以下协议描述了一个衡量学生学习成果的目的的评估专栏的发展。这个过程是应用到博士护理教育计划。 <ol><li>导言。在过去二十年来，在健康教育的教师已面临越来越多的挑战，展示通过他们的学生如何充分准备，在复杂的服务环境功能（1，2，3,4，5，6）毕业后的教育计划。学生的学习成果措施的概念是通过测量过程中表现出的愿望内置的学生如何成功地完成了相关的知识领域的学习过程。它从一个未完成同样的学习过程是不同的。本身并不能证明年级学生的学习成果，但相当成功或不成功的成就的S掌握在一个时间点响应测试程序。在学习费用分级聚焦测试比（7）学习文化，而 ​​文化的贡献。此外，大多数的测试程序测量定量已被各种概念或容易量化。但有关的一门科学或技能，更多涉及到质量的那些方面？教育工作者应该如何衡量这些方面？他们应该如何反映在预期学生的学习成果？他们应该如何进行量化，使他们可以适当地衡量吗？作为一个社会，我们通常并不值什么，我们无法衡量。该协议提供了一种通过使用的是什么“评鉴指标”（8）在任何纪律处分或技能的量化概念和构造方法。一旦这些概念被量化，然后他们可以被测量，涂改，和精致证明学生已达到的知识。 </li><li>结构。以下的核心概念，在视觉上定义，因为这涉及到评估的过程中。首先，发展是一个学习成果的概念说明如下（见表1）。一个学习的结果是学生应具备成功完成后，某些类型的内容相关的学习过程中知识的化身。学习成果应包括知识，是在测量（本质定量）和知识意义（本质定性）接地接地。 <ol><li>结构的方法。在评估过程中的下一个核心概念是测量方法。许多教育工作者混淆成功实现同一个档次上的成功分数学生的学习成果。使用一个档次，作为唯一的测量方法只反映了一半的学习过程中的潜在的评估。也许，这就是最好的说明了以下问题，该学生已经成功地掌握了学习结果，该之一谁的分数一个考试的90％，但能不能具体化在一个现实世界的情况中兑了学生的知识，对分数的70％在一个真正的世界形势需要时，同一考试，并能具体化的知识？等级仅提供基线，在核查和综合知识的时间测量点。他们不提供翻译或应用知识的测量。 </li><li>结构专栏定义。现在我们明白了学习成果的基础，我们需要了解的最好方式，来衡量它。一个好方法是通过使用矩阵或评估专栏。要正确地发展学生的学习成果评估专栏，首先必须定义一个标题是什么。这是一个打分的工具，正确构造时，允许用它来评估一个作品使用标准定义的一组人。此外，它提供了一种机制来定义移动到可衡量的现象，这些“肠道的看法”的质量。这已被证明是有价值的老师和学习者，尤其是在成人的学习环境（9，10 ）。 </li><li>结构专栏组成。一个专栏，通常采用物理与行和列的网格形状。行划定各类定义的概念或构建您试图来衡量，而列代表你在每个类别中测量每个标准均有不同程度的。表2提供了一个基本的专栏框架。 </li><li>结构专栏概述。一旦你理解了一个专栏，其功能，你需要去思考这些方面的概念是什么，或构建您试图定义。表3提供了一个定量和定性的概念，并在学习成果的评估专栏测量，可以适用于的例子。 </li></ol></li><li>过程。对于开发一个成功的专栏的方法，主要是基于在评鉴指标“能够快速，准确地衡量您要评估的概念或结构。在其最起码的的状态，它是评估的“直觉”的化身。理想的情况下，在测量过程中应采取定量方面（例行的东西，容易衡量）和质量方面（有没有意义的事情，不容易衡量）的考虑，并量化评估专栏的形式。 </li><li>成果。在教育过程中的评估专栏的开发和使用的理想的结果是准确地衡量学生的学习成果。学习成果是什么样的老师希望学生能够知道，这样做，价值，和思考，等课程或项目完成后可衡量的报表。 </li><li>应用程序。哈登指出，学习成果可以量化的方式，允许在医学实践（11）必要的测量能力。精心设计的顶峰课程的测量性能已被证明是一个有效的工具，成功地过渡到实践（12）在相关的护理教育的准备的学习成果。适当建造的评鉴指标，以学习成果进行评估的核心部件是一个精心设计的学习成果测量程序（13，14）的。他们有重要的应用在定性概念的核心实践的专业教育课程。该协议适用于演示了​​如何开发和利用课程和方案所需的学生的学习成果水平评价的评估评鉴指标的目的，一个博士生的护理教育计划。 <ol><li>应用场景。护理实践的医生（DNP），是一个相对较新的博士学位。它是护理实践博士学位。这是姐姐博士学位在医疗实践，如为医生的医师，药师的药学博士，和心理学家PsyD博士学位。在它的核心，是对毕业生的期望能够适用技术，如合成和道德决定到护理实践中的知识翻译研究的目的。认证机构认证的DNP方案要求，学生的学习成果，衡量学生的能力，以证明先前所描述的，并通过其他应用程序的技能和知识，在课程和方案水平的这些能力。 </li><li>应用学习成果的发展。在DNP计划的教师希望教给学生的知识和技能，使他们能证明的能力，使道德决策。首先，教师应使用以下问题，引导他们创造一个学习的测量结果：它是什么，我想说的区别，谁掌握了比别人没有把握X的概念在X概念的学生此应用程序，这个概念是道德决策（见表1例如）。 </li><li>应用概念的发展。其次，教师应该写下这些概念的基础结构，无论结果是，你试图衡量。在我们的例子中，道德决策，是我们想要的评估。同样，表1提供了这些关键概念的例子。 </li><li>应用定量专栏科发展。第三，教师应确定这些概念本质上是定量的，可作为衡量学习成果，包括通过测量基础知识。表4表示在一个专栏，衡量我们的建议的学习成果的道德决策的定量测量。 </li><li>应用定性专栏科发展。第四，教师应确定这些概念本质上是定性的，可作为衡量学习成果，包括在意义接地知识。本节专栏发展可能在下列两种方式之一实施：无论是作为一个纯粹的定性描述符节专栏或准定性描述符节的专栏。一旦完成本节的专栏，专栏是准备用于评估学习成果。 </li><li>应用定性专栏科发展的阐释。重要的是要在额外的细节描述澄清老师打算如何来衡量一个学习成果的定性概念的重要性。纯质量水平专栏的好处是成字以前界定不清或联合国定义的概念，这有助于教师开始资格“肠”学生学习的看法衔接。然而，价格专栏测量使用的纯定性的方法是牺牲一个更可靠的评估专栏的，因为应用程序的得分仍然是在评估的眼睛。相反，发展成为一个准定性的描述评估的概念，方便可靠的测量，当它被用于其他评审量化，客观衡量一个简单的格式，因为它的概念。 </li><li>应用专栏测试。现在的专栏被创建，它是重要的，以确定如何将应用到测量的结果。在一般情况下，应用学习成果测量评鉴指标一门课程的学习活动，并有与之相关的一个档次的组件。表5中的例子显示了我们刚刚创建的专栏是如何应用到决策的道德运动。 </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Facione, N. C., Facione, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+design+issues+for+evaluation+of+critical+thinking+in+nursing.">Assessment design issues for evaluation of critical thinking in nursing.</a> Holistic Nursing Practice. 10 (3), 41-52 (1996).</li><li>Epstein, R. M., Hundert, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defining+and+assessing+professional+competence.">Defining and assessing professional competence.</a> Journal of the American Medical Association. 287 (2), 226-235 (2002).</li><li>Stone, S. L., Qualters, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Course-based+assessment:+Implementing+outcome+assessment+in+medical+education.">Course-based assessment: Implementing outcome assessment in medical education.</a> Academic Medicine. 73 (4), 397-401 (1998).</li><li>Boland, D. L., Laidig, J., Palomba, C. A., Banta, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+student+competence+in+accredited+disciplines:+Pioneering+approaches+to+assessment+in+higher+education.">Assessing student competence in accredited disciplines: Pioneering approaches to assessment in higher education.</a> Assessment of student learning in the discipline of nursing. , 71-94 (2001).</li><li>Epstein, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+in+medical+education.">Assessment in medical education.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 356 (4), 387-396 (2007).</li><li>Halonen, J. S., Bosack, T., Clay, S., McCarthy, M., Dunn, D. S., Hill, G. W., McEntarffer, R., Mehrotra, C., Nesmith, R., Weaver, K. A., Whitlock, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rubric+for+learning,+teaching,+and+assessing+scientific+inquiry+in+psychology.">A rubric for learning, teaching, and assessing scientific inquiry in psychology.</a> Teaching of Psychology. 30 (3), 196-208 (2003).</li><li>Birenbaum, M., Douchy, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Alternative in assessment of achievements, learning processes and prior knowledge. , (1996).</li><li>Knowles, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Modern Practice of Adult Education: From Pedagogy to Andragogy. , (1980).</li><li>Montgomery, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Authentic+Tasks+and+Rubrics:+Going+Beyond+Traditional+Assessments+in+College+Teaching.">Authentic Tasks and Rubrics: Going Beyond Traditional Assessments in College Teaching.</a> College Teaching. 50 (1), 34-39 (2002).</li><li>Wolf, K., Stevens, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+rubrics+in+advancing+and+assessing+student+learning.">The role of rubrics in advancing and assessing student learning.</a> Journal of Effective Teaching. 7 (1), 3-14 (2007).</li><li>Rebeschi, L. A. r. o. n. s. o. n., B, . <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Nursing+Student's+Learning+Outcomes+and+Employment+Choice+after+the+Implementation+of+a+Senior+Capstone+Course.">Assessment of Nursing Student's Learning Outcomes and Employment Choice after the Implementation of a Senior Capstone Course.</a> International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship. 6 (1), 1-15 (2009).</li><li>Bolton, F. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rubrics+and+Adult+Learners:+Andragogy+and+Assessment.">Rubrics and Adult Learners: Andragogy and Assessment.</a> Assessment Update. 18 (3), 5-6 (2006).</li><li>Andrade, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Teaching+with+rubrics:+The+good,+the+bad,+and+the+ugly.">Teaching with rubrics: The good, the bad, and the ugly.</a> College Teaching. 53 (1), 27-30 (2005).</li></ol>

<ol><li>我们已经证明了一个学习的成果专栏是什么，如何构建一个，以及如何使用，在学习成果的评估，把它应用到一个DNP教育计划。有几个在这一点上，应进一步的关键点。 <ol><li>学习成果评鉴指标与分级评鉴指标。首先，重要的是要划定分级专栏和学习成果专栏之间的差异。分级专栏，旨在帮助教师评估什么档次的学生应获得基于其特定的任务上的表现，可能会或可能不涉及定量和定性方面，而重点是帮助教师评估，如果学生了解到一个学习的成果专栏所有的一个概念或构建的重点和关键的环节。学习成果的测量通常包括定量和定性的方面。最重要的是，这是分级的分配通常是一个学习成果的整体评估的一部分。 </li><li>量化的本质定性概念。一旦你理解的差异之间的学习成果专栏和分级专栏，建设学习成果评估专栏的最具挑战性的的部分是确定到什么程度你想定义的定性组件。如前所述，留在一个纯粹的质量水平组件的定义，允许评估成功或失败，但是个别教师的自由，它不是通常可靠和使用其他师资，其定义往往是在评估的眼睛。此外，这种类型的专栏，还允许分级和成果评估学生的挑战，因为其解释再次可能是在旁观者的眼睛。 </li><li>课程级别与计划层面的学习成果。使用适当建造的学习成果评估评鉴指标允许的教学和学习的过程和程序的适当水平评估。然而，这些评鉴指标也适用于计划的学习成果水平评价。例如，学生在一个特定的学习成果，如在应用程序中使用一个队列S评分的结果可以用来证明聚合或计划水平的教学和学习过程中的有效性。然后，这些结果可以用来帮助一个程序教职员清楚准确地跟踪教学过程中需要修改作为一个学习计划s的连续的性能改进过程的一部分。 </li></ol></li><li>结论。我们试图阐明学习成果评鉴指标的相关概念，具体而言，它们是什么以及不是，如何构造，以及如何使用它们。此外，我们已申请使用一个DNP的程序的情况下学习的榜样，学习成果的发展。学习成果测量一个概念经常被误解和误用的过程中，可能导致在教学中教师和学生学习的不满。本专题介绍侧重于时间的知识，通过学习成果测量结构的视觉衔接发展示范。 </li></ol>

using learning outcome measures to assess doctoral nursing education

各级教育方案，必须能够证明成功的方案成果。等级本身并不代表一个全面的测量方法，评估学生的学习成果，课程或计划水平。评估评鉴指标的发展和应用提供了一个明确的测量方法提供了改善的基础上定性和定量衡量的，总的课程和计划的成果为基础，以确保优质的学习体验。学习成果体现总的学习经验，并应纳入评估的定性和定量的计划结果。定性措施的评估代表了一个学习计划的任何级别的教育的挑战。护理提供了一个独特的挑战和机遇，通过艺术的关怀，因为它是科学的应用程序。通过评估评鉴指标来衡量的护理教育和学习过程的定量和定性方面的发展，可增强所需的学生学习成果的量化。他们提供了一个统一的评估机制，否则很难描述和测量的概念和结构，由护理教师。协议是提出并应用到博士护理教育评估专栏的应用和转化为其他教育计划的建议方案。通过这些专门设计的评鉴指标的应用，教育计划的所有方面，可以充分评估方案的评估，有利于封闭的期望和实际之间的学生的学习成果为任何需要的教育能力的差距，为信息。

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Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education

衡量学生的学习成果，通过可定制的评估评鉴指标的结构和过程进行了讨论和博士学位的护理教育计划。

用学习成果的措施，以评估博士护理教育

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement ...

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18.9K 次观看.  Harris College of Nursing and Health Sciences. 衡量学生的学习成果，通过可定制的评估评鉴指标的结构和过程进行了讨论和博士学位的护理教育计划。

视频: Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One important prerequisite is a good understanding of all safety and efficacy aspects obtained in a large animal model that validly reflect the human scenario of myocardial infarction (MI). Pigs are widely used in this regard since their cardiac size, hemodynamics, and coronary anatomy are close to that of humans. Here, we present an effective protocol for using the porcine MI model using a closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. This approach is based on 90 min of myocardial ischemia, inducing large left ventricle infarction of the anterior, septal and inferoseptal walls. Furthermore, we present protocols for various measures of outcome that provide a wide range of information on the heart, such as cardiac systolic and diastolic function, hemodynamics, coronary flow velocity, microvascular resistance, and infarct size. This protocol can be easily tailored to meet study specific requirements for the validation of novel cardioregenerative biologics at different stages (i.e. directly after the acute ischemic insult, in the subacute setting or even in the chronic MI once scar formation has been completed). This model therefore provides a useful translational tool to study MI, subsequent adverse remodeling, and the potential of novel cardioregenerative agents.

This protocol describes the porcine myocardial infarction (MI) model using a 90 min closed-chest coronary balloon occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD), followed by reperfusion. Furthermore, the protocol for several outcome parameters, such as cardiac function, hemodynamics, microvascular resistance, and infarct size, are also presented.

心肌梗死和功能预后评估的猪

Introduction of newly discovered cardiovascular therapeutics into first-in-man trials depends on a strictly regulated ethical and legal roadmap. One ...

科研

医学

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of heat-related disorders. Therefore, accurate measurement of Tc during exercise is of great importance, especially in athletes who have to perform in challenging ambient conditions. In the current literature a number of methods have been described to measure the Tc (esophageal, external tympanic membrane, mouth or rectum). However, these methods are suboptimal to measure Tc during exercise since they are invasive, have a slow response or are influenced by environmental conditions. Studies described the use of an ingestible telemetric temperature pill as a reliable and valid method to assess gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), which is a representative measurement of Tc. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the measurement of Tgi using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill. This study addresses important methodological factors that must be taken into account for an accurate measurement. It is recommended to read the instructions carefully in order to ensure that the ingestible telemetric temperature pill is a reliable method to assess Tgi at rest and during exercise.

This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings.

使用可摄取遥测温度丸，以评估胃肠道温度在练习

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of ...

A Quantitative Sensory Testing Paradigm to Obtain Measures of Pain Processing in Patients Undergoing Breast Cancer Surgery

Chronic pain following surgery, persistent postsurgical pain, is an important highly prevalent condition contributing to significant symptom burden and lower quality of life. Persistent postsurgical pain is relatively refractory to treatment hence generating a high need for preventive strategies and treatments. Therefore, the identification of patients at risk of developing persistent pain is an area of active ongoing research. Recently it was demonstrated that peri-operative disruptions in central pain processing may be able to predict persistent postsurgical pain at long term follow-up in breast cancer patients. The aim of the current report is to present a short protocol to obtain pain thresholds to different stimuli at multiple sites and a measure of endogenous analgesia in breast cancer patients. We have used this method successfully in a clinical context and detail some representative results from a clinical study.

Persistent postsurgical pain may be related to changes in pain processing. By assessing pain in response to standardized stimuli, changes in pain processing can be elucidated. We present methods to obtain pain thresholds to different stimuli and a measure of endogenous analgesia in patients undergoing breast cancer surgery.

一种定量感官检测方法在乳腺癌手术患者疼痛处理中的研究

Chronic pain following surgery, persistent postsurgical pain, is an important highly prevalent condition contributing to significant symptom burden and ...

Collecting Hair Samples for Hair Cortisol Analysis in African Americans

The hormone cortisol is typically assessed in saliva, serum, or urine samples. More recently, cortisol has been successfully extracted from hair, including humans. The advantage of hair cortisol concentration is that it reflects a retrospective representation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function over time, much like hemoglobin A1C represents glycemic control. However, obtaining hair samples can be challenging, due to the cultural beliefs and hair care practices of minority participants. For example, African Americans may be reluctant to provide samples. Additionally, few researchers are trained to collect hair samples from African Americans. The purpose of this paper is to present a culturally informed protocol to help researchers obtain hair samples from African Americans. To illustrate the representative results of this protocol implementation, de-identified data from African Americans that participated in a community-based study on chronic stress are provided. Hair practice preferences are assessed. The participants are made comfortable by showing pictures of hair samples prior to cutting their hair. The single strain twist and gently pull method is used to collect approximately 30 - 50 strands of hair from the posterior vertex region of the scalp. This protocol will significantly improve collection of hair samples from African Americans.

Hair cortisol concentration analysis provides an alternative to traditional measures of cortisol; however, to collect hair samples from African Americans, scientists need to be culturally informed and competent. The purpose of this protocol is to demonstrate a culturally informed technique to collect hair samples for cortisol analysis from African Americans.

在非洲裔美国人中收集头发皮质醇分析样本

The hormone cortisol is typically assessed in saliva, serum, or urine samples. More recently, cortisol has been successfully extracted from hair, ...

Predicting Treatment Response to Image-Guided Therapies Using Machine Learning: An Example for Trans-Arterial Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Intra-arterial therapies are the standard of care for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who cannot undergo surgical resection. The objective of this study was to develop a method to predict response to intra-arterial treatment prior to intervention.
The method provides a general framework for predicting outcomes prior to intra-arterial therapy. It involves pooling clinical, demographic and imaging data across a cohort of patients and using these data to train a machine learning model. The trained model is applied to new patients in order to predict their likelihood of response to intra-arterial therapy.
The method entails the acquisition and parsing of clinical, demographic and imaging data from N patients who have already undergone trans-arterial therapies. These data are parsed into discrete features (age, sex, cirrhosis, degree of tumor enhancement, etc.) and binarized into true/false values (e.g., age over 60, male gender, tumor enhancement beyond a set threshold, etc.). Low-variance features and features with low univariate associations with the outcome are removed. Each treated patient is labeled according to whether they responded or did not respond to treatment. Each training patient is thus represented by a set of binary features and an outcome label. Machine learning models are trained using N - 1 patients with testing on the left-out patient. This process is repeated for each of the N patients. The N models are averaged to arrive at a final model.
The technique is extensible and enables inclusion of additional features in the future. It is also a generalizable process that may be applied to clinical research questions outside of interventional radiology. The main limitation is the need to derive features manually from each patient. A popular modern form of machine learning called deep learning does not suffer from this limitation, but requires larger datasets.

Intra-arterial therapies are the standard of care for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who cannot undergo surgical resection. A method for predicting response to these therapies is proposed. The technique uses pre-procedural clinical, demographic, and imaging information to train machine learning models capable of predicting response prior to treatment.

用机器学习预测图像引导疗法的治疗反应--肝细胞癌的跨动脉治疗实例

Intra-arterial therapies are the standard of care for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who cannot undergo surgical resection. The objective of this ...

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Minimal erythema dose (MED) testing is frequently used in clinical settings for determining the smallest amount of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation necessary to produce erythema (inflammatory reddening) on the surface of the skin. In this context, the MED is regarded as a key factor in determining starting doses for UV phototherapy for common skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema. In research settings, MED testing also has potential to be a powerful tool for assessing within- and between-persons variation in inflammatory responses. However, MED testing has not been widely adopted for use in research settings, likely owing to a lack of published guidelines, which is a barrier to obtaining reproducible results from this assay. Also, protocols and equipment for establishing MED vary widely, making it difficult to compare results across laboratories. Here, we describe a precise and reproducible method to induce and measure superficial erythema using newly designed protocols and methods that can easily be adapted to other equipment and laboratory environments. The method described here includes detail on procedures that will allow extrapolation of a standardized dosage schedule to other equipment so that this protocol can be adapted to any UV radiation source.

Precision Implementation of Minimal Erythema Dose MED Testing to Assess Individual Variation in Human Inflammatory Response

Minimal erythema dose (MED) testing is used to establish dosage schedules for ultraviolet radiation phototherapy. It can assess individual variation in inflammatory response but lacks methodology for achieving reproducible results. Here, we present a precision implementation of MED and demonstrate its ability to capture individual variation in inflammatory response.

精确实施最小红斑剂量（MED）测试，以评估人体炎症反应中的个体变异

Minimal erythema dose (MED) testing is frequently used in clinical settings for determining the smallest amount of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation necessary ...

Using Nicotine in a Silica-Exposed Mouse Model to Promote Lung Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Smoking and exposure to silica are common among occupational workers, and silica is more likely to injure the lungs of smokers than non-smokers. The role of nicotine, the primary addictive ingredient in cigarettes, in silicosis development is unclear. The mouse model employed in this study was simple and easily controlled, and it effectively simulated the effects of chronic nicotine ingestion and repeated exposure to silica on lung fibrosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition in human beings. In addition, this model can help in the direct study of the effects of nicotine on silicosis while avoiding the effects of other components in cigarette smoke.
After environmental adaptation, mice were injected subcutaneously with 0.25 mg/kg nicotine solution into the loose skin over the neck every morning and evening at 12 h intervals over 40 days. Additionally, crystalline silica powder (1-5 &#181;m) was suspended in normal saline, diluted to a suspension of 20 mg/mL, and dispersed evenly using an ultrasonic water bath. The isoflurane-anesthetized mice inhaled 50 &#181;L of this silica dust suspension through the nose and were awoken via chest massage. Silica exposure was administrated daily on days 5-19.
The double-exposed mouse model was exposed to nicotine and then silica, which matches the exposure history of workers who are exposed to both harmful factors. In addition, nicotine promoted pulmonary fibrosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in mice. This animal model can be used to study the effects of multiple factors on the development of silicosis.

This study describes a mouse model to study the synergistic effect of nicotine on the progression of pulmonary fibrosis in experimental silicosis mice. The dual-exposure mouse model simulates the pathological progression in the lung after simultaneous exposure to nicotine and silica. The methods described are simple and highly reproducible.

在二氧化硅暴露小鼠模型中使用尼古丁促进肺上皮-间充质转化

Smoking and exposure to silica are common among occupational workers, and silica is more likely to injure the lungs of smokers than non-smokers. The role ...

适用于支气管镜新手的软式支气管镜检查

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach

Flexible bronchoscopy is a technically difficult procedure and has been identified as the most important procedure that should be integrated into a simulation-based training program for pulmonologists. However, more specific guidelines that govern bronchoscopy training are needed to meet this demand. To ensure patients a competent examination, we propose a systematic, stepwise approach, splitting the procedure into four &#34;landmarks&#34; to support novice endoscopists navigating the bronchial maze. The procedure can be evaluated based on three established outcome measures to ensure a thorough and effective inspection of the bronchial tree: diagnostic completeness, structured progress, and procedure time.
The stepwise approach relying on the four landmarks is used at all simulation centers in Denmark and is being implemented in the Netherlands. To provide instant feedback to novice bronchoscopists when training and to relieve time constraints from consultants, we suggest that future studies should implement artificial intelligence&#160;as a feedback and certification tool when training new bronchoscopists.

作者聚焦：在模拟基础环境中学习系统支气管镜检查 

Here, we present a protocol to navigate the bronchial maze in a structured manner, splitting the bronchoscopy into a stepwise approach-the four landmarks approach.

系统性支气管镜检查：四个标志方法

Flexible bronchoscopy is a technically difficult procedure and has been identified as the most important procedure that should be integrated into a ...