This work was supported by STW (12864, C.C.W.G.B) and the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (Rubicon Grant 825.12.016, T.M.H.E).

次のセクションで説明する手順は、に沿ったものであり、ナイメーヘンラートボウト大学医療センターの医療倫理委員会、オランダで受け入れ。私たちの知る限りでは、摂取可能な温度の丸薬の3つの異なる商用システムは、研究者のために現在利用可能です。摂取可能な温度の丸薬のユーザーマニュアルには、（特定の材料の表）ブランド固有のものですが、すべてのシステムは、運動中や安静時の条件の下での測定に適しています。 1.除外基準と件名命令<ol><li>遠隔測定温度ピルを使用するための除外基準のための書面または口頭で被写体を確認する：1）体重を36.5キロ、2）閉塞性胃腸疾患、消化器外科手術の3）歴史の下、4）移植された医療機器、および5 ）を予定してMRIは、実験期間中にスキャンします。 </li><li>温度ピルのシリアルおよびキャリブレーション番号を書き留めます。 </li&gt; <li> （セクション2を参照）温度の丸薬を使用する方法を被験者に指示します。 </li><li>被験者はかなり前実験の温度ピルを受信した場合はセクション2に示す情報が含まれている短い取扱説明書と一緒に対象に丸薬を与え、温度錠剤を摂取するための実験の前日、被写体を思い出させます。 </li></ol> 2.温度ピル手順<ol><li>流体摂取との対話を避けるために、少なくとも6時間、実験前に温度錠剤を摂取する被験者に指示します。正しく温度ピルを摂取するために、後続の手順に従ってください。 </li><li>バッテリーを活性化し、測定を可能にするために、錠剤からの磁気ストライプを削除するには、対象を指示します。 </li><li>ピル摂取を強化するために水のガラスを好ましく温度錠剤を摂取する被験者に指示します。 </li><li>研究チームに錠剤包装材を返すように対象を掲載し、ので、彼らはCHですることができます実験の開始前にシリアルおよびキャリブレーション番号をECK。 </li><li>温度ピルは、その自然な形（糞便）を介して体を残して対象を指示し、それはトイレに流しことができます。 </li></ol> 3.実験プロトコルI：横断モード注：断モードでは、同時に最大99の被験者を測定することができます。 <ol><li>測定前に断面測定のための希望の設定にレコーダーを調整します。 <ol><li> 、レコーダーの電源を入れ転送ケーブルでコンピュータとレコーダーを接続すると、パソコンと接続するレコーダーを有効にするには、「F2-PCリンク」ボタンを押してください。 </li><li>右の設定を定義するために使用することができるコンピュータ上のTcソフトウェアを開きます。注意：ソフトウェアは、温度ピルとレコーダーの順序で会社によって供給されています。 </li><li>設定を調整するには、ProgramR」をクリック17;ソフトウェアのホーム画面で、その後、レコーダーとの接続を行い、適切な設定を選択するには、「オープン・PCリンク」ボタンを使用します。 <ol><li> 「スポーツモードON」を選択することにより、断面測定モードを選択します。 </li><li>正しい温度測定スケール（摂氏または華氏）を選択します。レコーダーに設定をコピーするには、ボタン「レコーダーに書くコンフィグ &#39;を使用します。 </li><li>実験中にユーザーを切り替えるためのオプションを可能にする、外部レコーダーにすべての個々の被験者のシリアルおよびキャリブレーション番号を追加します。ソフトウェアで「センサー/バーコードの表示」ボタンを押して、すべてのシリアルおよびキャリブレーション番号を追加します。レコーダーにデータをコピーするには、ボタン「レコーダーにセンサーを書く」押してください。 </li><li>測定中に放電したバッテリので、欠落したデータを避けるために、測定前にレコーダーのバッテリーを確認してください。注：通常、batte75％のRY状態が&gt; 10時間測定するのに十分です。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>すべての準備が完了し、定義済みの設定がチェックされた後、実験を開始します。これを行うには、レコーダーのホーム画面に戻り、データ収集を開始するために「F2-スポーツ」ボタンを使用します。 </li><li>プレイヤーXXは、画面に表示されたら、Tgiはを測定するために「読む」ボタンを押してください。 Tgiは余分な測定のために再び「読む」ボタンを使用してください。 </li><li> 「読む」ボタンを押してTcは、ユーザーを切り替えるレコーダーに正しい番号を押し、続いて測定します。 </li><li> 「停止」ボタンを押してデータ収集を停止します。 </li><li>測定が終了すると、データの損失を防ぐために、正しい方法でレコーダーをオフにします。これを行うには、「入力」ボタンと「終了」は、ホーム画面上に表示されるようになります。 「F1-終了」ボタンとRECのレコーダーショー「プッシュターンオーダー」。その後、レコーダーをオフにし、電源スイッチを使用します。 </li><li>コンピュータに外部レコーダーからの生データをエクスポートし、保存（第5節参照;データ処理を）。 </li></ol> 4.実験プロトコルII：連続モード注意：連続モードが継続的に、たとえば、事前定義された一定の時間間隔で20秒ごとに個々の被験者のTgiはを測定し、保存することができます。次のセクションでは、このタイプの測定を実行するために使用されるステップのシーケンスについて説明します。 <ol><li> （セクション3、3.1.1-3.1.3の手順を参照してください）​​測定前に連続測定モードの正しい設定にレコーダーを調整します。 </li><li> 「スポーツモードをOFF」を選択することによって、連続的な測定モードを選択します。 </li><li> 10秒の最小のサンプリング間隔で、右側の一定の時間間隔（hh：mm：ss）をに「読み取り間隔」を調整することにより、測定周波数を選択します。 </li><li> CORを選択RECT温度測定スケール（摂氏または華氏）。レコーダーに設定をコピーするには、ボタン「レコーダーに書くコンフィグ &#39;を使用します。 </li><li>測定中に放電したバッテリので、欠落したデータを避けるために、測定前にレコーダーのバッテリーを確認してください。注意：通常、75％のバッテリ状態は24時間の測定を行うのに十分です。 </li><li>すべての準備が完了し、定義済みの設定がチェックされた後、実験を開始します。レコーダーのホーム画面にある「ファイル名を指定して実行」ボタンを押してデータ収集を開始します。 </li><li>その後、測定誤差を回避するために、被験者の腹部領域に近いウエストバッグ（腹部とレコーダー間の最大30〜40センチ）にレコーダーを接続します。 注：実験の開始後に、すべての事前定義された時間間隔はTcのの測定が行われます。 「読む」ボタンで余分なサンプリングポイントを追加することができます。 </li><li> Tを停止「停止」ボタンを押してC測定。 </li><li> 「ユニットの電源をオフに」して、レコーダーをオフにし、電源スイッチを使用してメッセージを取得するには「F1-終了」ボタンを使用してください。 </li><li>コンピュータに外部レコーダーからの生データをエクスポートし、保存（第5節参照;データの抽出を）。 </li></ol> 5.データの抽出<ol><li>データのエクスポート（セクション3、ステップ3.1.1）を完了するために、パソコンに接続します。 </li><li>ソフトウェアを開き、ソフトウェアのホーム画面で「ダウンロード」ボタンをクリックします。 </li><li>ファイル名を入力し、「OK」ボタンを押してください。注：データは現在、表計算ソフトを使用して開くことができ.cvtファイルとして保存されます。 </li><li>データファイルを開いて、視覚的に不足しているデータや異常値のために収集したデータを確認してください。注：Tgiは大きな減少または増加（≤1℃）短い時間間隔（±1分）内は非常に非現実的であるとdisturによって引き起こされることがあります無線信号のbance。結果として、非現実的なデータ点は、さらなる分析のために除去することができます。 </li><li>前後の有効な値を平均化することによって欠損値を補間します。注意：データの補間は、連続して3欠損値の最大値で可能です。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Hawley, J. A., Hargreaves, M., Joyner, M. J., Zierath, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+Biology+of+Exercise.">Integrative Biology of Exercise.</a> Cell. 159, 738-749 (2014).</li><li>American College of Sports Medicine. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+College+of+Sports+Medicine+position+stand.+Exercise+and+fluid+replacement.">American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 39, 377-390 (2007).</li><li>Cheuvront, S. N., Haymes, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermoregulation+and+marathon+running:+biological+and+environmental+influences.">Thermoregulation and marathon running: biological and environmental influences.</a> Sports Med. 31, 743-762 (2001).</li><li>Kenefick, R. W., Cheuvront, S. N., Sawka, M. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermoregulatory+function+during+the+marathon.">Thermoregulatory function during the marathon.</a> Sports Med. 37, 312-315 (2007).</li><li>Tatterson, A. J., Hahn, A. G., Martin, D. T., Febbraio, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+heat+stress+on+physiological+responses+and+exercise+performance+in+elite+cyclists.">Effects of heat stress on physiological responses and exercise performance in elite cyclists.</a> J Sci Med Sport. 3, 186-193 (2000).</li><li>Bouchama, A., Knochel, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+stroke.">Heat stroke.</a> N Engl J Med. 346, (1978).</li><li>Galloway, S. D., Maughan, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+ambient+temperature+on+the+capacity+to+perform+prolonged+cycle+exercise+in+man.">Effects of ambient temperature on the capacity to perform prolonged cycle exercise in man.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 29, 1240-1249 (1997).</li><li>Hargreaves, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+limits+to+exercise+performance+in+the+heat.">Physiological limits to exercise performance in the heat.</a> J Sci Med Sport. 11, 66-71 (2008).</li><li>Byrne, C., Lim, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ingestible+telemetric+body+core+temperature+sensor:+a+review+of+validity+and+exercise+applications.">The ingestible telemetric body core temperature sensor: a review of validity and exercise applications.</a> Br J Sports Med. 41, 126-133 (2007).</li><li>Sawka, M. N., Wenger, C., Pandolf, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Human performance physiology and environmental medicine at terrestrial extremes. , 97-151 (1988).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Ergonomics &#8212; Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements. , (2004).</li><li>Blatteis, C. M., Blatteis, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Physiology and pathophysiology of temperature regulation. , 273-279 (1998).</li><li>Bagley, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+field+expedient+devices+to+assess+core+temperature+during+exercise+in+the+cold.">Validity of field expedient devices to assess core temperature during exercise in the cold.</a> Aviat Space Environ Med. 82, 1098-1103 (2011).</li><li>Livingstone, S. D., Grayson, J., Frim, J., Allen, C. L., Limmer, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Cold-Exposure+on+Various+Sites+of+Core+Temperature-Measurements.">Effect of Cold-Exposure on Various Sites of Core Temperature-Measurements.</a> J Appl Physiol (1985). 54, 1025-1031 (1983).</li><li>Gant, N., Atkinson, G., Williams, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+validity+and+reliability+of+intestinal+temperature+during+intermittent+running.">The validity and reliability of intestinal temperature during intermittent running.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 38, 1926-1931 (2006).</li><li>Sawka, M. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiologic+tolerance+to+uncompensable+heat:+intermittent+exercise,+field+vs+laboratory.">Physiologic tolerance to uncompensable heat: intermittent exercise, field vs laboratory.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 33, 422-430 (2001).</li><li>Stevens, C. J., Dascombe, B., Boyko, A., Sculley, D., Callister, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ice+slurry+ingestion+during+cycling+improves+Olympic+distance+triathlon+performance+in+the+heat.">Ice slurry ingestion during cycling improves Olympic distance triathlon performance in the heat.</a> J Sports Sci. 31, 1271-1279 (2013).</li><li>Wolff, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+radio+pill.">The radio pill.</a> New Science. 12, 419-421 (1961).</li><li>Casa, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+devices+that+assess+body+temperature+during+outdoor+exercise+in+the+heat.">Validity of devices that assess body temperature during outdoor exercise in the heat.</a> J Athl Train. 42, 333-342 (2007).</li><li>Kolka, M. A., Quigley, M. D., Blanchard, L. A., Toyota, D. A., Stephenson, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+Temperature+Telemetry+System+during+Moderate+and+Strenuous+Exercise.">Validation of a Temperature Telemetry System during Moderate and Strenuous Exercise.</a> J Therm Biol. 18, 203-210 (1993).</li><li>Lee, S. M., Williams, W. J., Schneider, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Core temperature measurement during submaximal exercise: esophageal, rectal, and intestinal temperatures. , (2000).</li><li>Bland, J. M., Altman, D. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Statistical+methods+for+assessing+agreement+between+two+methods+of+clinical+measurement.">Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.</a> Lancet. 1, 307-310 (1986).</li><li>Lim, C. L., Byrne, C., Lee, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+thermoregulation+and+measurement+of+body+temperature+in+exercise+and+clinical+settings.">Human thermoregulation and measurement of body temperature in exercise and clinical settings.</a> Ann Acad Med Singapore. 37, 347-353 (2008).</li><li>Brengelmann, G. L., Shiraki, K., Yousef, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Man in a Stressful Environment: Thermal and Work Physiology. , 5-22 (1987).</li><li>American College of Sports Medicine. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+College+of+Sports+Medicine+position+stand.+Exertional+heat+illness+during+training+and+competition.">American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exertional heat illness during training and competition.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 39, 556-572 (2007).</li><li>Easton, C., Fudge, B. W., Pitsladis, Y. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rectal,+telemetry+pill+and+tympanic+membrane+thermometry+during+exercise+heat+stress.">Rectal, telemetry pill and tympanic membrane thermometry during exercise heat stress.</a> J Therm Biol. 32, 78-86 (2007).</li><li>Moran, D. S., Mendal, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Core+temperature+measurement:+methods+and+current+insights.">Core temperature measurement: methods and current insights.</a> Sports Med. 32, 879-885 (2002).</li><li>Ganio, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+and+reliability+of+devices+that+assess+body+temperature+during+indoor+exercise+in+the+heat.">Validity and reliability of devices that assess body temperature during indoor exercise in the heat.</a> J Athl Train. 44, 124-135 (2009).</li><li>Kolka, M. A., Levine, L., Stephenson, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+an+ingestible+telemetry+sensor+to+measure+core+temperature+under+chemical+protective+clothing.">Use of an ingestible telemetry sensor to measure core temperature under chemical protective clothing.</a> J Therm Biol. 22, 343-349 (1997).</li><li>Brien, C., Hoyt, R. W., Buller, M. J., Castellani, J. W., Young, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Telemetry+pill+measurement+of+core+temperature+in+humans+during+active+heating+and+cooling.">Telemetry pill measurement of core temperature in humans during active heating and cooling.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 30, 468-472 (1998).</li><li>Wilkinson, D. M., Carter, J. M., Richmond, V. L., Blacker, S. D., Rayson, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+cool+water+ingestion+on+gastrointestinal+pill+temperature.">The effect of cool water ingestion on gastrointestinal pill temperature.</a> Med Sci Sports Exerc. 40, 523-528 (2008).</li><li>Sparling, P. B., Snow, T. K., Millardstafford, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+Core+Temperature+during+Exercise+-+Ingestible+Sensor+Vs+Rectal+Thermistor.">Monitoring Core Temperature during Exercise - Ingestible Sensor Vs Rectal Thermistor.</a> Aviat Space Environ Med. 64, 760-763 (1993).</li><li>Roach, G. D. S. C., Darwent, D., Kannaway, D. J., Furguson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lost+in+transit:+The+journey+of+ingestible+temperature+sensors+through+the+human+digestive+tract.">Lost in transit: The journey of ingestible temperature sensors through the human digestive tract.</a> Ergonomia. 32, 49-61 (2010).</li><li>McKenzie, J. E., Osgood, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+new+telemetric+core+temperature+monitor.">Validation of a new telemetric core temperature monitor.</a> J Therm Biol. 29, 605-611 (2004).</li><li>Palit, S., Lunniss, P. J., Scott, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+physiology+of+human+defecation.">The physiology of human defecation.</a> Dig Dis Sci. 57, 1445-1464 (2012).</li><li>Chien, L. Y., Liou, Y. M., Chang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low+defaecation+frequency+in+Taiwanese+adolescents:+association+with+dietary+intake,+physical+activity+and+sedentary+behaviour.">Low defaecation frequency in Taiwanese adolescents: association with dietary intake, physical activity and sedentary behaviour.</a> J Paediatr Child Health. 47, 381-386 (2011).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

摂取可能な遠隔測定温度ピルのTgiは、連続的な有効な非侵襲的な測定を提供する能力を有します。また、温度ピルの利点は、一度摂取事実であり、被験者は、体内のか、測定が行われている錠剤の存在に気づいていません。したがって、この方法は、試験参加者のための最小限の負担静止条件下、ならびに運動時に容易に適用可能であり、したがって、フィールドと実験室の設定で使用する?...

運動や身体活動を実行するために必要な筋収縮、重要な影響を与える私達の体温調節システム中の基質の酸化のエネルギーの大部分は熱（80％） の2,3-として放出される一方で、わずか20％が、筋力1に使用されます。その結果、身体活動および運動時の上昇、代謝熱生成は、典型的には、コア本体温度（Tc）が大きくなる、熱放散容量4,5を超えます 。従って、Tcは高熱6のように定義されている視床下部のセットポイントを超えて上昇し、さらに弱毒運動パフォーマンスの5,7,8および/ ​​または熱関連障害4,6の開発をもたらし得ます。この理由のために、正確に激しい環境条件に長時間運動中、特にTcを測定することが重要です。 1）簡単なアプリである：文学のTcを測定するための理想的な方法がなければならないことが記載されていますlicable、2）環境条件によって付勢されていない、3）迅速Tcの変化を監視するために高い時間分解能を有する、4）小さな変化を検出する能力を有する（Δ0.1°C）中核体温9,10インチTcは測定するためのさまざまな方法の概要は、国際標準化機構（ISO 9886）11によって与えられました。なお、この測定値が急激に温度12（マイナー）の変化を検出することが可能であるが、左心房のレベルでの食道の温度が、中央の血液温度との最も近い一致を提供すると述べました。食道の温度測定は、一般のTcを記録するためのゴールドスタンダードとして受け入れられているが、その侵襲性は、この方法の実用的な使用を制限します。 Tcのを監視するための代替策は、外部鼓膜膜、口、または直腸12の温度の記録に依存しています。これらの測定サイトは、侵襲的な文字、methodolog与えられ、Tcは測定することが最適ではありませんiCalの困難および/ ​​または環境条件9,12-14（ 表1）による潜在的バイアス。これは、Tcの（の変化）を監視するための代替戦略を模索する必要性を強調しています。 以前の研究では、Tcの9,15の代表推定でTgiはを、測定するための簡単に、該当する信頼性が高く、有効な方法として摂取可能な遠隔測定温度ピルの使用が記載されています。温度ピルのもう一つの重要な利点は、Tcの中で運動誘発性上昇は、実験室の設定16よりもフィールドで一般的に高いしているため非常に重要であるフィールドベースの状況で適合性、です。現在、温度ピルは、運動イベントや重要な試合中Tgiはを測定するために、この技術は非常に適して±0.1℃の精度でTgiは毎10秒を測定することができます。また、スティーブンスらの研究では17のことが実証されています遠隔測定温度ピルはまた、胃内の温度を監視するために使用することができます。摂取可能な温度ピルは、最初1961年に18を説明し、さらに、米航空宇宙局（NASA）の応用物理研究所と共同で、ジョンズ・ホプキンス大学（ボルティモア、米国）で開発されています。結果は、遠隔測定システム、マイクロバッテリと水晶温度センサを備えた20×10 mmのカプセルです。水晶センサは、周囲の物質の温度に対する周波数で振動します。この温度無線信号を外部の記録装置（ 図1）により測定することができる本体を透過します。各温度ピルは、無線信号に変換し、対応するTgiはを測定するためにレコーダが使用することができる固有のシリアル番号と較正を有します。 小さな磁気ストリップは、電池を不活性化する温度ピルの外側に取り付けられています。この磁気ストリップが除去されると、ピルはACTIですすぐvatedとのTc（ 図2）を計測を開始します。カーサらは、19が基準値として設定直腸温度で、Tcのを測定するために、六つの異なる技術（胃腸、直腸、聴覚、時間軸と額）を使用しました。彼らは、温度の丸薬とのTcの胃腸測定は、基準のTcと良い一致を示した唯一の技術であることを実証しました。その他はTgiはと直腸温度との関係を調査し、0.07℃から0.20℃で9,15,20,21までの小さいが重要なバイアスを示しています。方向バイアスの大きさは研究間で異なっているが、契約のブランドとアルトマン95％の限界は±許容できる9,22で0.4℃でした。さらに、バーンらのレビューで9 TgiははTcのための措置として、直腸および食道温度（ゴールドスタンダード）と比較されます。彼らは、TgiははTEで測定することを示していますmperatureピルは、腸と食道温度との間の良好な一致に基づいて、Tcのための有効な尺度です。有意なバイアスが二つの測定9,20,21の間に見られなかったさらに、契約の95％ブランドとアルトマンの制限は、0.4℃で22±に限定されていました。これらの結果は、TgiはTcのために有効な尺度であることを示唆しています。 良好なTC / Tgiは測定技術の別の重要な態様は、急速にTcの変化を監視するために高い時間分解能です。以前の研究では、温度の丸薬で測定Tgiは、心臓10に食道の低熱容量と近接のために説明することができる食道測定15,20,23、と比較して、Tcの変化に、よりゆっくりと応答することが実証されています。食道の温度測定では、サーミスタは、左心房10のレベルに配置されています。このレベルでは、肺動脈と食道は接触しています食道の測定温度の変化に高速な応答時間を刺激等温24。対照的に、腸及び直腸これらの解剖学的位置での温度変化を測定する際に遅延が生じる、食道に比べ少ない灌流します。しかし、摂取可能な遠隔測定温度ピルは、±0.1℃の精度を有し、Tgiは毎10秒を測定することができます。以前の研究には熱が運動25の間に除去されていない場合、中核体温が1℃の最大で5分ごとに上昇することができることを報告しました。したがって、温度ピルの時間分解能は、運動中のTGI変化を測定するのに適しています。これらの知見に基づいて、温度がTgiはピルを測定するための信頼性の高い有効な手法であると結論付けることができます。多くの研究で遠隔測定温度ピルの使用にもかかわらず、温度の丸薬を使用する方法についての明確な説明が不足しています。 そのため、T彼はこの研究の目的は、摂取可能な遠隔温度ピルを使用して、測定プロトコルの詳細な説明を提供することにあります。第二に、二つの異なる研究プロトコルで遠隔測定温度ピルの適用は、断面設計（測定異なるレコーダーごとに5キロ）、継続的に個人でTgiはを記録するプロトコルが使用されている、記載されています。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>CorTemp data recorder</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-data-recorder/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cortemp ingestible telemetric temperature pill</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>HT150002</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortemp-sensor-2/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CorTrack II software (Data processing for a PC only)</td>
			<td>CorTemp system, HQ Inc., Florida, USA</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>http://www.hqinc.net/cortrack-ii-data-graphing-software/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill to assess gastrointestinal temperature during exercise

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of heat-related disorders. Therefore, accurate measurement of Tc during exercise is of great importance, especially in athletes who have to perform in challenging ambient conditions. In the current literature a number of methods have been described to measure the Tc (esophageal, external tympanic membrane, mouth or rectum). However, these methods are suboptimal to measure Tc during exercise since they are invasive, have a slow response or are influenced by environmental conditions. Studies described the use of an ingestible telemetric temperature pill as a reliable and valid method to assess gastrointestinal temperature (Tgi), which is a representative measurement of Tc. Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide a detailed description of the measurement of Tgi using an ingestible telemetric temperature pill. This study addresses important methodological factors that must be taken into account for an accurate measurement. It is recommended to read the instructions carefully in order to ensure that the ingestible telemetric temperature pill is a reliable method to assess Tgi at rest and during exercise.

法を実証する我々の以前の研究からの代表的な結果を断面（ 図3A）と連続測定（ 図3B）の例が与えられている次のセクションに示されています。 Tgiはの断面測定断面の測定からのデータの例を図3Aに示されています。ベースラインTgiはを取得した後、被験者は自己選択のペースで30キロを歩きました...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise at JoVE.com

Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings.

運動中の消化管の温度を評価するために摂取可能遠隔測定温度ピルを使用します

Exercise results in an increase in core body temperature (Tc), which may reduce exercise performance and eventually can lead to the development of ...

using-an-ingestible-telemetric-temperature-pill-to-assess

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Nursing

Medicine

Unit 1

Vital Signs: Temperature

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

10.3K ビュー.  Radboud University Medical Center. This study describes an accurate, reliable and non-invasive technique to continuously measure gastrointestinal temperature during exercise. The ingestible telemetric temperature pill is suitable to measure gastrointestinal temperature in laboratory settings as well as in field based settings. 

ビデオ: Using an Ingestible Telemetric Temperature Pill to Assess Gastrointestinal Temperature During Exercise

Using Learning Outcome Measures to assess Doctoral Nursing Education

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement methodology for assessing student learning outcomes at either the course or program level. The development and application of assessment rubrics provides an unequivocal measurement methodology to ensure a quality learning experience by providing a foundation for improvement based on qualitative and quantitatively measurable, aggregate course and program outcomes.  Learning outcomes are the embodiment of the total learning experience and should incorporate assessment of both qualitative and quantitative program outcomes. The assessment of qualitative measures represents a challenge for educators in any level of a learning program. Nursing provides a unique challenge and opportunity as it is the application of science through the art of caring. Quantification of desired student learning outcomes may be enhanced through the development of assessment rubrics designed to measure quantitative and qualitative aspects of the nursing education and learning process. They provide a mechanism for uniform assessment by nursing faculty of concepts and constructs that are otherwise difficult to describe and measure. A protocol is presented and applied to a doctoral nursing education program with recommendations for application and transformation of the assessment rubric to other education programs. Through application of these specially designed rubrics, all aspects of an education program can be adequately assessed to provide information for program assessment that facilitates the closure of the gap between desired and actual student learning outcomes for any desired educational competency.

The structure and process for measuring student learning outcomes through customizable assessment rubrics is discussed and applied to a doctoral nursing education program.

博士看護教育を評価するための学習のアウトカム指標を使用

Education programs at all levels must be able to demonstrate successful program outcomes. Grades alone do not represent a comprehensive measurement ...

医学

Using Quantitative Real-time PCR to Determine Donor Cell Engraftment in a Competitive Murine Bone Marrow Transplantation Model

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules that regulate HSCs. In these transplant model systems, the function of HSCs is determined by the ability of these cells to engraft and reconstitute lethally irradiated recipient mice. Commonly, the donor cell contribution/engraftment is measured by antibodies to donor- specific cell surface proteins using flow cytometry. However, this method heavily depends on the specificity and the ability of the cell surface marker to differentiate donor-derived cells from recipient-originated cells, which may not be available for all mouse strains. Considering the various backgrounds of genetically modified mouse strains in the market, this cell surface/ flow cytometry-based method has significant limitations especially in mouse strains that lack well-defined surface markers to separate donor cells from congenic recipient cells. Here, we reported a PCR-based technique to determine donor cell engraftment/contribution in transplant recipient mice. We transplanted male donor bone marrow HSCs to lethally irradiated congenic female mice. Peripheral blood samples were collected at different time points post transplantation. Bone marrow samples were obtained at the end of the experiments. Genomic DNA was isolated and the Y chromosome specific gene, Zfy1, was amplified using quantitative Real time PCR. The engraftment of male donor-derived cells in the female recipient mice was calculated against standard curve with known percentage of male vs. female DNAs. Bcl2 was used as a reference gene to normalize the total DNA amount. Our data suggested that this approach reliably determines donor cell engraftment and provides a useful, yet simple method in measuring hematopoietic cell reconstitution in murine bone marrow transplantation models. Our method can be routinely performed in most laboratories because no costly equipment such as flow cytometry is required.

Determining donor cell engraftment presents a challenge in mouse bone marrow transplant models that lack well-defined phenotypical markers. We described a methodology to quantify male donor cell engraftment in female transplant recipient mice. This method can be used in all mouse strains for the study of HSC functions.

競争力のあるマウス骨髄移植モデルにおけるドナー細胞の生着を​​決定するために、定量的リアルタイムPCRを用いて

Murine bone marrow transplantation models provide an important tool in measuring hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) functions and determining genes/molecules ...

Using Continuous Data Tracking Technology to Study Exercise Adherence in Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to exercise training recommendations. The study of exercise adherence is thus a key step towards the optimization of PR programs. To date, mostly indirect measures, such as rates of participation, completion, and attendance, have been used to determine adherence to PR. The purpose of the present protocol is to describe how continuous data tracking technology can be used to measure adherence to a prescribed aerobic training intensity on a second-by-second basis.
In our investigations, adherence has been defined as the percent time spent within a specified target heart rate range. As such, using a combination of hardware and software, heart rate is measured, tracked, and recorded during cycling second-by-second for each participant, for each exercise session. Using statistical software, the data is subsequently extracted and analyzed. The same protocol can be applied to determine adherence to other measures of exercise intensity, such as time spent at a specified wattage, level, or speed on the cycle ergometer. Furthermore, the hardware and software is also available to measure adherence to other modes of training, such as the treadmill, elliptical, stepper, and arm ergometer. The present protocol, therefore, has a vast applicability to directly measure adherence to aerobic exercise.

Pulmonary rehabilitation is widely recognized in the management of respiratory diseases. A key component to successful pulmonary rehabilitation is adherence to the recommended exercise training. The purpose of the present protocol is to describe how continuous data tracking technology can be used to precisely measure adherence to a prescribed aerobic training intensity.

呼吸リハビリテーションに運動アドヒアランスを研究する継続的なデータ追跡技術を使用して

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an important component in the management of respiratory diseases. The effectiveness of PR is dependent upon adherence to ...

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying tissue compartments, restricting the transport of smaller molecules across the epithelium and almost completely prohibiting epithelial macromolecular transport. This selectivity is determined by the mucous gel layer, which limits the transport of lipophilic molecules and both the apical receptors and tight junctional protein complexes of the epithelium. In vitro cell culture models of the epithelium are convenient, but as a model, they lack the complexity of interactions between the microbiota, mucous-gel, epithelium and immune system. On the other hand, in vivo assessment of intestinal absorption or permeability may be performed, but these assays measure overall gastrointestinal absorption, with no indication of site specificity. Ex vivo permeability assays using &#34;intestinal sacs&#34; are a rapid and sensitive method of measuring either overall intestinal integrity or comparative transport of a specific molecule, with the added advantage of intestinal site specificity. Here we describe the preparation of intestinal sacs for permeability studies and the calculation of the apparent permeability (Papp) of a molecule across the intestinal barrier. This technique may be used as a method of assessing drug absorption, or to examine regional epithelial barrier dysfunction in animal models of gastrointestinal disease.

Ex Vivo Intestinal Sacs to Assess Mucosal Permeability in Models of Gastrointestinal Disease

This protocol describes the use of excised intestinal tissue preparations or "intestinal sacs" as an ex vivo model of intestinal barrier function. This model may be used to assess integrity of both the epithelial barrier and the mucous gel layer at specific intestinal sites in animal models of digestive disease.

ex vivoで腸嚢は、胃腸疾患のモデルに粘膜透過性を評価するために

The epithelial barrier is the first innate defense of the gastrointestinal tract and selectively regulates transport from the lumen to the underlying ...

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased oxygen demand; otherwise, a diffusion limitation may occur. The increase in DLCO with exercise is due to increased capillary blood volume (Vc) and membrane diffusing capacity (Dm). Vc and Dm increase secondary to the recruitment and distension of pulmonary capillaries, increasing the surface area for gas exchange and decreasing pulmonary vascular resistance, thereby attenuating the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. At the same time, the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses (IPAVA) during exercise may contribute to gas exchange impairment and/or prevent large increases in pulmonary artery pressure.
We describe two techniques to evaluate pulmonary diffusion and circulation at rest and during exercise. The first technique uses multiple-fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) DLCO breath holds to determine Vc and Dm at rest and during exercise. Additionally, echocardiography with intravenous agitated saline contrast is used to assess IPAVAs recruitment.
Representative data showed that the DLCO, Vc, and Dm increased with exercise intensity. Echocardiographic data showed no IPAVA recruitment at rest, while contrast bubbles were seen in the left ventricle with exercise, suggesting exercise-induced IPAVA recruitment.
The evaluation of pulmonary capillary blood volume, membrane diffusing capacity, and IPAVA recruitment using echocardiographic methods is useful to characterize the ability of the lung vasculature to adapt to the stress of exercise in health as well as in diseased groups, such as those with pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

To assess the pulmonary diffusion and vasculature responses to exercise, we describe the multiple-inspired oxygen diffusion capacity technique to determine capillary blood volume and membrane diffusing capacity, as well as agitated saline contrast echocardiography to assess the recruitment of intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses.

トレーニング中の肺毛細管血液量、膜拡散能力、及び肺内動静脈吻合の評価

Exercise is a stress to the pulmonary vasculature. With incremental exercise, the pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) must increase to meet the increased ...

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often performed for neuroprotection after ischemic insult (e.g. hemorrhagic stroke, subarachnoid hemorrhage, cardiac arrest, or other hypoxic injury). Cooling from febrile states treats fever and reduces the negative effects of hyperthermia on injured neurons. Patients are warmed in the operating room to prevent inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, which is known to cause increased blood loss, wound infections, and myocardial injury, while also prolonging recovery time. There are many reported approaches for temperature management, including improvised methods that repurpose standard supplies (e.g., ice, chilled saline, fans, blankets) but more sophisticated technologies designed for temperature management are typically more successful in delivering an optimized protocol. Over the last decade, advanced technologies have developed around two heat transfer methods: surface devices (water blankets, forced-air warmers) or intravascular devices (sterile catheters requiring vascular placement). Recently, a novel device became available that is placed in the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, that provides efficient heat transfer through the patient&#39;s core. The device connects to existing heat exchange units to allow automatic patient temperature management via a servo mechanism, using patient temperature from standard temperature sensors (rectal, Foley, or other core temperature sensors) as the input variable. This approach eliminates vascular placement complications (deep venous thrombosis, central line associated bloodstream infection), reduces obstruction to patient access, and causes less shivering when compared to surface approaches. Published data have also shown a high degree of accuracy and maintenance of target temperature using the esophageal approach to temperature management. Therefore, the purpose of this method is to provide a low-risk alternative method for controlling patient temperature in critical care settings.

This study presents a novel method to provide efficient patient temperature control for cooling or warming patients. A single use, triple lumen device is placed into the esophagus, analogous to a standard orogastric tube, and connects to existing heat exchange units to perform automatic patient temperature management.

患者体温コントロールと対象となる温度管理の食道の熱伝達

Controlling patient temperature is important for a wide variety of clinical conditions. Cooling to normal or below normal body temperature is often ...

An Optimized Evans Blue Protocol to Assess Vascular Leak in the Mouse

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ultimately lead to new knowledge concerning the causes of or new ways to inhibit or treat plasma extravasation. It is important that researchers have the proper tools, including the best methods available, for studying plasma extravasation. In this article, we describe a protocol, using the Evans blue dye method, for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice. This protocol is intentionally simple, to as great a degree as possible, but provides high quality data. Evans blue dye has been chosen primarily because it is easy for the average laboratory to use. We have used this protocol to provide evidence and support for the hypothesis that the enzyme neprilysin may protect the vasculature against plasma extravasation. However, this protocol may be experimentally used and easily adapted for use in other strains of mice or in other species, in many different organs or tissues, for studies which may involve other factors that are important in understanding, preventing, or treating plasma extravasation. This protocol has been extensively optimized and modified from existing protocols, and combines reliability, ease of use, economy, and general availability of materials and equipment, making this protocol superior for the average laboratory to use in quantifying plasma extravasation from organs.

In this article, an economical, optimized, and simple protocol is described which uses the Evans blue dye method for assessing plasma extravasation in the organs of FVBN mice that can be adapted for use in other strains, species, and other organs or tissues.

最適化されたエバンス ブルー マウス血管漏出を評価するためにプロトコル

Vascular leak, or plasma extravasation, has a number of causes, and may be a serious consequence or symptom of an inflammatory response. This study may ...

Conducting Maximal and Submaximal Endurance Exercise Testing to Measure Physiological and Biological Responses to Acute Exercise in Humans

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic responses to acute exercise are predominantly influenced by the duration and intensity of the exercise regimen. As exercise is increasingly thought of as a therapeutic treatment and/or diagnostic tool, it is important that standardizable methodologies be utilized to understand the variability and to increase the reproducibility of exercise outputs and measurements of responses to such regimens. To that end, we describe two different cycling exercise regimens that yield different physiologic outputs. In a maximal exercise test, exercise intensity is continually increased with a greater workload resulting in an increasing cardiopulmonary and metabolic response (heart rate, stroke volume, ventilation, oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production). In contrast, during endurance exercise tests, the demand is increased from that at rest, but is raised to a fixed submaximal exercise intensity resulting in a cardiopulmonary and metabolic response that typically plateaus. Along with the protocols, we provide suggestions on measuring physiologic outputs that include, but are not limited to, heart rate, slow and forced vital capacity, gas exchange metrics, and blood pressure to enable the comparison of exercise outputs between studies. Biospecimens can then be sampled to assess cellular, protein, and/or gene expression responses. Overall, this approach can be easily adapted into both short- and long-term effects of two distinct exercise regimens.

To assess the influence of exercise intensity on physiologic and biologic responses, two different exercise testing protocols were utilized. Methods outlining exercise testing on a cycle ergometer as an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test and endurance, steady state submaximal endurance test are described.

最大及び最大下運動生理・生物学的ヒトにおける急性運動レスポンスを測定するテストを実施

Regular physical activity has a positive effect on human health, but the mechanisms controlling these effects remain unclear. The physiologic and biologic ...

Providing Visual Biofeedback Using Brightness Mode Ultrasound During a Golf Swing

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional rehabilitation techniques in an athletic, physically active population. Brightness mode (B-mode) ultrasound can be applied using frame-by-frame analysis synchronized with video to understand muscle thickness changes during these dynamic tasks. Visual biofeedback with ultrasound has been established in static positions for the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall. However, by securing the transducer to the abdomen using an elastic belt and foam block, biofeedback can be applied during more specific tasks prevalent in lifetime sports, such as golf. To analyze muscle activity during a golf swing, muscle thickness changes can be compared. The thickness must increase throughout the task, indicating that the muscle is more active. This methodology allows clinicians to immediately replay ultrasound videos for patients as a visual tool to instruct proper activity of the muscles of interest. For example, ultrasound can be used to target the external and internal obliques, which play an important role in swinging a golf club or any other rotational sport or activity. This methodology aims to increase oblique muscle thickness during the golf swing. Additionally, the timing of muscle contraction can be targeted by instructing the patient to contract the abdominal muscles at specific time points, such as the beginning of the downswing, with the goal of improving muscle firing patterns during tasks.

Brightness mode ultrasound can be used to provide visual biofeedback of the muscles of the lateral abdominal wall during a golf swing. Post-swing visual and verbal instruction can increase the muscle activation and timing of the external and internal obliques.

ゴルフスイング中の輝度モード超音波を使用した視覚的バイオフィードバックの提供

Using ultrasound biofeedback in conjunction with verbal cueing can increase muscle thickness more than verbal cueing alone and may augment traditional ...

Muscle Function Obtained with Motion Mode Ultrasound and Surface Electromyography during Core Endurance Exercise

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured between fascial borders at a given time point during an exercise. This selected time point produces a one-dimensional image resulting in real-time, live observation of anatomy. Ultrasound used during functional movement can be referred to as dynamic ultrasound; this is feasible and reliable with the use of a linear transducer, elastic belt, and foam block to secure consistent transducer placement. The lateral abdominal wall is commonly investigated using ultrasound due to the overlapping nature of the muscles. Surface electromyography (sEMG) can complement M-mode ultrasound imaging because it measures the electrical representation of muscle activation. There is minimal evidence using M-mode ultrasound and sEMG simultaneously during core exercise. Exercises that challenge the core musculature involve both isometric holds (e.g., side plank), as well as oscillatory extremity movements (e.g., dead bug). In this study, both instruments will be used simultaneously to measure core muscle function during exercise. Ultrasound measurements will be obtained using a linear transducer and ultrasound unit, and sEMG measurements will be acquired from a wireless sEMG system. To make comparisons between participants and exercises, normalization methods using static, exercise starting positions for both instruments will be used. An activation ratio will be used for ultrasound and calculated by dividing the contracted thickness (thickness during a time point of exercise) by the rested (starting position) thickness. Muscle thickness will be measured in centimeters from the superior inferior fascial border to inferior superior fascial border. These methods aim to offer an innovative and practical measurement of muscle function with M-mode ultrasound and sEMG during core endurance exercises.

This protocol uses motion mode ultrasound and surface electromyography simultaneously to measure muscle function of the core. Muscle thickness and activation of the local stabilizers (e.g., transverse abdominis, internal oblique) and global movers (e.g., external oblique) is achievable during specific time points of the side plank and dead bug exercises.

コア持久力運動中のモーションモード超音波と表面筋電図で得られる筋機能

Motion mode (M-mode) ultrasound allows researchers and clinicians to measure the change of muscle thickness across time. Muscle thickness can be measured ...