传感器来记录”按钮，将数据复制到录。 </li><li>检查之前，测量记录器的电池中，以避免在测量过程中放电的电池，因此丢失的数据。注：通常情况下，一个batte75％RY的状态足以衡量&gt; 10小时。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>一旦所有的准备工作完成和预定义的设置进行检查，开始实验。要做到这一点，返回记录的主屏幕，并使用&#39;F2-运动“按钮开始数据采集。 </li><li>当玩家XX出现在屏幕上，按下“读取”按钮来衡量Tgi为由。再次使用“读取”按钮Tgi为由额外的测量。 </li><li>要通过推动“读取”按钮，切换用户，推了正确数量的记录，随后测量锝。 </li><li>通过按下“停止”按钮停止收集数据。 </li><li>当测量完成后，关闭记录仪，以防止数据丢失的正确方法。要做到这一点，使用“确认”按钮，“退出”成为主屏幕上显示。按下“F1-退出”键和REC的记录显示“转秩序“。随后，使用电源开关关掉录音机。 </li><li>出口和从外部记录的原始数据存储到计算机（见第5;数据处理）。 </li></ol> 4.实验方案二：连续模式注：连续模式使得能够连续测量，并保存在预定的恒定的时间间隔的个体对象的Tgi为由，例如每20秒。在接下来的部分中，用于执行此类型的测量的步骤顺序进行说明。 <ol><li>调整记录，为连续测量模式的测量之前正确的设置（见第3节，步骤3.1.1-3.1.3）。 </li><li>选择通过选择“运动模式OFF”连续测量模式。 </li><li> （：MM：SS 11H），以最小的采样间隔10秒的通过调整&#39;读取间隔“向右恒定的时间间隔中选择一个测定频率。 </li><li>选择COR矩形的温度测量标度（摄氏或华氏）。使用“写配置，以记录”按钮，将设置复制到刻录机。 </li><li>检查之前，测量记录器的电池中，以避免在测量过程中放电的电池，因此丢失的数据。注意：通常情况下，75％的电池状态足以执行24小时测量。 </li><li>一旦所有的准备工作完成和预定义的设置进行检查，开始实验。通过按下录音机的主屏幕上的“运行”按钮，启动数据采集。 </li><li>随后，装上记录的腰包靠近，以避免测量误差的主题（腹部与刻录机之间最大30-40厘米）的腹部。 注：在实验开始后，每隔预定的时间间隔Tc的测量将采取。随着“读取”按钮额外的采样点可以增加。 </li><li>停止的T通过按下“停止”按钮C测量。 </li><li>使用“F1-退出”按钮，提示“关闭单元”，然后使用电源开关关掉录音机。 </li><li>出口和从外部记录的原始数据存储到计算机（见第5节;数据提取）。 </li></ol> 5.数据提取<ol><li>刻录机连接到计算机，完成数据导出（第3节，步骤3.1.1）。 </li><li>打开软件，点击软件中的主屏幕上的“下载”按钮。 </li><li>输入文件名，然后按下“确定”按钮。注意：数据现在将存储为.cvt文件，它可以使用电子表格软件打开。 </li><li>打开数据文件并进行目视检查所收集的数据缺失数据和异常值。注意：大减小Tgi为由的或增加（≤1℃）很短的时间间隔内（±1分钟）是非常不现实的，并且可以通过一个distur引起bance的无线电信号的。其结果是，该不切实际数据点可用于进一步的分析中删除。 </li><li>通过平均一个和下一个有效值插缺失值。注：数据插值是可能的最多三个缺失值在一排。 </li></ol>

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No conflicts of interest declared.

可摄取遥测温度丸必须提供Tgi为由连续，有效的和非侵入性测量的能力。此外，温度丸的优点是，一旦摄入的事实，受试者不知道在体内或该测量完成的药丸的存在。因此，这种方法是在静止的条件以及运动，为研究参与者最小负担时容易适用，且可在现场和实验室设置，因此可以使用。另一个优点是能够测量大组受试者仅具有单个记录器的可能性。 以确保Tgi为由与摄取丸?...

基材的过程中肌肉收缩，必要的氧化进行锻炼和体力活动，因为只有20％是用于肌肉的力量1重要的影响，我们的体温调节系统，而大部分能量被释放的热量（80％）2,3。因此，身体活动和运动期间升高的代谢产热典型地超过了热耗散能力4,5，从而增加在芯体温度（Tc）。因此，将T上升到高于下丘脑设定点，其被定义为热疗6，甚至可能导致一个衰减的运动性能5,7,8和/或热相关病症4,6的发展。由于这个原因，在长时间的运动，特别是在剧烈的环境条件来精确测量Tc为重要。 文献描述了一个理想的方法来衡量锝应：1）容易的应用程序licable，2）不受到环境条件有所偏差，3）具有高时间分辨率的快速监测变化在Tc和4）具有与检测的微小变化的能力（Δ0.1℃）在核心体温9,10。不同方法的概述测量锝是由国际标准化组织（ISO 9886）11中给出 。有人说，食管温度在左心房的水平提供了中央血液温度最接近的协议，而这项措施是能够快速检测温度12（未成年人）的变化。尽管食管温度测量值通常被认为是黄金标准录制TC，其侵入性限制了实际使用这种方法。替代措施，以监测锝依靠外部鼓膜，口腔或直肠12温度记录。这些测量点不是最佳的衡量TC，由于其侵入性的性格，methodolog的iCal困难和/或环境状况9,12-14（表1）的电势偏压。这凸显了需要探索替代战略，以监测（变化）锝。 以前的研究已经描述了使用可摄入遥测温度丸以测量Tgi为由，它为Tc 9,15的代表估计的易适用，可靠和有效的方法。另一个重要的是，利用温度丸的是适合在基于场的情况下，这是非常重要的，因为在锝运动诱发的升高一般较高外地比实验室设置16。目前，该温度丸能够为±0.1℃，这使得这种技术非常适合的锻炼事件或重要的比赛期间测量所述Tgi为由精度测量Tgi为由每隔10秒。另外，在一项研究Stevens等人17。如果表明遥测温度丸也可以用于监测胃内温度。可摄取的温度丸首先于1961年18协作描述，并进一步发展在美国约翰霍普金斯大学（巴尔的摩，美国）与美国航空航天局的应用物理实验室。其结果是一个20×10毫米的胶囊用遥测系统，微型电池，石英晶体的温度传感器。水晶传感器振动在频率相对于周围物质的温度的。该温度的无线电信号通过身体，这可以通过一个外部记录器（图1）来测量发射。每个温度丸具有唯一的序列和校准号，它可以用来由记录器转换的无线电信号，并测量相应Tgi为由。 一个小的磁条附着到温度药丸，其中停用电池外部。当这个磁条被删除，丸是ACTI氧基团立即开始测量锝（ 图2）。住处和他的同事，19使用了六个不同的技术（胃肠道，直肠，听觉，时间的，轴向和前额）来衡量锝，与直肠温度设定为基准值。他们证明，锝随温度丸胃肠测量是表示与参考锝一致的唯一技术。他人调查Tgi为由和直肠温度之间的关系，并显示出一个小而显著偏压范围为0.07℃至0.20℃下9,15,20,21。尽管研究之间的方向和偏压的大小不同，协议的布兰德和Altman 95％限分别为±0.4℃，这是可以接受的9,22。此外，在审查Byrne等9 Tgi为由与直肠和食管温度（黄金标准）作为用于锝的量度相比较。他们证明，Tgi为由测量与TEmperature丸是一种基于肠和食道温度之间的良好的协议锝一个有效的措施。此外，协议中的95％布兰德和奥特曼的限制被限制在±0.4°C 22，虽然没有显著偏压两次测量9,20,21之间发现。这些结果表明，Tgi为由为锝一个有效的措施。 一个良好的TC / Tgi为由测量技术的另一个重要方面是高时间分辨率迅速监视变化锝。以前的研究已经表明，随着温度的丸测定的Tgi为由响应更慢的变化锝相比食管测量15,20,23，其可以由于食道的低热容量和接近心脏10进行说明。在食管温度测量，该热敏电阻放置在左心房10的水平。在这个水平上，肺动脉和食道是在接触和等温24，刺激快速响应时间上的变化，在食管测量温度。与此相反，相比于食道肠和直肠较少灌注，导致在测量温度变化在这些解剖位置的延迟。但是，摄取遥测温度丸具有±0.1℃的精确度，并且能够测量Tgi为由每隔10秒。先前的研究报告说，核心体温上升的最大值为1℃，每5分钟，如果没有热量的运动25中删除。因此，温度丸的时间分辨率是适于测量运动时的变化Tgi为由。基于这些发现，可以得出结论，该温度丸是可靠和有效的技术来测量Tgi为由。尽管在大量的研究，关于如何使用丸缺少温度的清晰描述的使用遥测温度丸。 因此，T他本研究的目的是提供测量协议的使用可摄取遥测温度丸的详细描述。其次，遥测温度丸在两个不同的研究的协议的应用被描述，在其中的横截面设计（测量用不同的记录器，每5公里）和协议，连续记录Tgi为由在个人使用。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CorTemp data recorder</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-data-recorder/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cortemp ingestible telemetric temperature pill</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>HT150002</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-sensor-2/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CorTrack II software (Data processing for a PC only)</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortrack-ii-data-graphing-software/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill to assess gastrointestinal temperature during exercise

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of heat-related disorders. Therefore, accurate measurement of Tc during exercise is of great importance, especially in athletes who have to perform in challenging ambient conditions. In the current literature a number of methods have been described to measure the Tc (esophageal, external tympanic membrane, mouth or rectum). However, these methods are suboptimal to measure Tc during exercise since they are invasive, have a slow response or are influenced by environmental conditions. Studies described the use of an ingestible telemetric temperature pill as a reliable and valid method to assess gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), which is a representative measurement of Tc. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the measurement of Tgi using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill. This study addresses important methodological factors that must be taken into account for an accurate measurement. It is recommended to read the instructions carefully in order to ensure that the ingestible telemetric temperature pill is a reliable method to assess Tgi at rest and during exercise.

从我们以前的工作证明了方法的代表性结果列于下一部分，在其中的横截面（ 图3A）和一个连续测量（图3B）的一个例子给出。 Tgi为由的横断面测量从横截面的测量数据的一例示于图3A。获得基准Tgi为由后，受试者走30公里在自己选择的步伐。在运动过程中的Tgi为由整理30公里走长征后测得的每5公里以及?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise at JoVE.com

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings.

使用可摄取遥测温度丸，以评估胃肠道温度在练习

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of ...

using-an-ingestible-telemetric-temperature-pill-to-assess

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Nursing

Medicine

Unit 1

Vital Signs: Temperature

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

10.3K 次观看.  Radboud University Medical Center. This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings. 

视频: Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement methodology for assessing student learning outcomes at either the course or program level. The development and application of assessment rubrics provides an unequivocal measurement methodology to ensure a quality learning experience by providing a foundation for improvement based on qualitative and quantitatively measurable, aggregate course and program outcomes.  Learning outcomes are the embodiment of the total learning experience and should incorporate assessment of both qualitative and quantitative program outcomes. The assessment of qualitative measures represents a challenge for educators in any level of a learning program. Nursing provides a unique challenge and opportunity as it is the application of science through the art of caring. Quantification of desired student learning outcomes may be enhanced through the development of assessment rubrics designed to measure quantitative and qualitative aspects of the nursing education and learning process. They provide a mechanism for uniform assessment by nursing faculty of concepts and constructs that are otherwise difficult to describe and measure. A protocol is presented and applied to a doctoral nursing education program with recommendations for application and transformation of the assessment rubric to other education programs. Through application of these specially designed rubrics, all aspects of an education program can be adequately assessed to provide information for program assessment that facilitates the closure of the gap between desired and actual student learning outcomes for any desired educational competency.

The structure and process for measuring student learning outcomes through customizable assessment rubrics is discussed and applied to a doctoral nursing education program.

用学习成果的措施，以评估博士护理教育

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement ...

科研

医学

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

采用实时定量PCR检测供体细胞植入一个具有竞争力的小鼠骨髓移植模型

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Using Continuous Data Tracking Technology to Study Exercise Adherence in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to exercise training recommendations. The study of exercise adherence is thus a key step towards the optimization of PR programs. To date, mostly indirect measures, such as rates of participation, completion, and attendance, have been used to determine adherence to PR. The purpose of the present protocol is to describe how continuous data tracking technology can be used to measure adherence to a prescribed aerobic training intensity on a second-by-second basis.
In our investigations, adherence has been defined as the percent time spent within a specified target heart rate range. As such, using a combination of hardware and software, heart rate is measured, tracked, and recorded during cycling second-by-second for each participant, for each exercise session. Using statistical software, the data is subsequently extracted and analyzed. The same protocol can be applied to determine adherence to other measures of exercise intensity, such as time spent at a specified wattage, level, or speed on the cycle ergometer. Furthermore, the hardware and software is also available to measure adherence to other modes of training, such as the treadmill, elliptical, stepper, and arm ergometer. The present protocol, therefore, has a vast applicability to directly measure adherence to aerobic exercise.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is widely recognized in the management of respiratory diseases. A key component to successful pulmonary rehabilitation is adherence to the recommended exercise training. The purpose of the present protocol is to describe how continuous data tracking technology can be used to precisely measure adherence to a prescribed aerobic training intensity.

使用连续数据跟踪技术在肺康复研究锻炼坚持性

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to ...

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying tissue compartments, restricting the transport of smaller molecules across the epithelium and almost completely prohibiting epithelial macromolecular transport. This selectivity is determined by the mucous gel layer, which limits the transport of lipophilic molecules and both the apical receptors and tight junctional protein complexes of the epithelium. In vitro cell culture models of the epithelium are convenient, but as a model, they lack the complexity of interactions between the microbiota, mucous-gel, epithelium and immune system. On the other hand, in vivo assessment of intestinal absorption or permeability may be performed, but these assays measure overall gastrointestinal absorption, with no indication of site specificity. Ex vivo permeability assays using &#34;intestinal sacs&#34; are a rapid and sensitive method of measuring either overall intestinal integrity or comparative transport of a specific molecule, with the added advantage of intestinal site specificity. Here we describe the preparation of intestinal sacs for permeability studies and the calculation of the apparent permeability (Papp) of a molecule across the intestinal barrier. This technique may be used as a method of assessing drug absorption, or to examine regional epithelial barrier dysfunction in animal models of gastrointestinal disease.

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

This protocol describes the use of excised intestinal tissue preparations or "intestinal sacs" as an ex vivo model of intestinal barrier function. This model may be used to assess integrity of both the epithelial barrier and the mucous gel layer at specific intestinal sites in animal models of digestive disease.

体外肠囊评估黏膜通透性在胃肠道疾病模型

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying ...

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased oxygen demand; otherwise, a diffusion limitation may occur. The increase in DLCO with exercise is due to increased capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm). Vc and Dm increase secondary to the recruitment and distension of pulmonary capillaries, increasing the surface area for gas exchange and decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance, thereby attenuating the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. At the same time, the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) during exercise may contribute to gas exchange impairment and/or prevent large increases in pulmonary artery pressure.
We describe two techniques to evaluate pulmonary diffusion and circulation at rest and during exercise. The first technique uses multiple-fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) DLCO breath holds to determine Vc and Dm at rest and during exercise. Additionally, echocardiography with intravenous agitated saline contrast is used to assess IPAVAs recruitment.
Representative data showed that the DLCO, Vc, and Dm increased with exercise intensity. Echocardiographic data showed no IPAVA recruitment at rest, while contrast bubbles were seen in the left ventricle with exercise, suggesting exercise-induced IPAVA recruitment.
The evaluation of pulmonary capillary blood volume, membrane diffusing capacity, and IPAVA recruitment using echocardiographic methods is useful to characterize the ability of the lung vasculature to adapt to the stress of exercise in health as well as in diseased groups, such as those with pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

To assess the pulmonary diffusion and vasculature responses to exercise, we describe the multiple-inspired oxygen diffusion capacity technique to determine capillary blood volume and membrane diffusing capacity, as well as agitated saline contrast echocardiography to assess the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses.

肺毛细血管血量，膜弥散能力，及肺内动静脉吻合的评估期间行使

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased ...

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often performed for neuroprotection after ischemic insult (e.g. hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, or other hypoxic injury). Cooling from febrile states treats fever and reduces the negative effects of hyperthermia on injured neurons. Patients are warmed in the operating room to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, which is known to cause increased blood loss, wound infections, and myocardial injury, while also prolonging recovery time. There are many reported approaches for temperature management, including improvised methods that repurpose standard supplies (e.g., ice, chilled saline, fans, blankets) but more sophisticated technologies designed for temperature management are typically more successful in delivering an optimized protocol. Over the last decade, advanced technologies have developed around two heat transfer methods: surface devices (water blankets, forced-air warmers) or intravascular devices (sterile catheters requiring vascular placement). Recently, a novel device became available that is placed in the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, that provides efficient heat transfer through the patient&#39;s core. The device connects to existing heat exchange units to allow automatic patient temperature management via a servo mechanism, using patient temperature from standard temperature sensors (rectal, Foley, or other core temperature sensors) as the input variable. This approach eliminates vascular placement complications (deep venous thrombosis, central line associated bloodstream infection), reduces obstruction to patient access, and causes less shivering when compared to surface approaches. Published data have also shown a high degree of accuracy and maintenance of target temperature using the esophageal approach to temperature management. Therefore, the purpose of this method is to provide a low-risk alternative method for controlling patient temperature in critical care settings.

This study presents a novel method to provide efficient patient temperature control for cooling or warming patients. A single use, triple lumen device is placed into the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, and connects to existing heat exchange units to perform automatic patient temperature management.

病人体温控制的食管传热及靶温管理

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often ...

An Optimized Evans Blue Protocol to Assess Vascular Leak in the Mouse

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ultimately lead to new knowledge concerning the causes of or new ways to inhibit or treat plasma extravasation. It is important that researchers have the proper tools, including the best methods available, for studying plasma extravasation. In this article, we describe a protocol, using the Evans blue dye method, for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice. This protocol is intentionally simple, to as great a degree as possible, but provides high quality data. Evans blue dye has been chosen primarily because it is easy for the average laboratory to use. We have used this protocol to provide evidence and support for the hypothesis that the enzyme neprilysin may protect the vasculature against plasma extravasation. However, this protocol may be experimentally used and easily adapted for use in other strains of mice or in other species, in many different organs or tissues, for studies which may involve other factors that are important in understanding, preventing, or treating plasma extravasation. This protocol has been extensively optimized and modified from existing protocols, and combines reliability, ease of use, economy, and general availability of materials and equipment, making this protocol superior for the average laboratory to use in quantifying plasma extravasation from organs.

In this article, an economical, optimized, and simple protocol is described which uses the Evans blue dye method for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice that can be adapted for use in other strains, species, and other organs or tissues.

一种优化的埃文斯蓝协议对小鼠血管泄漏的评估

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

进行最大和次极大耐力运动测试, 测量人类急性运动的生理和生物学反应

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

在高尔夫挥杆期间使用亮度模式超声波提供视觉生物反馈

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

核心耐力运动期间通过运动模式超声和表面肌电图获得的肌肉功能

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...