This work was supported by STW (12864, C.C.W.G.B) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Rubicon Grant 825.12.016, T.M.H.E).

Os passos descritos na seção seguinte estão em linha com e aceito pelo comitê de ética médica do Centro Médico da Universidade Radboud em Nijmegen, Holanda. Para nosso conhecimento, 3 diferentes sistemas comerciais de comprimidos ingeríveis temperatura estão atualmente disponíveis para pesquisadores. O manual do usuário das pílulas de temperatura ingeríveis é específica da marca (Tabela de Materiais Específicos), mas todos os sistemas são adequados para as medições durante o exercício e em condições de repouso. 1. Critérios de exclusão e Instrução Assunto <ol><li> Peça assuntos em forma escrita ou verbal para os critérios de exclusão para o uso da pílula temperatura de telemetria: 1) o peso corporal abaixo de 36,5 kg, 2) doença gastro-intestinal obstrutiva, 3) história de cirurgia gastrointestinal, 4) um dispositivo médico implantado, e 5 ) uma ressonância magnética agendada digitalizar durante o período experimental. </li><li> Anote o número de série e calibração da pílula temperatura. </li&gt; <li> Instrua os assuntos como usar a pílula temperatura (ver secção 2). </li><li> Dê a pílula para o assunto, juntamente com um manual de instruções curto, que contém as informações exibidas na seção 2. Se temas receber a pílula temperatura bem à frente do experimento, lembrar o assunto do dia anterior ao experimento de ingerir a pílula temperatura. </li></ol> 2. Instruções comprimido Temperatura <ol><li> Instruir o assunto de ingerir o comprimido de temperatura, pelo menos, 6 horas antes da experiência, para evitar qualquer interacção com a ingestão de fluidos. Siga os passos subsequentes de ingerir a pílula temperatura corretamente. </li><li> Instrua o assunto para remover a faixa magnética do comprimido, para ativar a bateria e permitir medição. </li><li> Instrua o assunto para ingerir a pílula temperatura de preferência com um copo de água para aumentar a ingestão de pílulas. </li><li> Peça ao indivíduo para retornar o material de embalagem pílula para a equipe de pesquisa, para que eles possam check números de série e de calibração antes do início da experiência. </li><li> Instrua o assunto que a pílula temperatura vai deixar o corpo através da sua forma natural (fezes) e pode ser liberado através do vaso sanitário. </li></ol> 3. Protocolo Experimental I: Modo de corte transversal Nota: No modo transversal é possível medir até 99 assuntos ao mesmo tempo. <ol><li> Ajuste o gravador para as configurações desejadas para a medição transversal antes da medição. <ol><li> Ligue o gravador, ligue o gravador com o computador com um cabo de transferência e aperte o botão &#39;F2-PC Link&#39; para permitir que o gravador para se conectar com o computador. </li><li> Abra o software Tc no computador, que pode ser usado para definir as configurações adequadas. Nota: O software é fornecido pela empresa com o fim da pílula temperatura e gravador. </li><li> Para ajustar as configurações, clique em &#39;ProgramR17; na tela inicial do software, e, posteriormente, usar o botão &#39;ligação PC aberta &quot;para fazer uma conexão com o gravador e selecione as configurações corretas. <ol><li> Selecione o modo de medição transversal, selecionando &#39;modo Sports ON&#39;. </li><li> Selecione a escala de medição de temperatura correta (Celsius ou Fahrenheit). Use a &quot;Escrever Config para Recorder &#39;botão para copiar as definições para o gravador. </li><li> Adicione o número de série e calibração de todos os sujeitos individuais para o gravador externo, que permite a opção de alternar os usuários durante o experimento. Pressione o botão &#39;Sensor / Barcode Monitor &quot;no software e adicionar todos os números de série e de calibração. Empurre &#39;Gravar Sensores para Recorder&#39; botão para copiar os dados para o gravador. </li><li> Verifique a bateria do gravador antes da medição, a fim de evitar uma bateria descarregada durante a medição e, por conseguinte, os dados em falta. Nota: Normalmente, um batteestado ry de 75% é suficiente para medir para&gt; 10 hr. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Uma vez que todos os preparativos estão concluídos e as configurações pré-definidas são verificados, iniciar a experiência. Para fazer isso, voltar para a tela inicial do gravador e usar o botão &#39;F2-Sport&#39; para iniciar a aquisição de dados. </li><li> Quando Jogador XX aparece na tela, pressione o botão &quot;Read&quot; para medir Tgi. Use o botão &quot;Read&quot; de novo para uma medida extra de Tgi. </li><li> Para alternar usuários, empurre o número correto do gravador e, posteriormente, medir a Tc, pressionando o botão &quot;Read&quot;. </li><li> Pare a coleta de dados, pressionando o botão &#39;Stop&#39;. </li><li> Quando a medição estiver concluída, desligue o gravador da maneira correta para evitar a perda de dados. Para fazer isso, use o botão &#39;Enter&#39; e &#39;Exit&#39; torna-se visível na tela inicial. Pressione o botão &#39;F1-Exit&#39; e virada do rec do gravador mostraordem &quot;. Posteriormente, utilize o interruptor de alimentação para desligar o gravador. </li><li> Exportação e armazenar os dados brutos do gravador externo a um computador (ver secção 5; manipulação de dados). </li></ol> 4. Protocolo Experimental II: Modo contínuo Nota: O modo contínuo permite medir continuamente e guardar a Tgi de um sujeito individual em um intervalo de tempo constante predefinida, por exemplo a cada 20 seg. Na próxima seção, a seqüência de passos utilizados para realizar este tipo de medição é descrito. <ol><li> Ajuste o gravador para as configurações corretas para o modo de medição contínua antes da medição (ver seção 3, os passos 3.1.1-3.1.3). </li><li> Selecione o modo de medição contínua, selecionando &#39;modo Sports OFF&#39;. </li><li> Selecione uma frequência de medição, ajustando o &#39;Leia Interval&#39; para o intervalo de tempo constante direita (hh: mm: ss), com um intervalo de amostragem mínimo de 10 segundos. </li><li> Selecione a correct escala de medição de temperatura (Celsius ou Fahrenheit). Use a &quot;Escrever Config para Recorder &#39;botão para copiar as definições para o gravador. </li><li> Verifique a bateria do gravador antes da medição, a fim de evitar uma bateria descarregada durante a medição e, por conseguinte, os dados em falta. Nota: Normalmente, um estado de bateria de 75% é suficiente para realizar uma medição de 24 horas. </li><li> Uma vez que todos os preparativos estão concluídos e as configurações pré-definidas são verificados, iniciar a experiência. Comece a aquisição de dados, pressionando o botão &quot;Run&quot; na tela inicial do gravador. </li><li> Posteriormente, anexar o gravador em um saco de cintura perto da área abdominal do assunto (máximo 30-40 cm entre a área abdominal eo gravador) para evitar erros de medição. Nota: Após o início da experiência, a cada intervalo de tempo predefinido de uma medição de Tc será tomada. Com o botão &quot;Read&quot; podem ser adicionados pontos de amostragem extra. </li><li> Pare o Tc medição pressionando o botão &#39;Stop&#39;. </li><li> Use o botão &#39;F1-Exit&#39; para passar a mensagem &#39;desligar unidade &quot;e, em seguida, usar o interruptor de alimentação para desligar o gravador. </li><li> Exportação e armazenar os dados brutos do gravador externo a um computador (ver secção 5; extração de dados). </li></ol> 5. Dados Extração <ol><li> Ligue o gravador ao computador para concluir a exportação de dados (seção 3, etapa 3.1.1). </li><li> Abra o software e clique no botão &quot;Download&quot; na tela inicial do software. </li><li> Digite um nome de arquivo e pressione o botão &#39;OK&#39;. Nota: Os dados serão armazenados como um arquivo .cvt, que pode ser aberto usando o software de planilha. </li><li> Abra o arquivo de dados e verifique visualmente os dados recolhidos para a falta de dados e valores discrepantes. Nota: Um grande diminuição ou aumento da Tgi (≤1 ° C) dentro de um curto intervalo de tempo (± 1 min) é muito irrealista e pode ser causada por uma disturbance do sinal de rádio. Como resultado, o ponto de dados irrealista pode ser removida para análise posterior. </li><li> Interpolar os valores em falta pela média o valor válido anterior e seguinte. Nota: A interpolação dos dados é possível com um máximo de três valores em falta em uma fileira. </li></ol>

<ol>
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No conflicts of interest declared.

A pílula temperatura telemétrico ingerível tem a capacidade de proporcionar uma medição contínua, válido e não-invasiva da Tgi. Além disso, uma vantagem da pílula temperatura é o facto de que, uma vez ingerida, os sujeitos não têm conhecimento da presença da pílula no corpo ou que as medições devem ser efectuadas. Por conseguinte, este método é facilmente aplicável em condições de repouso, bem como durante o exercício, uma carga mínima dos participantes no estudo, e pode, portanto, ser utilizado ...

A oxidação de substratos durante as contracções musculares, necessário para executar o exercício e actividade física, importante impactos nosso sistema termorregulador como apenas 20% é utilizado para potência muscular 1, enquanto a maioria da energia é libertada na forma de calor (80%) 2,3. Como consequência, a produção de calor metabólico durante elevada actividade física e o exercício tipicamente excede a capacidade de dissipação de calor de 4,5, resultando num aumento da temperatura corporal (Tc). Por conseguinte, Tc se eleva acima do ponto de regulação hipotalâmica, a qual é definida como a hipertermia 6, e pode mesmo resultar num desempenho do exercício 5,7,8 atenuada e / ou o desenvolvimento de doenças relacionadas com o calor 4,6. Por esta razão, é importante para medir com precisão Tc durante o exercício prolongado e, em especial, em condições ambientais extenuantes. A literatura descreve que um método ideal para medir Tc deve: 1) ser fácil applicable, 2) não ser influenciada por condições ambientais, 3) têm uma alta resolução temporal para monitorar mudanças rapidamente em Tc, e 4) tem a capacidade de detectar pequenas alterações (Δ0.1 ° C) na temperatura corporal 9,10. Uma visão geral dos diferentes métodos para medir o Tc foi dada pela Organização Internacional de Normalização (ISO 9886) 11. Afirma-se que a temperatura do esôfago ao nível do átrio esquerdo fornece o acordo mais próximo com a temperatura do sangue central, enquanto que esta medida é capaz de detectar rapidamente (menor) mudanças na temperatura 12. Embora as medições de temperatura do esôfago são geralmente aceitos como padrão-ouro para gravar Tc, a sua natureza invasiva limita o uso prático desse método. Medidas alternativas para monitorar Tc dependem de registos das temperaturas de membrana timpânica externo, boca, ou do reto 12. Estes locais de medição não são ideais para medir a Tc, dado o seu caráter invasivo, methodologdificuldades iCal e / ou o viés potencial por condições ambientais 9,12-14 (Tabela 1). Isso destaca a necessidade de explorar estratégias alternativas para monitorar mudanças no () Tc. Estudos anteriores descreveram a utilização de um comprimido temperatura telemétrico ingerível como um método facilmente aplicável, confiável e válida para medir a Tgi, que é um representante de estimativa de 9,15 Tc. Outro, importante, vantagem da pílula temperatura é a adequação em situações no terreno, que é de grande importância uma vez que elevações induzidas pelo exercício em Tc são geralmente mais elevadas do que no campo em laboratório 16. Actualmente, a pílula temperatura é capaz de medir a Tgi a cada 10 segundos, com uma precisão de ± 0,1 ° C, o que faz com que esta técnica muito adequado para medir a Tgi exercício durante um evento ou uma partida importante. Além disso, em um estudo realizado por Stevens et al. 17 que se demonstre quea pílula telemétrico temperatura também pode ser utilizado para monitorar a temperatura intragástrica. A pílula temperatura ingerível é descrita pela primeira vez em 1961 18, e desenvolvido na Universidade Johns Hopkins (Baltimore, EUA) em colaboração com o Laboratório de Física Aplicada da NASA. O resultado é uma cápsula de 20 x 10 mm com um sistema de telemetria, micro bateria e um sensor de temperatura de cristal de quartzo. O sensor de cristal vibra com uma frequência relativa para a temperatura da substância circundante. Este sinal de rádio temperatura é transmitida através do corpo, o que pode ser medido por um gravador externo (Figura 1). Cada comprimido tem uma temperatura número de série único e de calibração, o qual pode ser utilizado pelo gravador para converter o sinal de rádio e medir a Tgi correspondente. Uma pequena faixa magnética é fixada no exterior da pílula temperatura, que desactiva a bateria. Quando isso tira magnética é removida, a pílula é activado imediatamente e começa a medição Tc (Figura 2). Casa e colegas, 19 utilizados seis diferentes técnicas (gastrintestinal, rectal, auricular, temporais, axiais e testa) para medir Tc, com a temperatura rectal definido como o valor de referência. Eles demonstraram que a medição gastrointestinal de Tc com o comprimido de temperatura é a única técnica que mostra boa concordância com a referência Tc. Outros investigaram a relação entre Tgi e temperatura rectal e têm mostrado uma tendência pequena, mas significativa variando de 0,07 ° C a 0,20 ° C 9,15,20,21. Embora a direção e magnitude do viés diferiram entre os estudos, os limites de 95% Bland e Altman foram de acordo ± 0,4 ° C, o que é aceitável 9,22. Além disso, numa avaliação por Byrne et al. 9, a Tgi é comparada com a temperatura rectal e esofágica (padrão de ouro) como uma medida para o Tc. Eles demonstram que a Tgi medido com o Temperatura pílula é uma medida válida para Tc com base na boa concordância entre a temperatura intestinal e esôfago. Além disso, os 95% de Bland e Altman limites de concordância foram limitados a ± 0,4 ° C 22, ao passo que não houve viés significativo entre as duas medições 9,20,21. Estes resultados sugerem que a Tgi é uma medida válida para Tc. Outro aspecto importante de uma boa técnica de medição Tc / Tgi é uma alta resolução temporal para monitorar rapidamente mudanças em Tc. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a Tgi medida com a pílula temperatura responde mais lentamente, de mudanças nas Tc em comparação com a medição de esôfago 15,20,23, o que pode ser explicado devido à capacidade de calor baixo do esôfago e da proximidade com o coração 10 . Na medição de temperatura esofágica, o termistor está colocado ao nível da aurícula esquerda 10. A este nível, a artéria pulmonar eo esôfago estão em contatoisotérmica e 24, que estimula um tempo de resposta rápido de mudanças na temperatura da medição esofágica. Em contraste, os intestinos e recto são menos perfundido em comparação com o esófago, o que resulta num atraso em medir as variações de temperatura a essas localizações anatómicas. No entanto, a pílula temperatura telemétrico ingerível tem uma precisão de ± 0,1 ° C e é capaz de medir Tgi a cada 10 segundos. Um estudo anterior relatou que a temperatura corporal pode aumentar a um máximo de 1 ° C a cada 5 minutos se nenhum calor é removido durante o exercício 25. Portanto, a resolução temporal da pílula temperatura é adequado para medir mudanças no Tgi durante o exercício. Com base nestes resultados, pode concluir-se que o comprimido de temperatura é uma técnica válida e de confiança para medir a Tgi. Apesar de a utilização da pílula temperatura telemétrico em um grande número de estudos, uma descrição clara sobre como utilizar a temperatura do comprimido está ausente. Portanto, tele propósito deste estudo é fornecer uma descrição detalhada do protocolo de medição usando uma pílula temperatura telemétrica ingerível. Em segundo lugar, a aplicação da pílula temperatura telemétrico em dois diferentes protocolos de estudo estão descritos, em que um desenho em corte transversal (medida a cada 5 km com um gravador diferente) e um protocolo que grava continuamente Tgi em indivíduos são utilizados.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CorTemp data recorder</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-data-recorder/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cortemp ingestible telemetric temperature pill</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>HT150002</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-sensor-2/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CorTrack II software (Data processing for a PC only)</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortrack-ii-data-graphing-software/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill to assess gastrointestinal temperature during exercise

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of heat-related disorders. Therefore, accurate measurement of Tc during exercise is of great importance, especially in athletes who have to perform in challenging ambient conditions. In the current literature a number of methods have been described to measure the Tc (esophageal, external tympanic membrane, mouth or rectum). However, these methods are suboptimal to measure Tc during exercise since they are invasive, have a slow response or are influenced by environmental conditions. Studies described the use of an ingestible telemetric temperature pill as a reliable and valid method to assess gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), which is a representative measurement of Tc. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the measurement of Tgi using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill. This study addresses important methodological factors that must be taken into account for an accurate measurement. It is recommended to read the instructions carefully in order to ensure that the ingestible telemetric temperature pill is a reliable method to assess Tgi at rest and during exercise.

Os resultados representativos do nosso trabalho anterior demonstrando os métodos são apresentados na secção seguinte, em que é dado um exemplo de um corte transversal (Figura 3A) e de uma medição contínua (Figura 3B). Medição transversal da TGI Um exemplo de dados a partir de uma medição da secção transversal é mostrado na Figura 3A. Após a obtenção de linha de base Tgi, sujeito...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise at JoVE.com

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings.

Utilizando uma temperatura de Pill ingerível Telemetric para Avaliar Temperatura Gastrointestinal Durante o Exercício

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of ...

using-an-ingestible-telemetric-temperature-pill-to-assess

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Unit 1

Vital Signs: Temperature

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10.3K visualizações.  Radboud University Medical Center. This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings. 

Vídeo: Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement methodology for assessing student learning outcomes at either the course or program level. The development and application of assessment rubrics provides an unequivocal measurement methodology to ensure a quality learning experience by providing a foundation for improvement based on qualitative and quantitatively measurable, aggregate course and program outcomes.  Learning outcomes are the embodiment of the total learning experience and should incorporate assessment of both qualitative and quantitative program outcomes. The assessment of qualitative measures represents a challenge for educators in any level of a learning program. Nursing provides a unique challenge and opportunity as it is the application of science through the art of caring. Quantification of desired student learning outcomes may be enhanced through the development of assessment rubrics designed to measure quantitative and qualitative aspects of the nursing education and learning process. They provide a mechanism for uniform assessment by nursing faculty of concepts and constructs that are otherwise difficult to describe and measure. A protocol is presented and applied to a doctoral nursing education program with recommendations for application and transformation of the assessment rubric to other education programs. Through application of these specially designed rubrics, all aspects of an education program can be adequately assessed to provide information for program assessment that facilitates the closure of the gap between desired and actual student learning outcomes for any desired educational competency.

The structure and process for measuring student learning outcomes through customizable assessment rubrics is discussed and applied to a doctoral nursing education program.

Usando resultado de aprendizagem Medidas para avaliar o Ensino de Enfermagem Doutorado

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement ...

Medicina

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

Usando Quantitative PCR em tempo real para determinar enxerto célula dadora num modelo murino de osso Competitiva Marrow Transplantation

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Using Continuous Data Tracking Technology to Study Exercise Adherence in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to exercise training recommendations. The study of exercise adherence is thus a key step towards the optimization of PR programs. To date, mostly indirect measures, such as rates of participation, completion, and attendance, have been used to determine adherence to PR. The purpose of the present protocol is to describe how continuous data tracking technology can be used to measure adherence to a prescribed aerobic training intensity on a second-by-second basis.
In our investigations, adherence has been defined as the percent time spent within a specified target heart rate range. As such, using a combination of hardware and software, heart rate is measured, tracked, and recorded during cycling second-by-second for each participant, for each exercise session. Using statistical software, the data is subsequently extracted and analyzed. The same protocol can be applied to determine adherence to other measures of exercise intensity, such as time spent at a specified wattage, level, or speed on the cycle ergometer. Furthermore, the hardware and software is also available to measure adherence to other modes of training, such as the treadmill, elliptical, stepper, and arm ergometer. The present protocol, therefore, has a vast applicability to directly measure adherence to aerobic exercise.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is widely recognized in the management of respiratory diseases. A key component to successful pulmonary rehabilitation is adherence to the recommended exercise training. The purpose of the present protocol is to describe how continuous data tracking technology can be used to precisely measure adherence to a prescribed aerobic training intensity.

Usando a tecnologia de rastreamento de dados contínua para Estudar Exercício Aderência em Reabilitação Pulmonar

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to ...

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying tissue compartments, restricting the transport of smaller molecules across the epithelium and almost completely prohibiting epithelial macromolecular transport. This selectivity is determined by the mucous gel layer, which limits the transport of lipophilic molecules and both the apical receptors and tight junctional protein complexes of the epithelium. In vitro cell culture models of the epithelium are convenient, but as a model, they lack the complexity of interactions between the microbiota, mucous-gel, epithelium and immune system. On the other hand, in vivo assessment of intestinal absorption or permeability may be performed, but these assays measure overall gastrointestinal absorption, with no indication of site specificity. Ex vivo permeability assays using &#34;intestinal sacs&#34; are a rapid and sensitive method of measuring either overall intestinal integrity or comparative transport of a specific molecule, with the added advantage of intestinal site specificity. Here we describe the preparation of intestinal sacs for permeability studies and the calculation of the apparent permeability (Papp) of a molecule across the intestinal barrier. This technique may be used as a method of assessing drug absorption, or to examine regional epithelial barrier dysfunction in animal models of gastrointestinal disease.

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

This protocol describes the use of excised intestinal tissue preparations or "intestinal sacs" as an ex vivo model of intestinal barrier function. This model may be used to assess integrity of both the epithelial barrier and the mucous gel layer at specific intestinal sites in animal models of digestive disease.

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs para Avaliar mucosa Permeabilidade de modelos de doença gastrointestinal

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying ...

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased oxygen demand; otherwise, a diffusion limitation may occur. The increase in DLCO with exercise is due to increased capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm). Vc and Dm increase secondary to the recruitment and distension of pulmonary capillaries, increasing the surface area for gas exchange and decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance, thereby attenuating the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. At the same time, the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) during exercise may contribute to gas exchange impairment and/or prevent large increases in pulmonary artery pressure.
We describe two techniques to evaluate pulmonary diffusion and circulation at rest and during exercise. The first technique uses multiple-fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) DLCO breath holds to determine Vc and Dm at rest and during exercise. Additionally, echocardiography with intravenous agitated saline contrast is used to assess IPAVAs recruitment.
Representative data showed that the DLCO, Vc, and Dm increased with exercise intensity. Echocardiographic data showed no IPAVA recruitment at rest, while contrast bubbles were seen in the left ventricle with exercise, suggesting exercise-induced IPAVA recruitment.
The evaluation of pulmonary capillary blood volume, membrane diffusing capacity, and IPAVA recruitment using echocardiographic methods is useful to characterize the ability of the lung vasculature to adapt to the stress of exercise in health as well as in diseased groups, such as those with pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

To assess the pulmonary diffusion and vasculature responses to exercise, we describe the multiple-inspired oxygen diffusion capacity technique to determine capillary blood volume and membrane diffusing capacity, as well as agitated saline contrast echocardiography to assess the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses.

Avaliação da Pulmonar de Sangue Capilar Volume, membrana difusora capacidade e Intrapulmonares arteriovenosa Anastomoses Durante o Exercício

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased ...

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often performed for neuroprotection after ischemic insult (e.g. hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, or other hypoxic injury). Cooling from febrile states treats fever and reduces the negative effects of hyperthermia on injured neurons. Patients are warmed in the operating room to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, which is known to cause increased blood loss, wound infections, and myocardial injury, while also prolonging recovery time. There are many reported approaches for temperature management, including improvised methods that repurpose standard supplies (e.g., ice, chilled saline, fans, blankets) but more sophisticated technologies designed for temperature management are typically more successful in delivering an optimized protocol. Over the last decade, advanced technologies have developed around two heat transfer methods: surface devices (water blankets, forced-air warmers) or intravascular devices (sterile catheters requiring vascular placement). Recently, a novel device became available that is placed in the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, that provides efficient heat transfer through the patient&#39;s core. The device connects to existing heat exchange units to allow automatic patient temperature management via a servo mechanism, using patient temperature from standard temperature sensors (rectal, Foley, or other core temperature sensors) as the input variable. This approach eliminates vascular placement complications (deep venous thrombosis, central line associated bloodstream infection), reduces obstruction to patient access, and causes less shivering when compared to surface approaches. Published data have also shown a high degree of accuracy and maintenance of target temperature using the esophageal approach to temperature management. Therefore, the purpose of this method is to provide a low-risk alternative method for controlling patient temperature in critical care settings.

This study presents a novel method to provide efficient patient temperature control for cooling or warming patients. A single use, triple lumen device is placed into the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, and connects to existing heat exchange units to perform automatic patient temperature management.

Transferência de calor esofágico para controle da temperatura do paciente e gerenciamento de temperatura alvo

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often ...

An Optimized Evans Blue Protocol to Assess Vascular Leak in the Mouse

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ultimately lead to new knowledge concerning the causes of or new ways to inhibit or treat plasma extravasation. It is important that researchers have the proper tools, including the best methods available, for studying plasma extravasation. In this article, we describe a protocol, using the Evans blue dye method, for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice. This protocol is intentionally simple, to as great a degree as possible, but provides high quality data. Evans blue dye has been chosen primarily because it is easy for the average laboratory to use. We have used this protocol to provide evidence and support for the hypothesis that the enzyme neprilysin may protect the vasculature against plasma extravasation. However, this protocol may be experimentally used and easily adapted for use in other strains of mice or in other species, in many different organs or tissues, for studies which may involve other factors that are important in understanding, preventing, or treating plasma extravasation. This protocol has been extensively optimized and modified from existing protocols, and combines reliability, ease of use, economy, and general availability of materials and equipment, making this protocol superior for the average laboratory to use in quantifying plasma extravasation from organs.

In this article, an economical, optimized, and simple protocol is described which uses the Evans blue dye method for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice that can be adapted for use in other strains, species, and other organs or tissues.

Um otimizado Evans Blue protocolo para avaliar vazamento Vascular no Mouse

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

Realização de exercícios de resistência máxima e submáxima testes para medir as respostas fisiológicas e biológicas ao exercício agudo em humanos

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

Fornecendo Biofeedback Visual Usando Ultrassom de Modo de Brilho Durante um Balanço de Golfe

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

Função Muscular Obtida com Ultrassonografia em Modo de Movimento e Eletromiografia de Superfície durante o Exercício de Resistência do Núcleo

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...